Dissertation代写：Electronic Banking in Pakistan
Dissertation代写-巴基斯坦电子银行。本文是一篇留学生论文写作范文节选，主要内容是讲述随着世界进入二十一世纪，有一件事变得非常明显，任何希望在当今残酷的竞争中取得成功的组织都必须热情地拥抱信息技术。在这个信息技术时代，新的发明和创新正在影响生活的各个领域。几乎所有类型的组织都在进入IT领域，努力提高生产力，扩大客户群。银行业也是如此。今天，世界上所有的银行都在采用电子银行工具。
Dissertation范文中提到在过去的5至7年中，南亚感受到了电子银行的需求。这一概念成为成功银行管理的重要工具。金融部门很快就认识到了这一事实，在巴基斯坦，大多数银行业已经从旧的基于账本的系统转向计算机和自动化，以使其业务现代化。尽管外国银行是将这一概念引入南亚的先驱，但它们尚未在巴基斯坦开始最新的电子银行业务。下面就一起来看一下这篇留学生论文Dissertation范文节选内容。
1. PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 问题及其背景
1.1. INTRTODUCTION 引言
As the world has entered the twenty first century, one thing has become all too apparent, any organization that wishes to succeed in today’s cutthroat competition will have to embrace Information Technology (IT) with fervor.
In this age of Information Technology new inventions and innovations are affecting all the fields of life. Almost all kinds of organizations are stepping into the field of IT, in an effort to increase their productivity and expand their customer bank. The same goes for the Banking Sector. Today all the banks of the world are adopting the tool of Electronic Banking.
The need of Electronic Banking was felt in South Asia during the last 5 to 7 years. This concept emerged as an essential tool for successful bank management. Financial sector has been quick to recognize this fact, and in Pakistan, most of the banking industry has moved away from the old ledger based system to computers and automation in order to modernize their operations. Although foreign banks were pioneers of bringing this concept to South-Asia but they have yet to start latest Electronic Banking practices in Pakistan
Background – Electronic Banking 背景-电子银行
Electronic banking is an umbrella term for the process by which a customer may perform banking transactions electronically without visiting a brick-and-mortar institution.
电子银行是一个总括术语，指客户无需访问实体机构即可以电子方式进行银行交易的过程。
It is a form of banking in which funds are transferred through an exchange of electronic signals between financial institutions, rather than an exchange of cash, checks or other negotiable instruments.
这是一种银行形式，资金通过金融机构之间的电子信号交换而不是现金、支票或其他可转让票据进行转移。
The growth in use of the Internet world-wide and the development of procedures enabling secure transactions on-line have created the new field of on-line banking, where customers deal with their banks chiefly or entirely through Internet connections. Opening hours or location of branches, unlike the traditional banks does not restrict such services. Both existing banks and new groups are already moving into this potentially very important area. Since on-line banking services can be accessed with equal ease almost anywhere in the developed world, this raises the possibility of banking networks operating without regard to national boundaries, with consequent regulatory problems.
全球范围内互联网使用的增长和网上安全交易程序的发展，开创了网上银行的新领域，客户主要或完全通过互联网与银行打交道。与传统银行不同，分行的营业时间或地点不限制此类服务。现有的银行和新的集团都已进入这一潜在的非常重要的领域。由于在线银行服务在发达世界几乎任何地方都可以同样轻松地获得，这就增加了银行网络在不受国界限制的情况下运作的可能性，从而带来了监管问题。
Banking on line, commonly called PC banking, electronic banking or Internet banking, has been around in one form or another for a decade or more.
网上银行，通常称为个人银行、电子银行或网上银行，已经以一种或另一种形式出现了十多年。
Forms of on-line Banking 网上银行形式
Following can be the ways to bank on-line: 以下是网上银行的方式：
1) Internet Based access 基于Internet的访问
to account information through banks’ web site, via modem, using a standard web browser such as Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator.
通过调制解调器，使用标准的网络浏览器（如Microsoft Internet Explorer或Netscape Navigator），通过银行网站对信息进行记账。
2) Bank Software: 银行软件
Bank provides customers with proprietary software to install in their computers. The software allows customers to connect to bank’s computers over a secure network. The customer essentially dials directly into the bank instead of through the Internet.
银行为客户提供专有软件，以安装在他们的计算机中。该软件允许客户通过安全网络连接到银行的计算机。客户基本上是直接拨入银行，而不是通过互联网。
3) Personal Finance Software: 个人理财软件
Software such as Quicken or Microsoft Money allows customer to exchange financial information with the bank. The software connects to the banks’ computers via an Internet based set up and downloads financial information from the client’s account. Many banks affiliate leading software vendors such as Intuit or Microsoft to make their systems compatible.
Quicken或Microsoft Money等软件允许客户与银行交换财务信息。该软件通过互联网连接到银行的计算机，并从客户的账户下载财务信息。许多银行与领先的软件供应商（如Intuit或Microsoft）结盟，以使其系统兼容。
4) Pay-by-Phone Systems /Tele banking: 通过电话系统/电话银行支付
Allows a customer to pay by telephone certain bills, or transfer funds between accounts, with instructions to the bank. One must have an agreement in advance with the institution to make such transfers.
允许客户通过电话支付某些账单，或在账户之间转账，并向银行发出指示。必须事先与该机构达成协议，才能进行此类转移。
5) Point-of-Sale Transfers: 销售点转让
Allows a customer to pay for retail purchases with an EFT (or “debit”) card. In some instances, this card may also be an ATM card. This is similar to using a credit card, but with one important exception: the money for the purchase is transferred immediately — or very shortly — from customer’s bank account to the store’s account. An increasing number of merchants are accepting this type of payment.
允许客户使用EFT（或“借记”）卡支付零售购物。在某些情况下，该卡也可能是ATM卡。这与使用信用卡类似，但有一个重要的例外：购买的钱会立即（或很快）从客户的银行账户转移到商店的账户。越来越多的商家接受这种类型的付款。
On-line Banking: a Revolution 网上银行：一场革命
The thought of today is the reality of tomorrow but the thoughts of Banking on Your OWN TERMS AT YOUR OWN DOORSTEPS, which seemed to be reality of tomorrow, is no a more mystique.
今天的想法就是明天的现实，但在你自己的家里按你自己的条款行事的想法，似乎是明天的现实。
What we can do NOW (?) 我们现在能做什么
It allows customers to do most of their financial transactions at home on a personal computer.它允许客户在家里用个人电脑进行大部分金融交易
Pay your bills on-line while you’re watching TV.当你看电视的时候，在网上付账
Check your account balances from your digital cell phone as you stand in line to board a flight.当你排队登机时，用你的数字手机检查你的账户余额
Consolidate all your financial accounts on-line in one convenient, secure location.在一个方便、安全的位置在线整合您的所有金融账户
Have access to friendly, helpful customer service representatives 与友好、乐于助人的客户服务代表接触
Why on-line banking? 为什么选择网上银行？
Unfortunately, banking is a “necessary evil” that can take a large chunk out of already busy schedules. Visiting a branch or ATM, paying bills by paper check (and mailing them) and balancing a chequebook all can be time consuming. Banking on-line, by its nature, can automate many of these processes, saving time and, in many cases, money. One can access his account and do banking when (and where) it is convenient for him.
不幸的是，银行业是一种“必要的罪恶”，它可以从已经繁忙的日程中抽走一大部分。去分行或自动取款机，用纸质支票支付账单（然后邮寄），以及平衡支票簿，这些都可能很费时。从本质上讲，网上银行可以使许多流程自动化，节省时间，在许多情况下还可以节省资金。人们可以在方便的时候（在方便的地方）访问自己的账户并进行银行业务。
Following can be online banking services offered by various banks 以下是各银行提供的网上银行服务
Check account balances 检查账户余额
Make transfers between online accounts 在在线账户之间进行转账
Check the status of loans 检查贷款状态
Track investments 跟踪投资
Apply for loans online 在线申请贷款
Pay bills electronically 以电子方式支付账单
Download account information to a personal finance software program 将账户信息下载到个人理财软件程序
On-Line Banking Advantages 在线银行优势
Internet banks are open 7 days a week 24 hours a day 网上银行每周7天24小时营业
In general, you will find lower fees and higher interest rates for deposits due to the reduced cost of operating on-line and not needing numerous physical bank branches.
一般来说，您会发现，由于在线运营成本降低，而且不需要许多实体银行分行，因此存款的费用更低，利率更高。
Create a more in depth portfolio of each individual customer of what their needs and expectations are.为每个客户创建更深入的产品组合，了解他们的需求和期望。
Be able to provide services to each customer that are customized to their individual preferences
You will have easy access to account information and transactions, because any Internet-enabled computer can become your “bank terminal.”能够为每个客户提供根据其个人喜好定制的服务
You will generally have up-to-the-minute current bank account information due to the automation of most systems.
您可以轻松访问帐户信息和交易，因为任何支持Internet的计算机都可以成为您的“银行终端”
In many cases, on-line banks offer free bill pay, which can be a big saving in both money and time.由于大多数系统的自动化，您通常会获得最新的银行账户信息。
You can transfer funds electronically between accounts.您可以在账户之间以电子方式转账。
Common E-Banking Services 通用电子银行服务
Retail Services 零售服务
Wholesale Services 批发服务
Account management 账户管理
Account management 账户管理
Bill payment and presentment 票据支付和提示
Cash management 现金管理
New account opening 新开户
Small business loan applications, approvals, or advances 小型企业贷款申请、批准或预付款
Consumer wire transfers 消费者电汇
Investment/Brokerage services 投资/经纪服务
Commercial wire transfers 商业电汇
Loan application and approval 贷款申请和批准
Business-to-business payments 企业对企业支付
Account aggregation 账户汇总
Employee benefits/pension administration 员工福利/养老金管理
Current Scenario of Electronic Banking in Pakistan 巴基斯坦电子银行的现状
Pakistan is widely considered to be in the Third Wave of developing economies that include countries in Asia, Latin America, the Pacific Islands and the Middle East. These countries started to adopt the Internet from around 1993. Almost all have a state monopoly over the telecommunications sector with low tele-densities per population and high telecom costs, which restrict Internet access to elitist groups in the population. Less than 2 per cent of the population is connected to the Internet. These countries have weak political and democratic institutions where the governments welcome new commercial opportunities.
巴基斯坦被广泛认为是第三波发展中经济体，包括亚洲、拉丁美洲、太平洋岛屿和中东国家。这些国家从1993年左右开始采用互联网。几乎所有国家都对电信部门实行国家垄断，人均电信密度低，电信成本高，这限制了人口中的精英群体使用互联网。不到2%的人口连接到互联网。这些国家的政治和民主制度薄弱，政府欢迎新的商业机会。
The First Wave countries include USA, Canada, and some Nordic states where the Internet took hold in the 1980s, and became an established feature of social, political and economic life. On average, over 35 per cent of the population are connected to the net, with households always connected online to the net 24 hours in the day in many cases.
第一波国家包括美国、加拿大和一些北欧国家，互联网在20世纪80年代在这些国家扎根，并成为社会、政治和经济生活的既定特征。平均而言，超过35%的人口上网，在许多情况下，家庭每天24小时上网。
Both the First and Second wave of counties have much in common; with both involved in the early development of the Internet. The gap between the two is rapidly diminishing. Both have highly developed telecommunication infrastructures, with extensive networks of fiber optic, satellite and ISDN lines that can respond to exponential growth in demand for bandwidth. Knowledge of Internet applications is a mainstream activity, and a prerequisite for commercial credibility. They have highly developed information, dissemination technology and content industries, with a strong export focus. Both have strong government policies that aim to influence the shape of the future information society, with massive investments in research and development, education, training, IT and Internet developed research.
第一波和第二波县都有很多共同之处；两者都参与了互联网的早期发展。两者之间的差距正在迅速缩小。两者都拥有高度发达的电信基础设施，拥有广泛的光纤、卫星和ISDN线路网络，能够应对带宽需求的指数增长。了解互联网应用是一项主流活动，也是商业信誉的先决条件。它们拥有高度发达的信息、传播技术和内容产业，并以出口为重点。双方都有强有力的政府政策，旨在影响未来信息社会的形态，在研发、教育、培训、信息技术和互联网开发研究方面进行了大量投资。
E-Banking in Pakistan: 巴基斯坦电子银行
Due to advancements in sciences and technology, many foreign banks started offering Electronic Banking services in Pakistan. Electronic Banking offers tremendous opportunities and saves cost and time for both banks and customers.
由于科学技术的进步，许多外国银行开始在巴基斯坦提供电子银行服务。电子银行为银行和客户提供了巨大的机会，节省了成本和时间。
E-Banking in Pakistan is still a relatively new phenomena and is expected to grow now faster with future penetration of computers and internet services in the country, availability of a robust legal framework, removal of concerns about security of electronic transactions and enhanced reliability of communication
巴基斯坦的电子银行业务仍然是一个相对较新的现象，随着计算机和互联网服务在该国的未来渗透、健全的法律框架的可用性、消除对电子交易安全的担忧以及通信可靠性的提高，预计现在将增长得更快
Unfortunately Electronic Banking in Pakistan is still in the introduction phase and the government with the private sector has to streamline many policies for its further development and success. Although foreign banks took the initiative but now there are private Pakistani banks that are making advancements in E-Banking. The rate of technology transfer from developed to developing countries has been very slow in this regard.
不幸的是，巴基斯坦的电子银行仍处于引进阶段，政府和私营部门必须简化许多政策，以进一步发展和成功。虽然外国银行采取了主动行动，但现在有一些巴基斯坦私人银行正在电子银行方面取得进展。在这方面，发达国家向发展中国家转让技术的速度非常缓慢。
In Pakistan the available technology services are NIFT, ATM, ETPoS, Tele Banking and Central Depository Systems.
在巴基斯坦，可用的技术服务包括NIFT、ATM、ETPoS、电话银行和中央存款系统。
NIFT was established in 1997,it is a technology that uses images with high-speed sorters to automate check clearing.
ATMs are automated teller machines that provide facilities for instant deposits and cash withdrawals, and are presently available at around 200 locations in major cities only.
NIFT成立于1997年，它是一种利用图像和高速分拣机实现支票自动清关的技术。 ATM是自动取款机，提供即时存款和取款服务，目前仅在主要城市的大约200个地点提供。
ETPoS is a method of payment where goods and services are paid for at the point of sale, and is available in major cities in a few super markets only.
Telebanking is telephone banking facility available only in a few banks, and again, in major cities only.
The central depository system is a well- established system used in stock exchanges for recording and the transfer of securities.
Secure electronic transactions (SET): This protocol was developed jointly by Visa and Master Card and is now baked by American Express. Major players in e-commerce, networking, and computing like Microsoft, Netscape, IBM, etc, are behind specifications of this protocol, and are thus becoming an industry standard for secured payments on the internet. SET provides confidentiality through encryption; message integrity using digital signatures, and authentication of consumer and merchant identity Use of this, method is ideal due to the level of security that this method offers. However, establishment of this protocol will require Internet merchant accounts.
ETPoS是一种在销售点支付商品和服务的支付方式，仅在几个超级市场的主要城市可用。
电话银行是一种电话银行服务，仅在少数几家银行可用，也仅在主要城市可用。
中央存管系统是证券交易所用来记录和转让证券的一个成熟系统。
安全电子交易（SET）：该协议由Visa和万事达卡联合开发，现在由美国运通（American Express）烘焙。电子商务、网络和计算领域的主要参与者，如Microsoft、Netscape、IBM等，都支持该协议的规范，因此正在成为互联网安全支付的行业标准。SET通过加密提供保密性；使用数字签名的消息完整性，以及消费者和商家身份验证。由于此方法提供的安全级别，因此使用此方法是理想的。然而，建立此协议将需要互联网商家帐户。
Smart cards: 智能卡
It is a digital currency payment, which looks similar to credit cards, but contains a microprocessor and a storage unit. The cards hold prepaid account information. Merchants who accept these records are credited for the transaction amount by card issuers. The use of this technology is safe but expensive to acquire. Pakistan will require building a consensus among major stakeholders to invest in making this technology available in Pakistan.
这是一种数字货币支付，看起来类似于信用卡，但包含一个微处理器和一个存储单元。这些卡包含预付费账户信息。接受这些记录的商户将被发卡机构贷记交易金额。这项技术的使用是安全的，但获取成本很高。巴基斯坦将需要在主要利益攸关方之间达成共识，投资于在巴基斯坦提供这项技术。
Value-added networks: 增值网络
Pakistan could establish value added networks (VAN) for financial transactions to expedite fast and efficient flow of remittances to all major cities and to enable exchange of electronic documents. These networks will provide shared connectivity, security assurance of data, and reliability of service. These networks will provide bank -to -bank transfer of funds for financial transactions, and will also enable the exchange of electronic documents to facilitate e-trade. These value added networks will also facilitate B2B transactions using EDI systems. The EDI Van’s will execute authorized transactions between valid trading partners. These networks will reduce technical complexities and the cost of implementing dedicated connections with a multitude of trading partners. Another advantage out of these networks will be the provision of storing viable information on the networks, so that authorized partners can directly access them without contacting the other parties. This will help in increasing efficiencies of business transactions in terms of time and costs.
巴基斯坦可以为金融交易建立增值网络，以加快汇款向所有主要城市的快速和有效流动，并能够交换电子文件。这些网络将提供共享连接、数据安全保证和服务可靠性。这些网络将为金融交易提供银行对银行的资金转移，还将使电子文件的交换成为可能，以促进电子贸易。这些增值网络还将促进使用EDI系统的B2B交易。EDI货车将在有效贸易伙伴之间执行授权交易。这些网络将降低技术复杂性和与众多贸易伙伴建立专用连接的成本。这些网络的另一个优点是可以在网络上存储可行的信息，这样授权的合作伙伴可以直接访问这些信息，而无需与其他方联系。这将有助于提高商业交易的时间和成本效率。
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 问题说明
E-banking has entered the Pakistan economy in a big way but, considering the state of development of banking industry in the country and the client-base, there are doubts about the utility and cost-effectiveness of this mode of banking. The research study will examine these points and give recommendations on the subject:
电子银行在很大程度上进入了巴基斯坦经济，但考虑到该国银行业的发展状况和客户群，人们对这种银行模式的效用和成本效益表示怀疑。这项研究将审查这些要点，并就这一主题提出建议：
An evaluation, theoretically and practically, of the progress of banks which adopted electronic operations, and the prospective role for banks in the future.
从理论和实践上评估银行采用电子操作的进展，以及银行在未来的预期作用。
Discussing problems facing banks in the scope of electronic banking operations.
Specifying the concept of electronic banks.
讨论银行在电子银行业务范围内面临的问题。
明确电子银行的概念。
1.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 研究目标
Following objectives have been set forth in conduct of the research: 在研究过程中，确定了以下目标：
To familiarise public with the subject of ELECTRONIC BANKING, enhance their keenness to remain abreast to the techniques, and modern trends of efficient banking.
让公众熟悉电子银行的主题，增强他们对高效银行技术和现代趋势的敏锐性。
To induce healthy practices in banking business and profession and to advise suitable measures for their achievement.
在银行业务和专业中引入健康的做法，并建议实现这些做法的适当措施。
To encourage and provide Electronic Banking information and to offer education through research report contents to students and consequently to national financial institutions.
鼓励并提供电子银行信息，并通过研究报告内容向学生以及国家金融机构提供教育。
To print and publish the report for provision to all who are interested in the issue of Electronic Banking.
打印并发布报告，以供所有对电子银行业务感兴趣的人使用。
To study Electronic Banking practices of different banks in Pakistan.
研究巴基斯坦不同银行的电子银行业务。
1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 研究意义
E-banking is playing an important role not only in the development of electronic services in the first world countries but also in the developing countries too. Due to advancements in sciences and technology, many foreign banks started offering Electronic Banking services in Pakistan. Electronic Banking offers tremendous opportunities and saves cost and time for both banks and customers.
电子银行不仅在第一世界国家的电子服务发展中发挥着重要作用，在发展中国家也是如此。由于科学技术的进步，许多外国银行开始在巴基斯坦提供电子银行服务。电子银行为银行和客户提供了巨大的机会，节省了成本和时间。
This study will evaluate the electronic performance of banks. This report emphasizes the fact that on-line accessibility, awareness, attitude towards change, computer and Internet access costs, trust in one’s bank, security concerns, ease of use and convenience are the major factors affecting the adoption of Internet bank services in Pakistan.
本研究将评估银行的电子绩效。本报告强调，在线无障碍、意识、对变革的态度、计算机和互联网接入成本、对银行的信任、安全问题、易用性和便利性是影响巴基斯坦采用互联网银行服务的主要因素。
1.5. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 研究范围和局限性
Scope of the study: 研究范围
The research thesis covers the leading banks in Pakistan that have entered the e-banking era and examine its economics. The major limitation of the study is that the concerned banks are reluctant to disclose information with regard to costs incurred on E- banking.
本研究论文涵盖了巴基斯坦已进入电子银行时代的主要银行，并考察了其经济状况。这项研究的主要局限是，有关银行不愿披露有关电子银行成本的信息。
Limitations of the study: 研究局限性
As the E-banking in Pakistan is at the introduction stage and its efficacy is yet to be tested, adequate literature on the subject is not available.
Moreover, the topic under study requires comprehensive research, which is possible if more time is allotted for the project.
Banks personnel are reluctant to give information about banks electronic process and problems faced by banks.
由于巴基斯坦的电子银行正处于引入阶段，其有效性尚待测试，因此没有关于这一主题的充分文献。
此外，正在研究的主题需要进行全面的研究，如果为项目分配更多的时间，这是可能的。
银行工作人员不愿提供有关银行电子流程和银行面临的问题的信息。
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 文献综述
Literature survey is conducted in order to get more insight into the study. Literature survey consists of past studies related to this topic. Which will help and ensure that no important information related to the study is omitted. It includes mostly domestic studies conducted by our own scholars.
为了更深入地了解这项研究，我们进行了文献调查。文献调查包括过去与此主题相关的研究。这将有助于确保没有遗漏与研究相关的重要信息。它主要包括我们自己的学者进行的国内研究。
2.1. FOREIGN SCENARIO 国外研究情况
Yoshio, (1999), states that Malaysian banking sector started in the 1970’s. However, the first visible form of electronic innovation in the Malaysian banking industry was the introduction of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) in 1981. The ATMs to a large extent released banks from the constraints of time and geographical location.
Yoshio指出，马来西亚银行业始于20世纪70年代。然而，马来西亚银行业第一个明显的电子创新形式是1981年自动取款机（ATM）的引入。ATM在很大程度上使银行摆脱了时间和地理位置的限制。
Then in the early 1990’s, Tele-banking was introduced in Malaysia, which provided yet another delivery channel for branch financial services via telecommunications devices connected to an automated system of the bank by utilizing Automated Voice Response (AVR) Technology.
Utsuml, on June 1, (2000), said that the Malaysian Central Bank gave the green light for locally owned commercial banks to offer Internet banking services. On June 15, 2000, Maybank, the largest domestic bank in terms of assets as well as network distribution, became the first bank to offer Internet banking services in Malaysia. This service is currently provided to individual customers of the bank and the site boasts of the latest 128-bit encryption technology to allay fears of security among consumers. The services provided in this portal include banking enquiry functions, bill payment, credit card payment, funds transfer, and accounts summary as well as transaction history. Customer support service is provided via e-mails as well as via telephone lines and is available daily from 6 am to 12 mid-night.
20世纪90年代初，马来西亚引入了电话银行业务，利用自动语音响应（AVR）技术，通过与银行自动化系统相连的电信设备，为分行金融服务提供了另一个交付渠道。
Utsuml于2000年6月1日表示，马来西亚中央银行为当地拥有的商业银行提供网上银行服务开了绿灯。2000年6月15日，就资产和网络分布而言，最大的国内银行马来亚银行，成为马来西亚第一家提供网上银行服务的银行。这项服务目前提供给该银行的个人客户，该网站拥有最新的128位加密技术，以减轻消费者对安全的担忧。该门户提供的服务包括银行查询功能、账单支付、信用卡支付、资金转账、账户汇总以及交易历史。客户支持服务通过电子邮件和电话线提供，每天早上6点至午夜12点提供。
JoseÉ, (2000), said that the Hong Leong Bank commenced its Internet banking operations known as ‘e-Banking’, which can be accessed via their web site at http://www.arraydev.com/commerce/jibc/www.hlbb.hongleong.com.my in December 2000. In addition to providing services that were previously included in their Phone banking service, they also offer options of assessing account transaction history in their ‘e-banking’. They too provide support services via e-mails and telephones from 7 am to 11.00 pm, seven days a week.
JoseÉ表示，丰隆银行开始了其被称为“电子银行”的网上银行业务，除了提供以前包含在电话银行服务中的服务外，他们还提供在“电子银行”中评估账户交易历史的选项。他们也通过电子邮件和电话提供支持服务，从早上7点到晚上11点，每周7天。
Al-Jasser, (1999), states that both the competitive forces as well as the expected benefits are causing concentration and expansion of E-banking services in the country (Saudi Arabia). However, in the long run it would be the actual benefits which the banks would realize in terms of higher profits through reduction in intermediary costs and expanded consumer base due to improved services on a cost effective manner that would determine the role of E-banking in the country’s banking sector. E banking is expected to play an important role in integrating the financial markets of Saudi Arabia globally and banks would ultimately capitalize on these developments.
Al Jasser指出，竞争力量和预期收益都导致了该国电子银行服务的集中和扩展（沙特阿拉伯）。然而，从长远来看，这将是银行通过降低中介成本和扩大消费者基础而获得的实际利益，因为以成本效益的方式改善服务将决定电子银行在该国银行业中的作用。预计电子银行将在整合沙特阿拉伯全球金融市场方面发挥重要作用，银行将最终利用这些发展。
Figures, (2000), states that E-banking Automate critical banking activities and interact electronically with bank with comprehensive tools that help reduce administrative costs, increase productivity, and improve cash management—in a security-enhanced environment.
Figures指出，电子银行自动化关键的银行业务活动，并使用综合工具与银行进行电子交互，这些工具有助于降低管理成本，提高生产力，并改善安全增强环境中的现金管理。
2.2. LOCAL SCENARIO 国内研究情况
Mashhood, (2000), states that the role of information technology in financial services is to support operational efficiencies, facilitate customer services, mange risk and support in decision-making. In the IT policy on financial services, the government of Pakistan has asked the State Bank of Pakistan to allow opening of internet merchant accounts to enable inter-bank electronic fund transfer, to re-engineer processes of foreign trade sections, to accept e-orders of value less than $500, to open an e-commerce wing in financial institutions, and to facilitate clearing and e-reporting in al banks. The e-commerce action plans for the financial sector have been established as per directions from the government. The plan is to connect branches of 25 local and foreign banks in 12 major cities. In phase I, branches in one city will be linked with their head office. In phase II, all these banks and other financial institutions will be connected together. In phase III, private and public sector stakeholders will be linked and ultimately e-commerce network will include financial, trade and customs networks along with their international links.
Mashhood指出，信息技术在金融服务中的作用是支持运营效率、促进客户服务、管理风险和支持决策。在金融服务的信息技术政策中，巴基斯坦政府要求巴基斯坦国家银行允许开设互联网商户账户，以实现银行间电子资金转账，重新设计外贸部门的流程，接受价值低于500美元的电子订单，在金融机构开设电子商务分支机构，促进所有银行的清算和电子报告。金融部门的电子商务行动计划已根据政府的指示制定。该计划将连接12个主要城市的25家本地和外国银行的分行。在第一阶段，一个城市的分支机构将与其总部相连。在第二阶段，所有这些银行和其他金融机构将连接在一起。在第三阶段，私营和公共部门利益攸关方将相互联系，最终电子商务网络将包括金融、贸易和海关网络及其国际联系。
Ziauddin, (1998), states that In Pakistan, huge investments, recurring costs, and absence of economies of scale are some of the major bottlenecks to invest in online banking. One other problem is that only a few foreign banks are linked with their branches, otherwise all major financial institutions work in isolation.
Ziauddin指出，在巴基斯坦，巨额投资、经常性成本和缺乏规模经济是投资在线银行的主要瓶颈。另一个问题是，只有少数几家外国银行与其分行有关联，否则所有主要金融机构都是孤立运作的。
AL-Bader, (1999), said that in the absence of a centralized database linked to branches, banks do not only need the communication software to facilitate communication, but also require modems, routers, controllers, etc. irrespective of the volume of transactions, be it small or massive, huge investments are required to facilitate online banking. Not only the capital investments debut also the recurring costs, such as lease payments to PTCL, ongoing maintenance costs, etc, are discouraging national banks to invest.
AL Bader表示，在没有与分行相连的中央数据库的情况下，银行不仅需要通信软件来促进通信，还需要调制解调器、路由器、控制器等，无论交易量大小，都需要大量投资来促进网上银行。不仅资本投资首次出现，而且经常性成本，如向PTCL支付的租赁费、持续的维护成本等，都阻碍了国家银行的投资。
Giasuddin, (2003) said that there is a need to establish inter-branch and inter-bank networks so that all financial institutions may be linked together to facilitate electronic payment systems, which are among basic prerequisites for establishment of the financial infrastructure for e-commerce development. The next step that is still not clear in Pakistan is the type of electronic payment systems and digital currencies to be used in Pakistan. There are a lot of different methods of payment that are available globally. Pakistan has to carefully decide the most feasible payment systems that can easily fulfill financial requirements, as well as, provide enough confidence to the buyers and merchants for safety and security of such payments.
Giasuddin表示，有必要建立分行间和银行间网络，以便所有金融机构可以连接在一起，以便利电子支付系统，这是建立电子商务发展金融基础设施的基本先决条件之一。巴基斯坦尚不清楚的下一步是在巴基斯坦使用的电子支付系统和数字货币的类型。全球有很多不同的支付方式。巴基斯坦必须仔细决定最可行的支付系统，既能轻松满足财务要求，又能为买家和商家提供足够的信心，确保此类支付的安全。
Kazmi, (2000), said that there is an urgent need in Pakistan for establishing value added networks for financial transactions. Without these networks, it will be difficult for business and financial institutions to provide EC solutions with high quality and low costs.
Kazmi表示，巴基斯坦迫切需要建立金融交易增值网络。没有这些网络，商业和金融机构将难以提供高质量和低成本的电子商务解决方案。
Zaidi, (2003), states that there is a need to establish inter-branch and inter-bank networks so that all financial institutions may be linked together to facilitate electronic payment systems, which are among basic prerequisites for establishment of the financial infrastructure for e-commerce development. The next step that is still not clear in Pakistan is the type of electronic payment systems and digital currencies to be used in Pakistan.
Zaidi指出，有必要建立分行间和银行间网络，以便所有金融机构可以连接在一起，以便利电子支付系统，这是建立电子商务发展金融基础设施的基本先决条件之一。巴基斯坦尚不清楚的下一步是在巴基斯坦使用的电子支付系统和数字货币的类型。
Shabbir, (2003), said that both the competitive forces as well as the expected benefits are causing concentration and expansion of E-banking services in the country. However, in the long run it would be the actual benefits which the banks would realize in terms of higher profits through reduction in intermediary costs and expanded consumer base due to improved services on a cost effective manner that would determine the role of E-banking in the country’s banking sector. E-banking is expected to play and important role in integrating the financial markets of Pakistan globally and banks would ultimately capitalize on these developments.
Shabbir表示，竞争力量和预期收益都导致了该国电子银行服务的集中和扩展。然而，从长远来看，这将是银行通过降低中介成本和扩大消费者基础而获得的实际利益，因为以成本效益的方式改善服务将决定电子银行在该国银行业中的作用。预计电子银行将在整合巴基斯坦全球金融市场方面发挥重要作用，银行将最终利用这些发展。
Naveed, (2003) states that Credit cards are primarily used as convenient payment products and at times a credit facility for short term needs. The State Bank of Pakistan is playing a pro-active role in promoting adoption of technology-based solutions in the banking sector and supporting services based on E-Banking. E-Banking has already taken off in this country and the recent launch by Habib Bank- one of the largest banks in the country – has provided a major breakthrough. so the question is not when the facilities will be provided but how rapidly these facilities will expand. Efforts in this direction are focused upon following areas:
Naveed指出，信用卡主要用作方便的支付产品，有时也用作短期需求的信贷工具。巴基斯坦国家银行正在发挥积极作用，促进银行部门采用基于技术的解决方案，并支持基于电子银行的服务。电子银行已经在这个国家兴起，而该国最大的银行之一哈比银行最近的推出提供了一个重大突破。因此，问题不在于何时提供这些设施，而在于这些设施的扩展速度。这方面的努力集中在以下领域：
Creation of a robust legal infrastructure catering to the needs of E-Banking and other payments systems involving electronic settlement of funds. Key step in this direction was the promulgation of Electronic Transactions Ordinance 2002, which provides legal recognition to digital signatures and documentation reducing the risks associated with the use of electronic medium of business. State bank is currently engaged in an exercise to further augment the legal framework for electronic settlement of transactions in the banking sector.
建立健全的法律基础设施，满足电子银行和其他涉及资金电子结算的支付系统的需要。朝着这一方向迈出的关键一步是颁布了《2002年电子交易条例》，该条例对数字签名和文件提供了法律承认，减少了与使用电子商务媒介有关的风险。国家银行目前正在开展一项工作，进一步加强银行部门交易电子结算的法律框架。
Establishing of Payment Systems Development Committee in which commercial banks are members, to guide the development of payment systems in Pakistan.
建立由商业银行组成的支付系统发展委员会，以指导巴基斯坦支付系统的发展。
Creation of a dedicated Payment Systems Department in the State Bank dealing with all issues pertaining to payment systems including E-Banking.
在国家银行设立一个专门的支付系统部门，处理与支付系统相关的所有问题，包括电子银行。
Creation of a Real Time Gross Settlement System (RTGS) providing an E-Banking solution to banks maintaining their accounts with standard operating procedure (SOP) whereby they will be able to operate these accounts from their own premises via an electronic connection with the State Banks own servers.
创建一个实时总结算系统（RTGS），为银行提供一个电子银行解决方案，通过标准操作程序（SOP）维护其账户，银行将能够通过与国家银行自己的服务器的电子连接在自己的场所操作这些账户。
Commercial banks have been allowed to open and operate Internet Merchant Accounts.
商业银行已获准开设和运营互联网商户账户
Banks are being encouraged to expand the ATMs network through more participation and a wider network of machines all across the country. all banks have been asked to join a SWITCH and interconnection between the 2 existing SWITCHES is being encouraged for further development of the electronic infrastructure .
鼓励银行通过更多的参与和全国范围内更广泛的机器网络来扩大ATM网络。已要求所有银行加入SWITCH，并鼓励现有2个SWITCH之间的互连，以进一步发展电子基础设施。
State Bank has already acquired SWIFT connection and has also made it mandatory for banks to acquire SWIFT connectivity for settlement of all cross border financial transactions.
国家银行已经获得了SWIFT连接，并强制要求银行为所有跨境金融交易的结算获取SWIFT链接。
Expansion of automated cheques clearing services to all major cities in the country is actively being pursued. The usage of plastic money such as Credit/Debit cards is making good progress
目前正在积极将自动支票清算服务扩展到全国所有主要城市。信用卡/借记卡等塑料货币的使用进展良好
Ishrat, (2003), states that introduction of E-banking will improve banking services mainly in terms of the convenience of the customers including, place, time and price, the banks will be able to provide improved services and, consequently, the quality and skills of banking staff will also improve. Although many banking services will be available 24 hours, the need for over the counter services will remain and banks would continue to provide normal services during office banking hours in Pakistan also like in the developed countries where E -banking is prevalent, it has been observed that customers feel much confident in using e-banking services when they can associate it with brick and mortar branches. Purely online banking without physical branch network has not made much headway even in developed countries. In Pakistan, with low rates of literacy the majority of customers will continue to use the 9-5 bank branches.
Ishrat表示，电子银行的引入将主要从客户的便利性（包括地点、时间和价格）方面改善银行服务，银行将能够提供更好的服务，因此，银行员工的质量和技能也将得到提高。尽管许多银行服务将在24小时内提供，但柜台外服务的需求仍将存在，巴基斯坦的银行将继续在办公时间内提供正常服务，就像在电子银行盛行的发达国家一样，据观察，当客户能够将电子银行服务与实体分行联系起来时，他们会对使用电子银行服务充满信心。即使在发达国家，没有实体分行网络的纯在线银行也没有取得多大进展。在巴基斯坦，由于识字率低，大多数客户将继续使用9至5家银行分行。
Rizvi, (1999), states that the state bank of Pakistan has constituted various committees such as the Payment Systems Development Committee and the ECH task force for the development of technology based banking services in the country. Besides other matters, these committees also oversee the developments in the areas of E-banking. State Bank of Pakistan coordinates closely with other agencies such as the Ministry of Science & Technology (MoST), in initiatives relating to E-banking.
Rizvi表示，巴基斯坦国家银行已成立了多个委员会，如支付系统开发委员会和ECH工作队，负责在该国开发基于技术的银行服务。除其他事项外，这些委员会还监督电子银行领域的发展。巴基斯坦国家银行与科技部（MoST）等其他机构密切协调与电子银行相关的举措。
Shirazi, (2001), said that the future of e banking is very bright in Pakistan. Many banks in Pakistan have started providing e-banking facilities to their consumers. Over 300 ATMs are in operation in Pakistan the use of ATMs is rapidly increasing. More and more facilities are being provided by the banks electronically including e-statements, funds transfer, bill payment for utilities as well as other purchases. By 2002, almost 40% of the bank branches have been automated and it is expected that this proportion will reach 50% by 2004. The rate of increase is phenomenal i.e. about 318%. Similarly, the number of online branches has doubled during the last 2 years to 570 and by 2004 this number will jump to 1356, representing an increase of 376%. This expansion along with the growing penetration of internet will bring E-banking to more and more of their customers both in terms of numbers as well as geographical locations.
Shirazi表示，巴基斯坦电子银行的未来非常光明。巴基斯坦的许多银行已经开始向消费者提供电子银行服务。巴基斯坦有300多台自动柜员机在运行，自动柜柜员机的使用正在迅速增加。银行正在以电子方式提供越来越多的便利，包括电子结单、资金转账、水电费账单支付以及其他采购。到2002年，几乎40%的银行分行已实现自动化，预计到2004年，这一比例将达到50%。增长速度惊人，约为318%。同样，在线分行的数量在过去两年中翻了一番，达到570家，到2004年，这一数字将跃升至1356家，增长376%。随着互联网的日益普及，这一扩张将为越来越多的客户带来电子银行，无论是在数量上还是在地理位置上。
Mahmood, (2003), states in order to meet E-banking challenges that State Bank of Pakistan established the ECH Task Force under the leadership of Mr. Naveed A Khan
Mahmood指出，为了应对电子银行的挑战，巴基斯坦国家银行成立了由Naveed A Khan先生领导的ECH工作队
(Country Representative – ABN AMRO Bank) to facilitate the development and implementation of E-Banking sector to promote E-Commerce. This Task Force was constituted to facilitate in planning & introduction of enabling technologies in the financial sector of the economy having a direct bearing on E-commerce. The ECH Task Force is constituted of various dedicated professionals from the major financial institutions of the country who enrich the Task Force with their experience and expertise with a firm commitment to develop and promote E-Commerce in Pakistan.
（国家代表–荷兰银行）促进电子银行部门的发展和实施，以促进电子商务。该工作队的成立是为了促进对电子商务有直接影响的经济金融部门的扶持技术的规划和引进。ECH工作队由来自该国主要金融机构的各种专业人员组成，他们以丰富的经验和专业知识丰富了工作队，坚定地致力于在巴基斯坦发展和促进电子商务。
Ahmed,(2001), states that Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) is just another business tool, one that enhances business efficiency and effectiveness and allows cost reduction. It is a vehicle to carry out business-to-business (B2B) or business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions. For financial institutions and entrepreneurs, E-Commerce not just makes old processes work better; it also provides a means to break with tradition and create new ways of doing business. E-Commerce has a lot of potential in Pakistan where ideas are rich, resources and labor are cheap, workmanship is excellent, entrepreneurial skill in abundance, and there is a large presence of indigenous and globally appreciated artifacts other tradable goods. However, on a more realistic side, we have a lot of ground to cover before we can reap the benefits of E-Commerce and turn our economy around. These are technical as well as administrative challenges that have to be met and above all we need the basic infrastructure, which facilitates and promotes trading through electronic means.
Ahmed指出，电子商务只是另一种商业工具，它可以提高商业效率和效率，并降低成本。它是进行企业对企业（B2B）或企业对消费者（B2C）交易的工具。对于金融机构和企业家来说，电子商务不仅使旧流程运作得更好；它还提供了一种打破传统，创造新的商业方式的手段。电子商务在巴基斯坦有着巨大的潜力，那里的创意丰富，资源和劳动力廉价，工艺精湛，创业技能丰富，还有大量本土和全球欣赏的艺术品和其他可贸易商品。然而，从更现实的角度来看，在我们收获电子商务的好处并扭转我们的经济之前，我们还有很多工作要做。这些是必须应对的技术和行政挑战，最重要的是，我们需要基础设施，以便利和促进通过电子手段进行贸易。
3. RESEARCH METHDOLOGY 研究方法
This chapter presents the basic methodology required in research. It includes the methods of search, type of study and the sources of data.
本章介绍了研究所需的基本方法。它包括搜索方法、研究类型和数据来源。
3.1. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 研究方法
The methodology of study includes the different methods that researcher has used to reach to the conclusion. But due to shortage of time the researcher has tried his best to make this report informative, useful and also beneficial for others. The researcher has also gathered a lot of information to cover all types of aspects related to automation and electronic data processing.
In this report the researcher has covered first of all the introduction of electronic banking, its background, what facilities and benefits it provide and what is its scope in Pakistan? Secondly the researcher has visited few of the banks offering electronic services. They were very knowledgeable to the researcher basically in explaining their scope in Pakistan.
研究方法包括研究者为得出结论而采用的不同方法。但由于时间不够，研究人员已尽最大努力使这份报告内容丰富、有用，并对其他人有益。研究人员还收集了大量信息，涵盖了与自动化和电子数据处理相关的所有方面。
在本报告中，研究人员首先介绍了电子银行的介绍、背景、它提供的设施和好处以及它在巴基斯坦的范围？第二，研究人员访问了少数提供电子服务的银行。他们对研究人员非常了解，基本上解释了他们在巴基斯坦的范围。
3.2. TYPE OF THE STUDY 研究类型
The study is descriptive because the intention is to explore the existing values given in problem statement. Descriptive process was believed to be more suited in this kind of investigation because it seeks direct response from respondents. This procedure has been used in many areas of investigations in many fields of academics and scientific discipline.
这项研究是描述性的，因为其目的是探索问题陈述中给出的现有值。描述性过程被认为更适合这种调查，因为它寻求受访者的直接回应。这一程序已用于学术和科学学科的许多领域的调查。本站提供各国各专业Dissertation代写或指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。
