英国萨塞克斯大学\University of Sussex农业类留学作业范文：Global Value Chain Analysis of Agricultural Industrial Cluste
Agro- industrial cluster performance in agriculture as the center, has a large specialized enterprises and support institutions , by the farmers , businesses and markets to form a dense network of flexible cooperation groups, such as the Dutch flower industry clusters, Shandong Shouguang vegetable industry clusters , Ningxia potato industrial clusters and so on. British agriculture industry cluster is accompanied by the emergence of the pace of industrialization of agriculture continue to promote came into being , is the advanced stage of the industrialization of agriculture . Stage British agriculture industry clusters to gain a competitive advantage through cost savings , but simply low-cost expansion model of development caused by the division of labor in the global value chain system is still at the low end , vulnerability is obvious. In the new rural construction, Britain needed a large number of low-end agricultural industry cluster theory to give guidance so that it becomes possible to upgrade and feasible .
农业产业集群表达为以农业为核心，领有数量多专业化公司及支撑机构，由农业户、公司及市场形成的密布柔性网络合作整体，如荷兰的花卉产业集群、寿光的菜蔬产业集群、山药蛋薯产业集群等。
First, the development of industrial clusters in British agriculture constraints
一、英国农业产业集群发展中的制约因素
Britain has produced in many regions and developing agricultural industry clusters, across different geographical , resource endowments, different cultural environment , the formation of different characteristics of the agricultural industry clusters. There are the following development model :
英国很多地区已经萌生和正在进展农业产业集群，各地的地理位置不一样，资源禀赋、人类社会文化背景不一样，形成了各具独特的地方的农业产业集群。主要有以下几种进展标准样式：
One is to establish the basis of the regional characteristics of the agricultural industry clusters. Such agricultural industry cluster has obvious geographical advantages , is unique in the full use of local geography, climate , resources, transportation , historical and cultural factors , based on the formation of a number of agriculture-related production operators , related support and auxiliary gathering agencies , such as the Ningxia potato industry cluster.
一是树立在区位独特的风格基础上的农业产业集群。这类农业产业集群具备表面化的地理区位优势，是在充分利用当地独有特别的地理、气候学、资源、交通条件、历史文化等因素的基础上，形成很多与农业有关的出产打理者、有关支撑与匡助机构的集合.
Second, agricultural high-tech agricultural park model industry cluster . The model is the use of universities and research institutions intellectual and research conditions , by the agricultural education, research and co-founder of local production units of economic entities , and actively develop high-tech agriculture and agricultural scientific and technological achievements through the transaction , information consulting and technical training , agricultural products and agricultural agriculture-related services such as logistics and distribution , radiation, enhance the competitiveness of the park , drive around the park 's development , such as Shaanxi Yangling agricultural Demonstration Zone .
Third, relying on the market model of the agricultural industry clusters. This model is in the professional market , attracted by the formation of aggregates around the market circulation of agricultural industry clusters, including agriculture, prenatal, delivery , postpartum and other aspects of businesses, organizations and service agencies. Industrial clusters within each trading business entities based on equality , mutual competition exists between , while mutual learning , innovation, specialization in agriculture , industrial management development to a certain stage, the natural formation of an agricultural industrial clusters form . Such as in Shandong Shouguang Vegetable Industry cluster.
Fourth, foreign agricultural industry clusters embedded mode . The model showed foreign investment in agriculture to establish the project as the project to expand into related industries , agriculture related industries to develop , promote prenatal seed industry , fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural machinery, production of agricultural products processing machinery and food processing packaging industry , postpartum agricultural marketing industry , the formation of the agricultural industry on the downstream integration of the agricultural industry clusters, such as Taiwan in Fujian Fuzhou, Zhangzhou cross-strait agricultural cooperation experimental investment area.
Five is the leading ( center ) led mode of agricultural http://www.ukthesis.org industrialization enterprise clusters . Such agricultural industry clusters to one or a few large enterprises as the core , the other numerous small businesses and farmers as the periphery , forming production, processing , sales and export of agricultural industry clusters train , such as Guangdong Wen's group formed around agriculture industrial clusters.
Although a variety of different modes of agricultural industry clusters in the UK has made great progress , but in the development process within the cluster contact less prevalent , knowledge , information, communicate poorly , effects and poor stability, lack of openness , lower division of the global value chain end features. Specifically, throughout the development of characteristic agriculture industry cluster process, in leading industries, the choice of products , the lack of in-depth investigations and studies, failed to fully consider the international and domestic division of labor position , in determining the dominant industry only from short-term or immediate consideration , but not from the development of the long-term interests of the local economy , without considering the region in the province , the country is an advantage when selling certain agricultural products , on the herd . Coupled with the large number of industries across both identified as the leading industries of agriculture , resulting in each industry specialization is low, small-scale agro- industrial clusters product categories identical, redundant construction are quite serious , not adequately highlight their geographical , locational characteristics . In the high-tech agricultural park model industry cluster development process, the region between the constituent elements of the lack of organic links , yet form an organic combination of network organization , the support service system is not perfect, does not venture into , leading research cooperation mechanism is not perfect division of labor is weak, the lack of good cooperation mechanisms and atmosphere , high transaction costs , entrepreneurial adventure , the spirit of innovation is difficult to be excavated , gathered showing vulnerability, weak competitiveness of industrial clusters .
Relying on the market pattern of the agricultural industry cluster development process , and many more low cost basis , rather than based on innovation , specialization , low level , technical level is not high , still adopted mode of operation in order to win .
In embedded mode of foreign agricultural industry cluster development process, a lot of foreign equipment, processing machinery and agricultural materials etc. imported from outside the region , in general with the local contact is generally weak , local businesses and the relationship between clusters only based on product chain simple division of labor, cooperation networks and learning effect is not obvious technical benefits , basically still belong to the " enclave" industrial clusters .
In the leading ( center ) led pattern of agricultural industrialization enterprise clusters, too much emphasis on the role of leading enterprises , ignoring the supporting industries , facilities and service system construction and development , emphasis on vertical industry chain connection , cluster development, lack of overall coordination . Additionally, enterprises are mostly labor-intensive rough business , division of labor and specialization is not high , the industry chain is not complete, value-added products and technologies before content is low, mainly by the price or cost to participate in market competition , severely restricted the cluster further development .
Second, the global value chain upgrading agricultural industry cluster dynamic mechanism
Global value chain theory based on the global division of labor , industrial transfer , layout and upgrades , etc., from the industrial organization , space, production processes and other global perspective of industry chain configuration.
As early as the 1980s, American scholar Porter had asked company's value chain theory , the company's overall business activity is decomposed into basic activities , complementary activities , interact to form a company's value creation process . For the formation of global subcontracting network system , in the 1990s Ge Leifei proposed global value chains and value chains and industry first organizational system linking analysis of transnational production organization system network operation . The so-called global value chain means: products worldwide , from conceptual design to use until scrapped the whole life cycle of value creation activities , including product design, production , marketing, distribution and end-user support and services and the composition of the value chain can be contained in a variety of activities within the enterprise , but also scattered among enterprises worldwide, or to a specific geographical agglomeration .
Dynamic mechanism to promote cluster development as the fundamental driving force , its main function is that the elements of the cluster advantage into competitive advantage, is the internal logic of the development of industrial clusters . While the agricultural industry cluster dynamic mechanism is driven agricultural industry cluster development and evolution of the power of architecture and its operating rules , with a certain degree of stability and regularity .
From the value chain starting role play a decisive role , usually under the global value chain can be dynamic mechanism is divided into producer -driven, buyer-driven two types , specific to the agricultural industry cluster upgrade is to bring high -income economies activities during the transfer , the performance of the cluster in the global value chain to enhance access to value-added capabilities , including product upgrades, process upgrades, feature upgrades , cross- industry upgrading , including the introduction of product upgrades are mainly complex product line , increasing the value per unit of product ; process by reorganizing the production system upgrade or introduce more advanced technology to more efficiently will put into outputs ; functional upgrade is to get a higher value chain added new features , such as design, marketing and brand etc. ; across industrial upgrading is an industry sector will acquire the ability to be applied to new industrial sectors .
At present , the developed countries on their own core competencies were re- positioning, competition has been the focus shifted from the manufacturing sectors design, sales control , high value-added services sectors , some low value-added sectors is accelerating the development of English country transfer , how to avoid being marginalized in the globalization process , to undertake and upgrade is becoming a widespread concern.
British agriculture industry clusters most labor-intensive , embedded in buyer -driven value chain -based, large buyers is a leader in the value chain , as governance role , responsible for coordinating the chain of the enterprise division of labor and affect their upgrade activity, and production enterprises in the leadership and the coordination and the buyers do not want to violate their manufacturers core competitiveness, limit marketing and brand knowledge in the value chain and impede the free flow of producers in marketing and branding aspects of the upgrade .
Currently, the UK agricultural industry cluster is still in early stages of development , the vast majority of agricultural grade is not high , lack of innovation , lack of well-known brands , foreign brands can only become a production base , although the number of agricultural products accounted for a considerable share of the international market , but the part of the profits divided by foreign brands , domestic enterprises can only rely on low-cost labor and resources to do support , the lack of a lasting vitality , success in shaping the brand cluster cluster to achieve functional upgrading of agriculture and improve the overall competitiveness of the inevitable choice.
Third, to promote British agriculture industry cluster feature upgrade policy recommendations
( A ) based on the characteristics of agricultural products . Features the cluster brand positioning
Clusters brand not only reflects the characteristics of agricultural products or features , but more importantly is to give produce a distinctive ideology, which permeated with some emotion resonate , to achieve communication with consumers , and ultimately as a reliable invisible substance deposited on the consumer 's soul. Any cluster must choose a particular brand consumer group market as their own interests , positioning success does not lie on the dissemination of propaganda subjective understanding of the content , but in their actual will produce what kind of effect that the agricultural products in the minds of consumers with quality characteristics , such as a mention of vegetables , consumers expect a series of attributes , variety, price, quality , safety and nutrition. Clusters brand is based on the characteristics of agricultural products , consumer psychology and social factors such as values, cultural traditions , such as establishing a target market-related brand image, such as positioning Longkou vermicelli, Shouguang positioning vegetables.
Due to the different consumer groups have different consumer psychology and consumer characteristics , socio-cultural impact will be on consumers , resulting in different clusters brand in the minds of customers the impression that there is a great difference . Therefore, in the positioning process should first clear the brand which will be used for current and future industry , which area targeted by consumer groups. Which take into account both the needs of target customers , competition status , but also consider clustering own strength , expertise , need to cluster can provide the product, price, service, communication , etc. as the cornerstone , or can only be in the air . Since any one region's agricultural industry clusters and its past history is always intrinsically linked traditions , different regions have different natural conditions , habits and the human spirit , which in turn will be used as genetic factors affecting the modern ideas and activity patterns . Agro- industrial cluster formation can take advantage of the advantages of regional history through cultural branding , regional brand to win customers ' trust and loyalty .
( Two ) specification cluster geographical indications, the use of a collective mark
Brands belong to a cluster of public goods , the profit motive causes intrinsic cluster enterprises, farmers exist opportunistic behavior , often occur during use " tragedy of the commons " , CCTV weekly quality reports part Yantai Longkou vermicelli , Jinhua ham production the use of highly toxic pesticides were banned exposure, consumer groups, this has deepened worries , serious damage to the brand image of the cluster , application for registration of geographical indications , collective marks become the inevitable choice .
Geographical indications , collective marks mainly agricultural products from a region marked , and the product of a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the region mainly by natural factors or human factors determined by the signs , application of geographical indications certification mark , collective mark is used currently the international protection of local agricultural products as a common practice in the United Kingdom registered GIs have 117 kinds of products, including 102 kinds of agricultural products , such as Zhangqiudacong , vermicelli , Ningxia wolfberry .
To avoid self- interest driven by the collective result of rational behavior irrational result, there prisoner's dilemma , the need to strengthen local government , intermediary organizations , businesses ( farmers ) coordination between the behavior , norms of different stakeholders within the region for geographical indications , collective mark be used. In this process , the local government as a public service provider , the main responsibility is to strengthen the construction of infrastructure, the provision of public services through improved transportation and communication infrastructure to provide hard environment for enterprise development , authorization and foster regional chambers of commerce , associations other intermediary organizations to achieve geographical indications, trademarks and maintenance of effective management of the chambers of commerce, associations and other assistance to develop the use of geographical indications, trademarks local laws and regulations , and to create a culture of innovation , so that the cluster located in a region full of good sense of competition and collaboration .
Industry associations and other intermediary organizations is to communicate the government and enterprises, enterprises and enterprises, enterprises and farmers bridges, in the local government authority , it should also take self-discipline, rights, group exhibition , service , coordination, management and other tasks , to develop the cluster agricultural production and service standards and that the standards throughout the fields, harvesting, processing , packaging, transportation , inspection until the sale of the whole process , the region within an enterprise quality management, and enterprise qualification of non- association examine clusters brand promotion , to support the development of brands , regional brands to achieve effective protection of the goal .
Enterprises ( farmers ) are geographical indications , collective marks the most direct beneficiaries , through quality products , transaction integrity , will maintain the brand image of the cluster becomes conscious action , and actively participate in , sponsoring governments, chambers of commerce, associations cluster brand promotion activities , take the appropriate stage in the region 's innovative activities to promote local agricultural industry cluster feature upgrades , and ultimately create the cluster by the cluster manufacturing .
( Three ) the degree of organization to improve the cluster . Build a reputation of trust enforcement mechanisms
Regional brand life line quality, competitiveness must be improved quality of agricultural products as the foundation , or just a bubble . Local governments, industry associations, enterprises and farmers are clustered collective brand direct beneficiaries , through quality products , transaction integrity , will maintain their respective regional brand image becomes conscious action , and through the quality of retrospective system , deepen customer and cluster brand linkages and establish lasting customer a brand relationships and improve the reputation of the cluster , and to promote the public 's sense of identity to this produce consistent , obtain customer loyalty for the agricultural industry cluster feature upgrades provide practical way. Reputation for trust in modern society is the primary means to implement modern organization , if the individual 's interests depend on the organization 's value, and the value of the organization 's reputation depends on the individual , individuals will focus on reputation. When the market price of agricultural products and farmers' organizations reputation related , and the reputation he has provided in turn depends on the quality of products , the farmers get higher returns will be involved organizations , and through farmers' organizations in the form of production for farmers to constrain behavior , reducing farmers' opportunistic behavior tendencies, improve quality of agricultural products . Company + farm ( base ) + agricultural workers is to ensure the quality of agricultural production patterns effective model that allows farmers to enter the farm ( base ) , through entrepreneurial management, administration, to the identity of agricultural workers engaged in agricultural production, processing, so that farmers professional. At the same time , allowing farmers to use contracted land management rights shares, is to establish an effective way to personal reputation system , which not only help improve the degree of organization of the cluster , but also can promote agriculture to market-oriented , intensive, community -oriented development .
