英国留学生dissertation范文指导：关于纺织品行业技术问题分析Technical barriers to exports of textiles Causes

First, the rapid growth of the British textile exports face technical barriers
一、 高速提高的英国纺织品出口面对技术壁垒

2005 entered the textile export quota era, the rapid growth of textile exports in the UK usher in development opportunities, technical barriers , labor standards, special safeguard measures and other emerging trade barriers have begun to emerge, in-depth study of the causes and cures of these barriers has become a hot topic .
2005年着手进入了纺织品出口的无配额时期，高速提高的英国纺织品出口在迎来进展机会的同时，技术壁垒、劳工标准、尤其保证处理办法等最近兴起商业活动壁垒已经着手涌现，深化研讨这些个壁垒的成因和对策已经变成现时的热门课题。

Textile and garment industry is a traditional pillar of Britain's most important industries and export industries , and its share of world exports accounted for the proportion increases every year, 1995 was 12.22% , in 2003 was 19.97% . January 2005 - July , Britain 's textile exports to $ 61.5 billion , up 21.4 %, of which exports to the U.S. $ 10.2 billion , an increase of 73.5% ; exports to the EU $ 11.1 billion , an increase of 62.6% . British textile exports accounted for the United States and Europe for 35% of total exports , export growth for the United States and Europe become a driving British export growth momentum, the British textile quotas were lifted production capacity can be released, but which also led to frequent trade friction .
纺织与裙子业是英国最关紧的传统支柱产业和出口产业，其出口额占世界份额的比重一年一年地增加，1995年为12.22％，2003年为19.97％。2005年元月～七月，英国的纺织品出口额为615亿美圆，同比提高21.4％，那里面对美国出口102亿美圆，同比提高73.5％;对欧盟出口111亿美圆，同比提高62.6％。

In all kinds of trade barriers , technical barriers measures are becoming the importing countries, especially developed countries, measures to restrict imports of the mainstream , the British textile industry has become subject to foreign technical barriers and one of the industries most affected . According to Commerce Department statistics, in 2002 losses amounted to 1.17 billion U.S. dollars , accounting for about 2% of total exports , export enterprises limited by the ratio of TBT 67.2% . According to another survey 40% of the companies affected by the EU limit of 27% by the U.S. restrictions , and 25% by the Japanese restrictions , 8% limit by other countries and regions , showing that the current British textile exports to the EU technical barriers to the greatest effect , which is nearly two years British exports of the region's fast-growing information . Thus, the rapid development of the textile and garment exports face barriers to foreign technology is currently an important issue can not be avoided .

Second, the causes of technical barriers

Technical barriers to trade refers to a government or non-governmental organizations , national security or the protection of human health , safety, animal or plant life and health, protect the environment, prevent fraud , to ensure product quality and other grounds, to take some other countries inconsistent technical measures , such as technical regulations, standards , packaging, labeling and compliance with these requirements and determining product quality and practical performance of the certification and inspection and quarantine requirements and procedures , as in other countries free access to the country's commodity market real obstacle . In order to promote trade liberalization , GATT and the WTO 's efforts in the multilateral negotiations , the traditional trade barriers continue to decrease, but very difficult to deal with technical barriers , "This technology is breaking barriers of international trade protectionism is the best shelter, is to adjust today's international trade leverage . " multilateral trade liberalization process is the technical barriers to trade protection of the historical reasons ; recent years, the rapid development of science and technology is the imbalance of technical barriers to trade protection resulting objective basis : standard of living and quality of life technical barriers to trade protection is inherent to popular legitimate motivation. Technical barriers in trade plays an increasingly important role , being developed greater use of the importing country , but also with its own hidden , rationality , flexibility , complexity, and so on . So instead of technical barriers is becoming the new tariffs and other trade barriers, non-tariff barriers , trade protectionism, the developed countries of the real line of the main tools and advanced form of an impact today an important factor in the development of international trade .

Technical barriers is a dynamic process , WTO allows countries according to their characteristics and consumption habits and other countries to develop different technical standards , in recent years, increasing technological content of products , safety, health , environmental protection requirements continue to increase , TBT although there promote technological upgrading in the world , but the majority of the international standard setter in the world trading system are those that dominate , with leading-edge technology developed , making participation in the development of trade English country in a passive position. Export products from the United Kingdom Analysis , there are more literature that causes the formation of technical barriers are: export of poor quality, hygiene and quarantine issues, information service system lags , domestic enterprises blind competition , some countries discriminatory health standards . But also from the legal and economic aspects to analyze the causes of technical barriers . As a kind of new technical barriers to trade protectionism green barriers is the new product of the integration and the environmental movement , which is formed with a profound historical background and practical reasons , people's consumption concept updates, expansion of demand for green products , green barriers is formed underlying reasons.

Be able to view most of the literature study the causes can be grouped into two categories : one is the direct expression of the causes of that, according to the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to the definition of technical barriers to the causes that technical regulations , technical standards and conformity assessment procedures of international differences arising . The second category is analyzed from the perspective of supply and production , such as production technology, product quality and other supply factors analysis . In fact, the appearance of a country's technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures level, as well as industrial technology level and product quality supply factors are all a country's economic , technological, cultural and other factors affect each other and their evolution results. Therefore, economic, technological, cultural and other factors affect each other and the dynamic evolution of technical barriers to deep-seated causes . To simplify the problem , from supply and demand analysis of two aspects of the genesis of a new after all reasonable attempts.

Third, the technical barriers to the supply and demand analysis of the causes of

At present, the world textile industry has entered a new stage of development , high-tech and traditional textile industry, the integration will be increasingly deepened, many have introduced new standards , new production technologies, new processes, new equipment, new product after another , while business mode of production, management, operation mode, and export of consumer needs and trends in the world are undergoing new changes . Although Britain is a major exporter of textiles , but because in these areas with developed countries ( the EU , U.S., Japan -based ) gap , resulting in textile exports restricted by technical barriers . Therefore, from the world of textile and apparel supply and demand factors are differences in technical barriers to really understand the causes of the key .

1 Textiles consumer demand and fashion trends at home and abroad caused by differences in technical barriers

( 1 ) textiles developed importing countries and comparative analysis of consumer demand in the United Kingdom . U.S. , EU, Japan is the most important of several British textile imports , the United Kingdom 's textile exports nearly 70 % of exports to these countries. From these countries have recently consumer demand analysis can be found with the economic development of living standards , consumer groups, the world 's leading consumer awareness , there have been new changes: on the one hand , individual consumption has become a major trend in the future market , people on modern lifestyle fashion clothing diverse aesthetic needs, requirements product style , color, texture , shape must create different characteristics , in their opinion it represents a kind of consumer culture , a self- manifestation of personality ; another , along with environmental issues is becoming the focus of attention , green consumption has become the trend of the times , so consumers increasingly focus on textiles health, safety and hygiene. According to the data show that with a green logo products are increasingly winning the favor of consumers in some developed countries , like the purchase of green eco- textile and clothing products has been more than 50% in Europe , 47 % of people prefer to buy "green " textiles , in Germany more than 80% of Germans first consideration when buying " green "factor. And consumers in developed countries are willing to pay higher prices for green products , it is clear , green consumption has become a worldwide trend that affects all areas of the textile industry . Changes in consumer demand in the UK compared to relatively slow . The process of integration with the world economy , the British textile industry, consumer demand will be the trend of the textile industry as the world becomes , "eco- textiles " awareness in the UK consumers gradually erected , as well as by some of the West and Japan and South Korea impact of individual consumption also began popular among consumers , but the total demand or in developed countries , the research group , according to a survey : Although there are more than half of the people have a certain understanding of ecological textiles , but most are still stuck in very early level of understanding , such as cotton textiles are considered ecologically beneficial , but few people realize the dye color fastness of textiles , textile waste reprocessing and other aspects of ecological impact , only 38 % of people think that buying will take into account environmental and ecological factors .

Thus, in the UK, most consumers still excellent price real object as the main concepts, and foreign countries have a certain distance. And this consumer demand and produce this distance from the reasons for the overall economic consumption level, living environment and the ecological understanding of the product and other international differences , which is caused by the British textile exports suffered a major technical barriers to reason, because GDP was the first country in order to meet consumer demand , in this production to meet consumer environment go higher consciousness , higher ( 2 ) comparative analysis of domestic and international trends .http://www.ukthesis.org/dissertation_sample/ In recent years , the world's textile industry is also showing more fashion trends, first , the popular cycles are getting shorter , especially in clothing , not only in products, seasonal change, but also in the season, this moment was the difference ; second is popular for a wider range , occurred in the fabric, style , design or even other aspects of textile accessories ; Third, as science and technology and innovation, combined with demand for more high-function , high-performance textiles, health care functional textiles , environmental protection and other textiles on the market at a faster rate displayed. In fabrics , for example, following the introduction of bamboo fiber , there was soybean fiber, corn fiber and other raw materials development ; Finally, more and more high value-added textile products , related to cultural value , brand value and so on. The British textile industry trends in recent years have also shown the world textile industry and similar characteristics , and also continued to narrow the gap between the developed countries , but because of Britain 's concern for fashion trends start on lower demand gap , British pop plus the collection of information and the speed of the developed world can not be synchronized , such as France, Italy, usually 12 months in advance for the year's popular fabric , color, etc. predict and publish information, these countries dominated the world of textiles trends , the United Kingdom is currently only popular followers , and sometimes even appeared in the UK but just popular in foreign countries no longer meet the foreign market situation , this passive situation also contributed to the British textile exports partly because of technical barriers .

(2) domestic textile supply factors caused by differences in technical barriers to entering the 1990s, the world textile industry as the traditional labor-intensive processing industries, in the information industry , driven forward technology-intensive , knowledge-intensive industries, new textile production processes , technology and other emerging. This trend is more pronounced in developed countries , the current " computerized process applications , textile machinery, mechanical and electrical integration , composite textile technology , dyeing and finishing technology modernization , high-tech textile products " is the International Textile technology trends . Moreover, the world's most advanced textile technology are firmly in the hands of the developed importing countries .
Textile industry, textile technology production equipment to improve the premise is to promote the textile products to high-level, high-tech development of hardware tools, especially in the developed world, the development of textile equipment has never stopped . Almost all foreign jacquard and jacquard knitting machine with an electronic device , the U.S. textile industry, cotton 100% knotless yarn , Western Europe, from 2001 onwards the five -year period with a dense spinning machine to replace all conventional ring spinning machine . Developed countries also have appeared in production robots, unmanned fully automated production lines. But the British textile industry knotless yarn less than 60%. Thus , technology and equipment behind is leading British textile exports of technical barriers to internal reasons . In addition, the production and operation of enterprises textile production and export patterns , ecological awareness, brand , new product development and talent supply factors such as international differences are obvious .

CONCLUSIONS
 

Supply and demand of international differences lead to product technical regulations , technical standards and conformity assessment procedures of international differences , creating technical barriers to trade . Such mechanisms play a role in the following ways : ( 1 ) differences in production technology supply → technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures difference → technical barriers ; ( 2 ) cultural values ​​as a result of differences in demand → technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment programs difference → technical barriers ; this is the role of two basic channels . From a general sense analysis, production technology and supply factors such as product design, technical barriers leading to a direct factor , but depends on the particular culture and consumer habits of consumers of technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures and other technical documents will be an important development affected, especially the formulation of laws and regulations have to listen to the views of consumers citizens the right to vote is an important manifestation of the democratic countries . Meanwhile, in a market economy interaction between supply and demand and competition under demand factors on the production and supply factors has a strong guiding role , especially in the textile and garment products, thus forming : supply factors demand factors → → technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures differences → technical barriers ; economic and social development of various complex factors but also on the demand and supply development impact ; formation : Economic and social development demand factors and supply factors → → technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures difference → technical barriers, such as income level improve the direct result of changes in demand and supply factors, factors change . From the above analysis shows that the complexity of the causes of technical barriers , however, produce technical barriers inherent genetic mechanism necessarily through two channels of supply and demand , so supply and demand study is to analyze the differences in an important part of technical barriers to trade .