美国留学生毕业dissertation(Dissertation)写作前的准备工作

英国dissertation网在之前已经向各位留学生朋友们讲解了各类留学essay相关的写作技巧与注意事项，此次我们将针对美国留学生不可能避免的Dissertation，也就是我们所知的毕业dissertation进行简单介绍，美国毕业dissertation(Dissertation)是美国留学dissertation中难度最大，耗时最长的dissertation。除了在选题和内容上的要求比较严格外，dissertation完成后还需要先提交给学校进行剽窃检测，一旦出现引用率过高就将无法通过，今天我们英国dissertation网就将为大家讲解美国毕业dissertation写作前的准备工作。

 

为了进一步探讨和掌握毕业dissertation的写作规律和特点，需要对毕业dissertation分类，由于本身的内容和性质不同，研究领域、对象、方法、表现方式不同，因此就有不同的分类方法。

 

    一、按内容分类。按照内容性质和研究方法的不同可以分为理论性dissertation、实验性dissertation、描述性dissertation、设计性dissertation，其中文科类的一般写的是理论性dissertation。理论性dissertation，一种是纯粹的抽象理论为研究对象，研究方法是严密的理论推导和数学运算，有的也涉及试验和观测，用以验证论点的正确性；一种是以对客观事物现象的调查、考察所得观察资料以及有关文献资料数据为研究对象，研究方法是对有关资料的分析、综合、概括、抽象，通过归纳、演绎和对比，提出某种新的理论和见解。 

    二、按议论性质分类。按照议论的性质不同可以把毕业dissertation分为立dissertation和驳dissertation。理dissertation主要是从正面阐述论证自己的观点和主张，比如提出某种观点的就是立dissertation，这类毕业dissertation要求论点鲜明，论据充分、论证严密，以理和事实服人。相反的，驳dissertation就是通过反驳别人的论点来树立自己的论点和主张，这种dissertation侧重于反驳，批驳某种错误的观点、见解和理论，除了按照立论对论点、论据、论证的要求以外，还要求针锋相对、据理力争。

 

附带一篇美国Dissertation范文节选，供参考

 

A Review Of Public Finance At District Level

 

Abstract

Public finance deals with the financial management of public entities. This paper provides an overview of the financial affairs of local government of district Multan and identifies issues faced by the systems to deliver efficiently and effectively. It also highlights areas or improvement and opportunities to fund these activities. The district government heavily relies on the provincial grants and has very limited self generated revenue. Although it is responsible to manage various institutions of social services and carry out developmental activities in the district, its reliance on provincial grants make its effort less effective. TMA on the other hand have significant revenue generation and use this to their advantage and work with autonomy. However they still rely on provincial grants for any developmental activities. The stale business process and hurdles in the legal framework also contribute significantly towards the in efficiency of the systems. There are solutions that can help turn around the situation but it needs a sincere effort on part the provincial and local government. Automation and legal reforms could cover a lot of issues. They would not only increase efficiency but would help curtail corruption at various levels. However strong political could change the scene altogether. A comprehensive process was adopted in collecting secondary data through official documents, template and meetings with officials. District Multan was chosen due to its importance specially in the current political setup and based on convenience.#p#分页标题#e#

 

Introduction

Despite some modest achievements, the economic and social progress in Pakistan has been far from satisfactory during the last more than five decades of independence. Average annual growth rate of 6.8, 4.8, 6.5 and 4.6% (Government of Pakistan, 2003) respectively in the decades of 60s, 70s, 80s and 90s is not comparable with the rapid economic progress made by South Korea, Malaysia, China and many other countries which were initially at nearly the same level of economic development (or even below) as that of Pakistan. The performance on social indicators has been gloomier. Despite average figures for economic growth, many countries like Vietnam and Cuba have been able to eradicate illiteracy and have achieved health statistics comparable with developed countries (Zaidi, 2000). Pakistan still ranks at the tail end of social development ranking.

 

Literature Review

Much of the functional autonomy of the local governments depends upon their ability to raise the required resources from their own sources and to get the balance from the provincial/federal government through consistent and assured mechanisms. This requires not only devising institutional mechanisms for formula and criteria based fiscal transfers but also exploring revenue potentials of local own source revenues. These own source revenues can be in the form of taxes and fees for services provided. It is quite surprising that despite the significance of this, very few local studies have been carried out to examine the resource potential of the local bodies in Pakistan.

 

Research Methodology

The paper examines the current financial situation of district Multan and identifies areas of potential improvement. It also recommends areas that need restructuring and legal reforms to bring about the change that would not only improve systems but would make it robust and ready for future economic growth of the district, keeping in mind the potential the district.

 

Data Analysis and interpretation

 

Conclusion