加拿大华侨在多元文化环境中的抗议与融合

第一章 简介

1.1简介本研究中，他们的诚实和勤奋的特点，分散在整个世界之窗。加拿大是一个国家，这是值得注意的各族人民。这也是之一的中国移民的梦想目的地。这是从晚19世纪初的中国，而首波走进北美大陆。超过150多年来，他们已经经历了难以想象的磨难在挣扎和整合在主流社会对他们的政治，经济和文化的歧视和偏见，因为已经有很长的历史。
Chinese immigrants arrived as cheap labors and made huge contributions as well assacrifice in constructing Canadian Pacific Railway, but later turned out as impecunious,jobless, unemployed, and social marginalized outsiders. Even worse, in order to restrictfollowing Chinese migrating to Canada, a head tax of $50 was imposed in each Chineseimmigrants, which later rose to $500. Eventually, Chinese were drastically forbidden in goingto Canada under the Exclusion Act of 1923. It was until the end of the Second World War, thatthe discrimination stared to alleviate. Since then, with the change of public attitude and theamendment of government policies, waves of better educated immigrants arrived. Meanwhile,born in western society, the second generation of Chinese-Canadians began to integrate intowhite society. From 1971, out of many historical and temporal factors, Canada officiallyimplemented the Multicultural Policy, http://www.ukthesis.org/dissertation_sample/ which fundamentally improved the circumstances ofChinese Canadians and other minorities. It appreciates multiple cultures and then has finallycreated a multicultural society, in which ethnic groups live in harmony and respect with eachother. Today, the growth of the number of Chinese Canadians in Canada and the formation of hinese middle class is bringing advantage for Chinese community in better lobbying fortheir rights in a Canadian multicultural society. Some of them have even made remarkableachievement in Canada.
The evolution and practice of Multicultural Policy provide an effective model ofcoordinate the relationship between ethnic groups. It has also proved that an inclusive attitudeis of vital importance for a multi-ethnic country. Since the national conditions of China sharesimilarities with those of Canada, the study on Canadian multicultural society, with anemphasis on Chinese-Canadians who have took part in the society for many years, mayinspire the consummation of Chinese national policy and help Chinese abroad better integrate in host countries.
The limitation of this paper is that it investigates the situation of Chinese-Canadian onlytaking external factors as government policy into consideration, while paying less attention onthe own efforts made by the Chinese Canadian themselves. Also, Chinese, in this paper wasdefined as one national group, thus the conclusion was drew without specified discussion ofdifferent ethnic groups within Chinese immigrants. Another limitation lies in the insufficiencyof deep analysis for lack of reliable and up to date resource. So the innovativeness andtimeliness requires improving.

1.2 Literature review
The research on Canada has been a weak link in China. From the founding of China in1949 to early 1980s, very few scholarly research papers were published. Over the past thirtyyears, the Chinese domestic study on Canada has gone through a long and winding road.Outstanding professors like Lan Renzhe, Ruan Xihu, Song Jiaheng and Chen Qineng havemade extraordinary contributions in deepening the study and establishing the CanadaResearch Institute of China. In recent years, these institutes have provided many talentedpostgraduate and doctoral students in Canadian study. Entering the 21stcentury, manyacademic monographs with high quality have rapidly emerged like mushrooms, includingCanadian Humanities and Social Sciences (Chen Qineng, 2003); Cultural Mosaic: CanadianMigration History (Wang Bing, 2003); Canada (Liu Jun, 2004); and The Theory of CanadianCulture (Lan Renzhe, 2008), etc. These works with their realistic meanings are considerably helpful to a comprehensive understanding of the situation in Canada.Research on Canadian culture is comparatively systematic. Among them, a Canadianethnography written by Ruan Xihu in 2004, Canada: Cultural Security in Globalizationproduced by Dai Xiaodong in 2007 and Canadian Culture and Society presented by ProfessorLi Guishan in 2008, delve into the Canadian nationality and culture from different angles, allof which are reasonable and practical.

Chapter Ⅱ Multicultural Society of Canada

“Culture” is a tricky concept. It can encompass almost everything that characterizes asociety—the customs, modes of behavior, beliefs, values, and social practices and structures.“A country can be said to be culturally sovereign if it has the freedom to make the necessarydecisions on its cultural future; if it enjoys the necessary freedom to promote the creation,distribution, preservation and accessibility of its cultural production across its territory.”1There are numerous ethnic groups together with their long formed cultures that inhabitedCanada, which forced the formation of a multicultural society. In this chapter, through tracingback the process of the implementation of the Multicultural Policy, especially the evolution ofimmigrant policy, a full view of Canadian society where Chinese immigrants are living willbe presented.

2.1 The Multicultural Policy of Canada
In the present world, there are four principal countries for immigration: United States,Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. But Canada is the one with the most complicatednational conflicts. In Canada, the racial and national conflicts are specially manifested inbetween aboriginals, immigrants from Britain and France, and immigrants from other origins.For instance, during the First World War, Germans was not only restricted from enteringCanada but were also persecuted even though they had obtained Canadian nationality.Subsequently, about 6,000 German moved out of Canada to Mexico although they kept theirCanadian nationalities. When the Second World War broke out, many German, Italian andJapanese were subjected to discrimination and persecution. They lost their jobs and wereexpelled from their homes to designated place with limited personal freedom. Thegovernment once moved more than 20,000 Japanese-Canadians from British Columbia toinland farms, and sold their houses to prevent them moving back.The forming of a Canadian identity is still on its way. On the one hand, the numbers ofnew immigrations are continuously increasing; on the other hand, people who have alreadysettled keep their original cultural traditions and even their former national consciousness.Nevertheless, for the same benefit and destiny they share, Canadians all willing to seekcommon ground on major questions while reserving differences on minor ones; thereforefurther shape a brand new common culture. Basically, the primary responsibility of the Canadian government is to coordinate and harmonize the relationships between ethnic groupsand residential regions.

Chapter Ⅲ Struggles and integration of Chinese Canadians ........................................... 12
3.1 The development of Chinese-Canadians under immigrant policies......................... 12
3.1.1 Entry without restriction ....................................................................................... 12
3.1.2 Prejudice and restriction ....................................................................................... 14
3.1.3 From restriction to exclusion............................................................................16
3.1.4 Postwar Arrival of New Immigrant ...................................................................... 18
3.2 The struggles of Chinese-Canadians in multicultural society.............................. 20
3.2.1 Chinese-Canadians' struggles for existence and equality................................... 21
3.2.2 The social and economic status of Chinese-Canadians....................................... 22
3.2.3 The cultural conflict experienced by Chinese Canadians..............................23
3.3 The integration of Chinese-Canadians into Canadian multicultural society ..... 25
3.3.1 The contribution and achievement made by Chinese-Canadians ..................... 25
3.3.2 The integration of Chinese culture and Canadian mainstream culture............ 28
Chapter Ⅳ Reviewing the Canadian Multicultural Policy and its Insprition on China 31
4.1 Reviewing the significant meaning of Multicultural Policy ................................. 31
4.2 Insprition on China .................................................................................................. 33
4.2.1 Adjusting Policies to Local Conditions............................................................ 33
4.2.2 The importance of cultural inclusiveness............................................................ 34
4.2.3 The influence of domestic political status on immigrants abroad ..................... 35

Conclusion

As a typical immigration country, Canada has always been full of diverse ethnic groupsand cultures. In the beginning, the British North America Act may have created a Canadiannation but, as many cultural commentators knew, it had not created a Canadian nationality.The early arrival of European colonists brought a very different dynamic, in large partbecause the missionaries charged with spreading the Christian gospel through the new worldused culture as their primary tool. Meanwhile, aborigines, who inhabited here for centuriesbefore the coming of those new settlers had developed their own peculiar culture. What ismore, for there is not just one single group, there are various nations or tribes withinaborigines.
As a result, in addition to the same kind of creative borrowing that had markedrelations between aboriginal societies for centuries, the meeting of native and Europeancultures came to have a corrosive effect on indigenous communities. http://www.ukthesis.org/dissertation_sample/ The impact was not allone-sided to be sure—aboriginal influences would be seen in the culture that eventuallyflowered in North America.From the middle 19thcentury, the Canadian government started to promote immigrationfor its economic development and national construction. The immigrants from all parts of theworld including China carried with them various cultures, which added a third force with theimplementation of Multicultural Policy. It was in 1971 that Canada officially adoptedMulticultural Policy, which is aimed at admitting the existence of all ethnic groups as well astheir cultures; recognizing their contribution to the country; eliminating racism; and ensuringequality of all ethnic groups. A series of regulations and laws were issued as the legislativetools that needed to foster Canada’s own culture, including The Canadian Human Rights Act,The Pay Equality and The Multiculturalism Act, and the most important The CanadianCharter of Rights and Freedoms. The policy was welcomed and supported by most Canadians,especially minorities and immigrants, although a counterview existed.