英国留学生Term Paper代写参考：UK Mixed Economy: Advantages and Disadvantages
英国留学生Term Paper代写参考-英国混合经济：优势与劣势。本文是一篇由本站代写服务提供的英国留学生Term Paper学期论文写作参考。英格兰是一个有6370万人口的国家。英国经济是英国四国中最大的经济体。本篇英国留学生论文指出英国在纺织和化工产品方面具有重要地位，除此之外，汽车、机车和飞机也是重要的工业产品。按名义GDP计算，英国是欧洲第三大和世界第六大国民经济体。与冰岛、瑞典、法国、美国、俄罗斯、中国和香港等其他国家相比，英格兰是一个混合经济体国家。这些国家的经济是混合的，在这些经济社会中，一部分由政府管理，另一部分由私营企业和个人控制。下面就一起看一下这篇英国留学生Term Paper代写参考的具体内容
OBJECTIVES 目标
England is a country of 63.7 million people. Her economy is the largest economy of the four countries of the UK. UK has importance in textiles and chemical products, beside these the automobiles, locomotives and aircrafts are also the important industrial products. UNITED KINGDOM has the the 3rd in the Europe and 6th largest national economy in the world by the nominal GDP. ENGLAND is a mixed economy’s country, beside other country such as ICELAND, SWEDEN, FRANCE UNITED STATES, RUSSIA, CHINA and HONG KONG. These are the countries’ economy is mixed, in those economy society some of the part is manged by the government and the rest it controlled by the private firms and the individuals.
Being the mixed economy the ENGLAND has to face some advantage and the some disadvantage. In below we will find its total idea.
作为一个混合经济体，英格兰不得不面对一些优势和劣势。在下面我们将找到它的总体想法。
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Definition of pure command, free market and the mixed economy 纯命令、自由市场和混合经济的定义
Pure command economy: When any economy is fully controlled by the government, the government decide the allocation of the resourses and they answer the three questions of allocation. This type of economy is theoretical extreme example of economy, it the real world it does not exits, we just use this type of theoretical example for the comparison of the real world economy. Through laws, restrictions, regulations and the involuntary taxes the government force all allocation. In this type of economy the Government set the rules for the people, and if they do not follow the rules they will be punished. The communistic CHAINA and the former SOVIET UNION are the good example for the pure command economy.
纯命令经济：当任何经济体完全由政府控制时，政府决定资源的分配，并回答分配的三个问题。这种类型的经济是经济的理论极端例子，它并不存在于现实世界中，我们只是用这种类型的理论例子来比较现实世界经济。通过法律、限制、法规和非自愿税收，政府强制进行所有分配。在这种经济中，政府为人民制定规则，如果他们不遵守规则，就会受到惩罚。共产主义的CHAINA和前苏联是纯粹命令经济的好例子。
Five characteristics of the pure command economy 纯命令经济的五个特点
According to the need of the nations the government provides the goods 政府根据各国的需要提供货物
The government regulated the all price and moreover the public good will be the available for the public needs 政府规定了所有的价格，而且公共产品将满足公众的需求
The salaries, wealth will be the same for every body 每个人的薪水和财富都是一样的
There will be common goals, the technology will be seen the greater advantage because of the resources are being allocated correctly to achieve the goal 将有共同的目标，技术将被视为更大的优势，因为资源被正确分配以实现目标
No unfinished project, no inflation and the low unemployment. 没有未完成的项目，没有通货膨胀和低失业率。
Free market: This type of economy is based on with the little or without any government control on the supply and the demand. In this type of economy market, the buyers and the sellers are allowed to business freely, where the mutual understanding on price is found and we will not find any form of taxes, subsides or regulations.
自由市场：这种类型的经济是建立在政府对供求几乎没有控制的基础上的。在这种类型的经济市场中，买方和卖方可以自由经营，在价格上达成相互理解，我们不会发现任何形式的税收、补贴或法规。
In the simple way a full free market is summary term for an array of exchanges that take place in society, here the agreement is free and mutual understanding for service or good between two parties .
简单地说，完全自由市场是社会上发生的一系列交流的概括术语，这里的协议是双方之间对服务或商品的自由和相互理解。
Mixed economy: In the mixed economy system we will see variety of the government and the private control, its looks like the combination of the socialism and the capitalism.
混合经济：在混合经济体系中，我们会看到政府和私人控制的多样性，它看起来像是社会主义和资本主义的结合。
We can’t find a single mixed economy’s definition, where we will find a degree of the government regulation of the markets and the a degree of the economy freedom. We can describe the mixed economy as the market economies with the strong administrative overlooking.
本篇英国留学生Term Paper作者找不到单一的混合经济的定义，但会找到政府对市场的监管程度和经济自由度。本篇英国留学生论文将混合经济描述为具有强烈行政俯瞰性的市场经济。
England as a mixed economy 英格兰是一个混合经济体
England has the one of the biggest economics of the world, in this economy the Private and the Public contribution is same. Here the public ownership has been reducing since last two decades. While England was first industrialization in the 1800, the economy of England has shifted towards the service sectors over the years.While the industrialization was growing up rapidly, the service sectors were also developing significantly.
英格兰是世界上最大的经济体之一，在这一经济体中，私营部门和公共部门的贡献是相同的。自过去二十年以来，这里的公有制一直在减少。虽然英格兰在1800年首次工业化，但多年来英格兰经济已转向服务业。在工业化快速发展的同时，服务业也在显著发展。
Under the government of Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s, the most of the state owned enterprises in the service and the industrial sectors were privatised since it was nationalised at 1940s. Now UK government owns very few of the industries such as the Royal mail.
在20世纪80年代玛格丽特·撒切尔政府的领导下，自20世纪40年代国有化以来，服务业和工业部门的大多数国有企业都被私有化了。现在，英国政府几乎没有像皇家邮政这样的行业。
Advantages of Mixed Economy 混合经济的优势
There are many reasons why many country choose the mixed economy for the economic development. In below we can see some discussion about that.
许多国家选择混合经济发展的原因是多方面的。在下面我们可以看到一些关于这方面的讨论。
(1) Job security 工作保障
To maximise the profits is the aim of the private firms, they are sensitive to the market.During the boom time, when the demand of service and the goods are going up, the employment of the job market rise quickly, but when the market is down like the recession period the private company will not keep the excess labour as it will increase the production cost, for this reason the private workers works in a higher risk of unemployment. On the other hand the government sector, they have to follow the labour and the laws, in the government sector they have to appointment new employees every year, and the certain number of workers will get the promotion every year. As in the government invested company the chance of unemployment is very slim, people are not in risk in the retrenched. Therefore in the mixed economy, it is very important to have the part of government involvement for the security of the people’s life style.
实现利润最大化是私营企业的目标，它们对市场很敏感。在繁荣时期，当服务和商品需求上升时，就业市场的就业率迅速上升，但当市场像衰退时期一样下跌时，私营公司不会保留多余的劳动力，因为这会增加生产成本，因此私营工人的失业风险更高。另一方面，政府部门要遵守劳工和法律，政府部门每年都要任命新员工，每年都会有一定数量的工人获得晋升。与政府投资的公司一样，失业的机会非常渺茫，人们在被裁员中没有风险。因此，在混合经济中，政府的参与对于保障人民生活方式是非常重要的。
(2) Avoid exploitation 避免剥削
As we know that, the private enterprise is always oriented for the profit, so they never give the priority about the basic rights of human being, such as education, health care, may be they give very few concentrations about those matters. If this problems and negligence always continuing, it will widen the gap of literacy rate and income inequality between the two society of lower and the upper social class. For this reason in the mixed economy society, the government setup the many facilities such as NHS and the various higher institution to narrow the gap.
正如我们所知，私营企业总是以利润为导向，因此他们从不优先考虑教育、医疗保健等基本人权，可能是因为他们很少关注这些问题。如果这种问题和疏忽一直持续下去，就会扩大下层社会和上层社会之间的识字率差距和收入不平等。因此，在混合经济社会中，政府设立了许多设施，如NHS和各种高等院校，以缩小差距。
(3) Regulation of monopoly firms 对垄断企业的监管
When there is a single seller for the service or the goods in the market we called it monopolist, if a company has the control on the market over than 25% we can consider it as a monopoly, it is the example of the classic market failure, by the business sense. The cost efficient has less of incentive as in the monopoly market the monopolist don’t have that much competition or no competitions, to over come this problems the government can make the product market bigger. To do this, the government can breaking down the barriers to entry and to make the other firms encourage the government can make contest in the market, this type of tape can boost the market supply and in this way the consumers can get the service or the goods in the cheaper price, the competitions, productivity and the investment can be increase by this type of actions. In UK there are some regulators such as Ofwat.ORR, Ofcom who are doing the privatising .
当市场上有一个单一的服务或商品销售商时，本篇Term Paper称之为垄断者，如果一家公司对市场的控制权超过25%，我们可以将其视为垄断，从商业意义上讲，这是典型市场失败的例子。成本效益的激励作用较小，因为在垄断市场中，垄断者没有那么多竞争或没有竞争，为了解决这些问题，政府可以扩大产品市场。要做到这一点，政府可以打破进入壁垒，鼓励其他公司。政府可以在市场上进行竞争，这种胶带可以增加市场供应，这样消费者可以以更便宜的价格获得服务或商品，这种行动可以增加竞争、生产力和投资。英国有一些监管机构，如英国水务管理局ORR、Ofcom正在进行私有化。
(4) Economic policy 经济政策
In many responsibilities of government the economic policy is the one of the biggest. As the Government and the state economic advisers are overlooking the economic conditions of the country, they can propose or invest more money for the public sectors, such as they can invest money for the road constrictions, repairing or making building or the bridge, in these ways they can make more job opportunities for the betterment of the public economy or we can say to make more jobs. On the other hand the government can lower the tax for the increase the buying power of the people. We can give here a good example, THE BANK OF ENGLAND has reduced the interest rate for the people as they can borrow more money and can setup more business, that will be increase the job sector. On the other side we can see that the private sectors are only invest for make the money, they are not involving their money for the economy development of the society, in the other way they are not capable to over come the government’s financial capability.
在政府的许多职责中，经济政策是最大的职责之一。由于政府和国家经济顾问忽视了国家的经济状况，他们可以提议或投资更多的资金用于公共部门，例如他们可以投资于道路收缩、修复或建造建筑或桥梁，通过这些方式，他们可以为改善公共经济创造更多的就业机会，或者我们可以说创造更多的工作机会。另一方面，政府可以降低税收以提高人民的购买力。我们可以在这里举一个很好的例子，英格兰银行降低了人们的利率，因为他们可以借更多的钱，可以开办更多的企业，这将增加就业部门。另一方面，我们可以看到，私营部门只是为了赚钱而投资，他们没有把钱用于社会的经济发展，也没有能力超越政府的财政能力。
(5) Regulation of water and air pollution 水和空气污染法规
In aspect environmental matter, the private companies are acting as “ Environmental Villain”, for their own profit the private enterprise always using the dear natural resources, continuously. They are consuming the natural resource and then eject the smoke, dumping the polluted solid wastes insensibly and also pouring out the nature destroying liquid . This type of private enterprise producers are said to be only concern about the MPB (Marginal Private Benefits) and the MPC (Marginal Private costs) in their decision making. This way the government should be mediate, could be set some type of the agreements with the private companies. For paradigm, the UK government is in a agreement to the Global and the European for the reducing target of the emergence of carbon dioxide by 80% in the time of 2050. In the year 2002 the European government introduced a scheme named ETS (Emission carbon trading), in the aim of limiting the outflow of the carbon from the big industries such as the energy, glass, brick making, steel and others. As this emission carbon trading has the positive effect on the nature, many other countries are introducing this type of the program in there country.
在环境问题上，民营企业充当着“环境恶棍”，为了自身利益，民营企业总是不断地利用宝贵的自然资源。他们消耗自然资源，然后喷出烟雾，不知不觉地倾倒被污染的固体废物，还倾倒破坏自然的液体。据说，这类私营企业生产者在决策时只关心MPB（边际私人利益）和MPC（边际私人成本）。政府应该通过这种方式进行调解，可以和私营公司达成某种协议。就范式而言，英国政府正在与全球和欧洲就2050年将二氧化碳排放量减少80%的目标达成协议。2002年，欧洲政府推出了一项名为ETS（排放碳交易）的计划，旨在限制能源、玻璃、制砖、钢铁等大行业的碳外流。由于这种碳排放交易对自然有着积极的影响，许多其他国家也在该国推出这种类型的计划。
(6) Narrowing income inequality 缩小收入不平等
If we see the in the pure capitalist economy society, we will see that the rich people are getting more richer and the poor are getting more poor. As less or no intervention in this type of economy after a certain time we will see the pyramid of the income distribution, in this pyramid, a large proportion of the people’s wealth and the GDP is control by the very few of the rich people. The income can be distributed by the involving of the state, first is the introduction of the dynamic tax system, where the rich people have to pay greater amount of the tax, beside this the national minimum wage also have the great effects on the economic development. In UK the minimum wage is increasing every year, on the other hand the unemployment, sickness benefits also help to reduce the distance and the bad effects of the economic deference between the poor and the rich people. More over this type of the government involvement can balance the national economy in the mixed economic states.
如果我们看到在纯粹的资本主义经济社会中，我们会看到富人越来越富有，穷人越来越贫穷。本篇Term Paper认为随着对这种经济的干预减少或不干预，一段时间后，我们将看到收入分配的金字塔，在这个金字塔中，人们的财富和GDP的很大一部分由极少数富人控制。收入可以通过国家的参与来分配，首先是引入动态税收制度，富人必须缴纳更大的税款，除此之外，国家最低工资对经济发展也有很大影响。在英国，最低工资每年都在增加，另一方面，失业、疾病福利也有助于减少贫富之间的距离和经济尊重的不良影响。更多的这种类型的政府参与可以平衡混合经济国家的国民经济。
(7) Provision of public goods 提供公共产品
dynamic there are two features of the public goods, the 1st one is the non rivalry, it means that the amount of the goods for the other users will not decrease even though whatever the consumption of the public goods. Beside this non-excludability is the another one. If one time this type of facility provided, no one will be slipped from the benefit. The private company will not be interested fro this type of the benefits of the free riders or the publics. For the definition of the free rider we know that he who get the benefits from a area but not doing any contribution to it, actually if we count the end result of having the benefited, no one will pay for the facilities. Here the government has to pay it from the money of the taxpayers’, for the example of this type of the benefits is the public road, bridge, lighting on the streets and also we can mention here national defense.
本篇Term Paper认为动态公共产品有两个特点，第一个是非竞争性，这意味着无论公共产品的消费如何，其他用户的商品数量都不会减少。除此之外还有另一个非排他性。如果提供一次这种类型的设施，任何人都不会从中受益。私营公司不会对搭便车者或公众的这种利益感兴趣。对于搭便车者的定义，我们知道他从一个地区获得了利益，但没有对其做出任何贡献，实际上，如果我们计算受益的最终结果，没有人会为设施付费。在这里，政府必须用纳税人的钱来支付，例如公共道路、桥梁、街道照明，以及国防。
Disadvantages of Mixed Economy 混合经济的弊端
Even though there are many economic facilities in the mixed economy policy but besides this we can see some of the economic crisis what England have to face for being mixed economy country. In below there is some discussion about the coming disadvantage
尽管混合经济政策中有许多经济设施，但除此之外，我们还可以看到英格兰作为混合经济国家所面临的一些经济危机。下面是关于即将到来的缺点的一些讨论
What collisions could be happen 可能会发生什么冲突
In the mixed economy we can see the balance between the capitalism and the socialism, the mixed economy tries to help for the advantage of the capitalism and the socialism, this aim can be understood if there is good combination and the understanding but the real situation is, there is continuous encounters going on between the two sectors. This can make the situation more bitter and the noncompliance.
在混合经济中，我们可以看到资本主义和社会主义之间的平衡，混合经济试图帮助资本主义和社会主义的优势，如果有很好的结合和理解，这个目的是可以理解的，但实际情况是，这两个部门之间不断发生冲突。这可能会使情况变得更加痛苦和不合规。
Some time the private sectors can think that the public sectors are having more priority than them. It could be happen some time that the public sectors tries to avoid their worthleness and the wastefulness to the private sectors. In a one word the faithfulness and the mutual understanding none can really works perfectly in this situation,
一段时间后，私营部门可以认为公共部门比他们更有优先权。公共部门可能会在一段时间内试图避免其价值和对私营部门的浪费。总之，在这种情况下，忠诚和相互理解是不可能完美的，
Insubstantial 不重要的
The mixed economy is base on the two inimical ideologies, those are absolutely opposite to each other. Though the mixed economy tries to combine the two different ideology together but mixed economy can be find doing less to both of them. For the conflict in terms, the mixed economy has been criticized. For detail, there can’t be the middle way in between the central direction and the atomistic competition. For the mixed economy there will be the mixed of the central direction and the competition but the mixed economy can not works good. If they are incomplete, the competition and the central direction become poor, and than they used the inefficient tools. After this, they used the alternative principles to minimized the problems, and the mixer of the two meaning that none of them will work properly. If the two systems relays on each other the result will be worse.
混合经济是建立在两种截然相反的意识形态基础上的。尽管混合经济试图将这两种不同的意识形态结合在一起，但混合经济对这两种意识形态的作用却很小。就冲突而言，混合经济受到了批评。就细节而言，在中心方向和原子竞争之间不可能有中间路线。对于混合经济来说，会有中心方向和竞争的混合，但混合经济不能很好地发挥作用。如果它们是不完整的，那么竞争和中心方向就会变得很差，而不是使用低效的工具。在这之后，他们使用了替代原则来最大限度地减少问题，而两者的混合意味着它们都无法正常工作。如果这两个系统互相中继，结果会更糟。
Nature of short live 短暂的性质
From the above discussions we can see that the mixed economy always runs on the risk of the nature of the short lived. As the time passes by, a violent struggle chases between the two sectors for the name of the supremacy. The state may be fall into fail to regulate the private sector properly when this sector is flourishing. On the other hand if the public sector loses the power, the mixed economy can turn in to a capitalist economy, and it can be a socialist economy if the public sectors become more powerful.
从以上论述中我们可以看出，混合经济运行的风险性总是短暂的。随着时间的推移，两个部门之间为了霸权的名义展开了激烈的斗争。当私营部门蓬勃发展时，国家可能会陷入对其监管不力的境地。另一方面，如果公共部门失去了权力，混合经济可以转变为资本主义经济，而如果公共部门变得更加强大，混合经济也可以转变为社会主义经济。
The symbol of the weakness 缺点的象征
Some people says that the mixed economy has a disease as the capitalist, and the “Socialisation of investment” is one of the attempts to restore it. In this way of view the mixed economy is the diseased phase of the capitalist economy, for this reason it called as “ Capitalism in the oxygen tent. By this sense the mixed economy is the spurious capitalism.
有人说，混合经济和资本主义一样有病，“投资社会化”是恢复这种疾病的尝试之一。从这个角度来看，混合经济是资本主义经济的病态阶段，因此它被称为“氧气帐篷里的资本主义”。从这个意义上说，混合经济学就是虚假的资本主义。
Endangers freedom 危害自由
Capitalism. It could be happen that a mixed economy can go into or lead to abridgement of freedom of the individual. It also feared that the control of the economic life and the problems into the planning can lead the mixed economy in such a position where the individual could lose the identity.
资本主义混合经济可能会导致个人自由的剥夺。它还担心，对经济生活的控制和规划中的问题会导致混合经济处于个人可能失去身份的境地。
Inefficiency of the public sector 公共部门效率低下
There is a record of the poor performance in the mixed economy. Redtapism, waste, corruption and the inefficiency is the main point ; by those, the mixed economy suffers with. Therefore the public sectors suffer from two reason,
混合型经济有着糟糕表现的记录。官僚主义、浪费、腐败和效率低下是主要问题；因此，混合型经济受到影响。因此，公共部门受到两个原因的影响，
To increase production volume or Reducing the cost. 增加产量或降低成本。
Failure for pluck up the economic inconstancy 未能挽回经济的不稳定
The theory of mixed economy has become popular in many countries, spatially in the capitalist; as this economic policy is believe to be the good solution for pluck up the economic inconstancy, but somehow the economic problem still goes all the way. The economic inconstancy can be cut out only when the central plan can cover the entire economy, but in the mixed economy, the kind of regimentations those are assigned on the private sector leaves much to be intention.
混合经济理论在许多国家已经流行起来，在资本主义的空间中；虽然这项经济政策被认为是解决经济不稳定的好办法，但不知何故，经济问题仍然存在。只有当中央计划能够覆盖整个经济体时，才能消除经济的不稳定，但在混合经济体中，分配给私营部门的那种管制在很大程度上是有意的。本站提供各国各专业留学生Term Paper格式范文，Term Paper代写以及Term Paper写作辅导，如有需要可咨询本平台。
