Dissertation辅导范例：Supply Chain Management Case Study: Walmart
Dissertation辅导范例-供应链管理案例研究：沃尔玛。本文是一篇带有案例分析的Dissertation范文节选部分，主要内容是关于Dissertation的具体写作框架的安排。以及相关研究目的和方法的说明。本论文的目的是了解供应链管理SCM的本质是什么？为了实现这项工作的目标，请参见如下目标。
了解更多关于供应链管理的信息（起源）
组织对供应链管理的需求
这样做的好处
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 目的和目标
The aim of this dissertation is to understand the Supply Chain Management What are the essences of SCM ? In order to complete the aim of this work the objectives are:
Learn more about Supply Chain Management ( Origins)
The needs of Supply Chain Management for the Organisations
The Benefits of Doing So
The Objectives and the fundamental elements of SCM:SCM的目标和基本要素：
Examine common cases to find the current issues 检查常见案例以发现当前问题
And for finish Evaluate the improvments accordings to the contribution to the results wanted.最后，根据对所需结果的贡献评估改进。
1.3 INFORMATION SOURCES 信息来源
Both secondary and primary data will be discussed in this dissertation Information used will have the latest data and statistics according to researched literature and online data from various articles, journals, newspapers , annual reports
本论文将讨论二级和一级数据，所使用的信息将根据研究文献和来自各种文章、期刊、报纸和年度报告的在线数据提供最新数据和统计数据
Secondly, after revising the collected secondary data and formulating the current issues and problems I will include graphs and answers from my own personal sources that were collected threw out all the work .Thirdly, I will explain the primary and write a discussion followed by the summary of main findings and completed with conclusion.
第二，在修改收集的二次数据并阐述当前的问题和问题后，我将包括从我自己的个人来源收集的图表和答案，这些图表和答案排除了所有工作。
1.5 THE SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 研究的范围和局限性
current research is limited by the fact that is it rather unlikely for companies to provide data related to our business and strategies plans.For this reasons, although my interviews answer was brief, i tried to summarize my research by taking some general answer related to this case i mean Organisation strategies found in the internet.
目前的研究受到这样一个事实的限制，即公司不太可能提供与我们的业务和战略计划相关的数据。出于这个原因，尽管我的采访回答很简短，但我试图通过与本案例相关的一些一般性回答来总结我的研究——我是指互联网上的组织战略。
DISERTATION STRUCTURE 分离结构
Following the introduction of the problem, aims, objectives and method of the deep research ,the chapters will structured as:在介绍了深入研究的问题、目的、目标和方法之后，各章的结构如下：
Chapter two; will provide information from the literature review as from written published journals , books, websites and other work that have been already discussed by other authors It will give detailed understandingSupply Chain Management, the needs for SCM ;The benefits for doing so ; the fundamentals elements of SCM and the Supply chain Management issues.this chapter will have good presentation on latest events related to SCM
第二章；将提供其他作者已经讨论过的书面出版期刊、书籍、网站和其他作品的文献综述信息。它将详细了解供应链管理、供应链管理的需求；这样做的好处；供应链管理的基本要素和供应链管理问题。本章将很好地介绍与供应链管理相关的最新事件
Chapter three: , which gives the general idea and introduction to Supply Chain Management and its historical development 第三章：供应链管理及其历史发展概述
Chapter four; examines The Supply Chain Mangament structure process The Key components I mean the fundamenals elements 第四章；检查供应链管理结构流程关键部分我指的是基本要素
Chapter five;Examines the issues in SCM by discussing problems and available positive changes in order to identify solutions by later discussion and evaluation of the current progress and future plans in improving SCM conditions..第五章；通过讨论问题和可用的积极变化来检查SCM中的问题，以便通过稍后的讨论和评估当前进展和未来计划来确定解决方案，以改善SCM条件。
Chapter six:is a General introduction to Wal mart with his Supply chain explained, order to implement everything I say and quote in my previous research.第六章：对沃尔玛进行了概述，并对其供应链进行了解释，以实现我在之前的研究中所说的和引用的所有内容。
Chapter seven; summarize on the topic from the discussion of chapter six and drawing conclusion based upon the information in previous chapters.第七章；从第六章的讨论中总结主题，并根据前几章的信息得出结论。
Chapter eight; final part of work will include the list of most often used references 第八章；工作的最后一部分将包括最常用的参考文献列表
CHAPTER 1 第一章
1.1.1 Introduction to Supply Chain Management 供应链管理简介
This chapter will be an introduction the Supply Chain Manageent and its principles as it is important to understand the scope of the area in order to discuss its current situation.
本章将介绍供应链管理及其原则，因为了解该领域的范围以讨论其现状非常重要。
Let’s go to the origin of logistics and its evolution to the concept of Supply Chain Management. Although broadly defined in some dictionaries.
让我们来谈谈物流的起源以及它对供应链管理概念的演变。尽管在一些词典中有广泛的定义。
The definition of the CNL (Council of Logistics Management) differs slightly: “Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans , implement and controls the efficient , effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption in order to meet customers requirements”.
CNL（物流管理委员会）的定义略有不同：“物流是供应链流程的一部分，它计划、实施和控制货物、服务和相关信息从原产地到消费点的高效、有效流动和存储，以满足客户的要求”。
Logistics has its origins in the armies. Its presented successively as part of military operations that the group which coherent in arms champagne live, move and fight in the best conditions of efficiency to become the area is by all problems relating to supply of all natures, in their delivery and for their distribution through base and transit operations.
后勤起源于军队。作为军事行动的一部分，香槟集团在最佳的效率条件下生活、移动和战斗，以成为该地区的一部分。
According to Chopra, Sunil and Peter Meindl(2004).
Supply Chain Consist of allparties involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request. The Supply Chain not only includes the manufacturer and suppliers, but organization, such as manufacturer, the supply chain includes all functions involved in receiving and filling a customer request.Theese functionsinclude, but are not limited to, new product development, marketing, operations, distribution, finance and customer service.
供应链由直接或间接参与满足客户要求的所有各方组成。供应链不仅包括制造商和供应商，还包括制造商等组织。供应链包括接收和填写客户请求所涉及的所有职能。这些职能包括但不限于新产品开发、营销、运营、分销、财务和客户服务。
CHAPTER II 第二章
LITERATURE REVIEW 文献综述
2.1 INTRODUCTION 引言
This literature review is written about Supply Chain Management. The research for this piece of work is based on how organizations put into operation an effective Supply Chain Management. Throughout this literature review, i will demonstrate knowledge of Supply Chain Management ; Explain the need to manage a Supply Chain Management and describe the benefit of doing so. I will also look at the objectives and list fundamental elements of Supply Chain Management and examinate possible issues on Supply Chain Management.
本文献综述是关于供应链管理的。这项工作的研究是基于组织如何实施有效的供应链管理。在整个文献综述中，我将展示供应链管理的知识；解释管理供应链管理的必要性，并描述这样做的好处。我还将查看供应链管理目标和基本要素，并检查供应链管理可能存在的问题。
Information about this piece of work are collected from various sources such as books and online journals Modules lectures listed after:
有关这项工作的信息可从各种来源收集，如书籍和在线期刊。以下列出的模块讲座：
Ronald H. Ballou in “Business logistics/supply chain management” 5th ed
Martin Christopher “logistics and supply chain management” 3rd ed
Gerard Baglin “management industriel et logistique” 4th ed
A case study of Ceramic HG.
Willian. J. Stevenson ” Operation Management “
Donald Waters ” Supply Chain Management” an introduction to Logistics 2nd ed
Keywords:关键词
Supply Chain Management:供应链管理
The context of continuous evolution is still more advance level of competition, the success of an enterprise is not only the management of core activities but also depends on relationships and supply management. Thus, upstream and downstream of the SCM, a company needs to manage relationships with customers and suppliers. Ordinarily, the increasing trend of outsourcing maintains this requirement.
持续发展的背景仍然是更高水平的竞争，企业的成功不仅取决于核心活动的管理，还取决于关系和供应管理。因此，在供应链管理的上游和下游，公司需要管理与客户和供应商的关系。通常，外包的增加趋势维持了这一要求。
The Supply chain is the organization that provides(in human beings, organizations …). SCM (Supply Chain Management) is in charge for organizing the supply by the managing of flows in the context of the company. The basic principle of SCM is that gets a worse result by optimizing every element of the chain, rather than optimizing the overall chain (the sum of the optima of each element of the chain is less than the global optimum )
供应链是提供（人类、组织…）的组织。供应链管理（SCM，Supply Chain Management）负责通过管理公司环境中的流程来组织供应。SCM的基本原理是通过优化链中的每个元素而不是优化整个链（链中每个元素的最优值之和小于全局最优值）来获得更差的结果
A product is never made throughout by the same company. Many suppliers, intermediates and subcontractors implicated in different phases of product realization. Traditionally, communication between stakeholders is minimized. To ensure hazards, each form of stocks more or less important, expensive( Gerard Baglin 2005)The slightest error restraints the flow and interrupts the chain which is penalized. Supply Chain Management wants to ensure the overall fluidity while ensuring greater flexibility. It provides the shift from production-oriented product to a customer-centric-production(Olivier Bruel 2005 ).
品从来不是由同一家公司生产的。许多供应商、中间商和分包商参与了产品实现的不同阶段。传统上，利益相关者之间的沟通被最小化。为了确保危险，每种形式的库存或多或少都是重要的、昂贵的。稍有差错就会限制流量并中断供应链，从而受到惩罚。供应链管理希望确保整体流动性，同时确保更大的灵活性。它提供了从以生产为导向的产品到以客户为中心的生产的转变。
The Need for Supply Chain Management:供应链管理的需求
The essence of supply chain is to “maximise value and reduce total cost across the entire trading process through focusing on speed and the certainty of response to the market” (Tom McGuffog). Since companies improves toward virtual, real-time organizational structures, a new set of Supply Chain Management capabilities will come into sight, and that permits the user to react rapidly to the market demand. Due to globalization, Supply Chain Management has turn out to be a means for companies to compete efficiently at local as well as global scale. It became a fundamental element for companies, especially when it comes to deliver services at a competitive cost and high quality. Now days, “product and services have no value unless they are in the possession of the customer when (time) and where (place) they wish to consume them” Ronald H. Ballou (1999; p13) .
供应链的本质是“通过关注市场反应的速度和确定性，在整个交易过程中实现价值最大化并降低总成本”。随着公司向虚拟、实时组织结构的方向发展，一套新的供应链管理能力将出现，这将允许用户对市场需求做出快速反应。由于全球化，供应链管理已成为企业在本地和全球范围内有效竞争的一种手段。它成为公司的基本要素，尤其是在以具有竞争力的成本和高质量提供服务时。如今，“产品和服务没有价值，除非它们在客户希望消费的时间和地点”。
According to William.J. Stevenson( 2008 ) the needs for Supply Chain Management are these followings ?根据William J.Stevenson的观点，供应链管理的需求如下？
Developing operations 发展业务
Increasing levels of outsourcing 提高外包水平
Increasing transportation costs 增加运输成本
Competitive pressures 竞争压力
Increasing globalization 日益全球化
Increasing importance of e-commerce 电子商务日益重要
Complexity of supply chains 供应链的复杂性
Managing inventories 管理库存
As stated before, Supply chain management creates an efficient and integrated company. It plays considerable roles when it comes to reduction of costs and time by channelizing the products into appropriate distribution channels in order to enable the goods to reach the end consumers on time.
如前所述，供应链管理创造了一个高效和一体化的公司。在降低成本和时间方面，它发挥了相当大的作用，将产品引导到适当的分销渠道，以使商品能够及时到达最终消费者手中。
Those above are not the only benefit of supply chain management. William J. Stevenson identified benefits of SCM as follow:以上这些并不是供应链管理的唯一好处。William J.Stevenson认为SCM的好处如下：
Lower inventories 库存减少
Higher productivity 更高的生产率
Greater agility 更高的灵活性
Shorter lead times 缩短交付周期
Higher profits更高的利润
Greater customer loyalty 提高客户忠诚度
Integrates separate organizations into a cohesive operating system. 将独立的组织集成到一个有凝聚力的操作系统中。
Elements of Supply Chain Management: 供应链管理要素：
There are three types of Supply Chain Management elements, namely: 供应链管理要素有三种类型，即：
Strategic 战略
Tactical 战术
Operational 操作
Issues on Supply Chain Management: 供应链管理问题：
According to TMG ( Transportation Management Group Inc ) article published the 24 Jan-2000.
Nowadays, the Supply Chain Management world, companies are required to focus on developing the necessary capabilities to address key business issues. Getting product from the vendor to the shelf to fulfil consumer demand has been identified as one of the critical business issues. To address this issue, organizations must center on building a flow management capability. As an initiative to support this capability, companies need to optimize their distribution network to enable merchandise flow.
如今，在供应链管理领域，公司需要专注于开发解决关键业务问题的必要能力。将产品从供应商处拿到货架上以满足消费者需求已被确定为关键业务问题之一。为了解决这个问题，组织必须以建立流程管理能力为中心。作为支持这一能力的一项举措，公司需要优化其分销网络，以实现商品流通。
This optimized distribution network must also support key changes associated with the new merchandise flow strategies. The optimized distribution network must support product assortments, order practices, replenishment methods, replenishment quantities, increase in imports if applicable, and new store formats that will require stores operating at much lower inventory levels than today.
这种优化的分销网络还必须支持与新的商品流策略相关的关键变化。优化的分销网络必须支持产品分类、订单做法、补货方法、补货数量、进口量增加（如适用），以及新的门店模式，这些新的门店将需要比现在低得多的库存水平。
A preliminary analysis of existing Supply Chain Operating models indicate that there are significant opportunities to rationalize current distribution center networks by exploring new flow path options. These alternatives are driven by many factors. The following are high level attributes and the issues that must be addressed with each of them.
对现有供应链运营模型的初步分析表明，通过探索新的流动路径选项，有很大机会合理化当前的配送中心网络。这些替代方案由许多因素驱动。以下是高级属性和必须解决的问题。
The mains issues on Supply Chain Management retained are these followings:供应链管理的主要问题如下：
Customer Demands 客户需求
Cost Issues 成本问题
Consolidation/Partnering 整合/合作
Globalization 全球化
Technology 技术
Government Regulatory Agencies 政府监管机构
Throughout my research we will detail each of them.在我的整个研究过程中，我们将详细介绍其中的每一项。
1.1 Supply Chain Management:供应链管理
Supply Chain Management, SCM, defines the control of the supply chain from the first supplier to end customer.
供应链管理（SCM）定义了从第一个供应商到最终客户的供应链控制。
Supply Chain Management aims to assess as accurately as the needs, availability and capacity of each link in the supply chain and manufacturing, to better synchronize and serve customers in the best possible conditions.
供应链管理旨在尽可能准确地评估供应链和制造业中每个环节的需求、可用性和能力，以便在最佳条件下更好地同步和服务客户。
Basically we can conclude that the SCM Supply Chain Management helps improve the flow and time while controlling costs.
基本上，我们可以得出结论，SCM供应链管理有助于在控制成本的同时改善流程和时间。
According to 2011 R. Michael Donovan & Co Figure SC-2
The standard manufacturing supply chain shows the traditional flow of information and materials to and from the customers and the suppliers through the company. The processes within the supply chain typically have a strong correlation to the traditional silo organizational functions within a manufacturing company, including sales, engineering, manufacturing, distribution, and accounting. The business process flows across an organization, but communication, accountability, and reward systems flow vertically. This organizational and process contradiction often impedes supply chain effectiveness.
标准制造业供应链显示了通过公司往来于客户和供应商的传统信息和材料流。供应链中的流程通常与制造公司中的传统筒仓组织功能（包括销售、工程、制造、分销和会计）有很强的相关性。业务流程在整个组织中流动，但沟通、责任和奖励系统是纵向流动的。这种组织和流程的矛盾常常阻碍供应链的有效性。
( Hanfield,2002, p.9) that supply chain can see in two angles, internal one for the company and external for the supplier .A supplier for this company has his own set of suppliers that provide input. Supply Chain are essentially a series of linked suppliers and customers until products reach the ultimate customer.
供应链可以从两个角度来看，一个是公司内部的，另一个是供应商外部的。供应链本质上是一系列相连的供应商和客户，直到产品到达最终客户。
In the world Supply Chain Management, we have three words the first word is Supply ; the second one Chain and the third one Management.
在世界供应链管理中，我们有三个词：第一个词是供应；第二个是连锁，第三个是管理。
Definition of Management 管理的定义
The fact is that different supply chain in every day world exist wether they are managed or not. If one of the organization will actively implement any of supply chain management concepts explained further on in the thesis, the supply chain as a phenomenon of business will still exist but will probably not act in a rational, coordinated way.
事实是，每天世界上都存在不同的供应链，无论它们是否得到管理。如果其中一个组织将积极实施本文中进一步解释的任何供应链管理概念，那么供应链作为一种商业现象仍将存在，但可能不会以合理、协调的方式行事。
Supply chain management therefore requires active management efforts by the organisations within the supply chain.
因此，供应链管理需要供应链内组织的积极管理。
What is an organisation? Lipovec 1987, p35) defines organization as the composition of relationships between people, who by relationships become members of a formed social unit.
将组织定义为人与人之间的关系构成，人通过关系成为一个形成的社会单位的成员。
Organisation ensure the existence and specific characteristics of the social unit and rational achievement of goals.
组织确保社会单位的存在和特定特征以及目标的合理实现。
According to Rozman(2000, p15) there are 3 process in a organisation assuring rational achievement of goals: organization process, coordination process, and decision making process.
根据Rozman的说法，组织中有三个过程来确保合理实现目标：组织过程、协调过程和决策过程。
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