麻省理工学院社会学dissertation范文(Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT))：机场建设给当地社会带来的一系列影响

Local social impact
当地社会影响

Apart from the significant economic benefits an airport can bring to the UK, its social impact is another important topic which needs to be investigated. These impacts can be briefly summarized as the follows:
除了从机场可以带来显着的经济效益，在英国，其对社会的影响是另一个需要研究的重要课题。这些影响可简要概括如下：

• Impact during the construction and operation phase of the airport. For example, road closure, relocation issues.
• Effects on heritage, land take, landscape.
• Social cost to nearby communities

Land Acquisition & Urbanization
土地征用和城市化

Building a new airport will require a certain amount of land which may lead to the problems such as loss of natural habitat, loss of land which could be used for local communities and agriculture. A study has to be undertaken to see what type of land is present on the site, whether it is possible to use and how much it will cost to buy. Table 16 below summarized the different types of land loss which would be caused by the airport project.
建设一个新机场将需要一定数量的土地，这可能会导致自然栖息地的丧失，失去土地，可以用来为当地社区和农业等问题。

As shown in Table 16, about one third of the land required by the project is empty, 0.2 km2 is required of a caravan site and only a small part of existing housing area needs to be deconstructed. The caravan areas can relocate to other area in Isle of Sheppey. This means the project will cause very minimal destruction to the local community in terms of relocating residents however it will use up empty land which could have been developed for the local community.
这意味着该项目将造成很小的破坏当地社区的搬迁居民，但它会使用空可能已经发展为当地社区的土地。

One main however negative impact is that the proposed airport will cause loss of 2.2 km2 of agriculture land. In mitigation, the agriculture land on Isle of Sheppey is low quality agricultural land, and this will reduce the negative impact and the cost for purchase. According to Agricultural Land Market Survey, the average value for all types of farmland is about £4200 per acre. (44) The cost for 2.2 km2 loss of agriculture land is about £2.2 million.

The cost of compensation will usually include the value of the property, the costs of acquiring and moving to a new property, and sometimes additional payments. Approximately 100 houses will be needs to be demolished as part of the project. According to Research and Intelligence by Kent County Council, the average house price in Swale during the year 2009 was £171,897. (45) Therefore about £17 million is required to purchase these properties plus about £3 million for compensation (estimate 10%-20% of the property price). The total cost will around £20 million.#p#分页标题#e#

The heritage of the area can also be affected by the airport-related development due to the factors such as increased air pollution, vibration. However, our proposed site is expected to include few important heritage assets due to the small area of land required. Despite this, on-site archaeological surveys should be carried out during the design phase to ensure the project causes minimal destruction to local heritage.
遗产的区域，也可以通过与机场有关的发展，由于空气污染加剧，振动等因素的影响。然而，我们建议网站预计将包括一些重要的文物资产，由于所需的土地面积小。

Landscape and visual impacts
景观及视觉影响

The construction of the proposed airport and its related development will affect the local landscape to a certain extent, for instance, replacing natural landscape with buildings. There is 0.4 km2 of UK protected area on coast that is to be removed, but this is a considerably small area.
拟建机场的建设及其相关的发展将在一定程度上影响当地的风景，比如，更换建筑物的自然景观。为0.4平方公里的英国保护区的海岸，要被去除，但是这是一个相当小的区域。

Development of the airport may change the views that local residents have from their houses or offices. All developments will have ‘visual intrusion’ impact. The more people are close to the development, the larger the visual impact will be.  http://ukthesis.org/dissertation_sample/ 
机场的发展可能会改变当地居民的意见，从他们的房子或办公室。所有的发展将有“视觉干扰的影响。越来越多的人的发展是密切的，较大的视觉冲击力。

Planting trees, making long low hills on spare land around the airport during both the construction and operation phase of the airport can soften the feature of the new development.

Other mitigations methods will include well designed of buildings (including as much as ‘green’ as possible), planting of vegetation screens between the viewer and the site, matching the colours with local environment. Inclusion of landscape engineering and ground-modelling can reduce the overall visual impact.
其他缓解方法将包括精心设计的建筑物（包括尽可能尽可能的'绿色'），种植植被屏幕浏览器和网站之间，与当地环境相匹配的颜色。包括景观工程和地面建模可以降低整体的视觉冲击力。

Risk to third party
风险第三方

The airport can also pose risks to the local population at our site. The risks include: road accidents, airplane crashes, terrorism, health problems of people in air. The most significant factor here is ‘road accidents related to airport operation’.
机场也可以给当地居民带来的风险。这些风险包括：道路交通事故，飞机坠毁了，恐怖主义，在空气中的人的健康问题。这里最重要的因素是“机场运营”相关的道路交通事故。#p#分页标题#e#

Careful improvements will be made to the road network immediately surrounding site to reduce the risks, whilst the transport upgrades required as part of the project will reduce transport stress on minor roads. Heavy investment in onsite policing and security at the new airport are also important factors in reducing the risks detailed above.

Community impacts
社区的影响

Negative impacts from the new airport development such as noise pollution, destructions of natural landscape may affect the local house values. This may result more properties to be neglected and empty and will potentially cause increasing uncertainty about the local community development, for instance, more people moving away and more houses being vacant or rented. Level of community cohesion will decrease.
新机场发展，如噪声污染，破坏自然景观的负面影响可能会影响当地的房屋价值。

To tackle this problem, following mitigation methods are recommended as part of our scheme: (47)
为了解决这个问题，我们计划的一部分被推荐为缓解方法

• Local planning department need to put more effort in dealing with airport-development scheme.
• Airport operators purchases those houses with falling values due to the airport development and then rent them out to multiple occupation people to help community development.
• Compensation for local community – funds to individuals, improve community facilities.
为当地社区的补偿 - 个人的资金，改善社区设施。