文献翻译：Urban Residential Area in Green

Abstract: Explore expansion of the urban population today, people in the face of external pressures, have physical and mental exhaustion, a need to find a comfortable living environment to adjust physically and mentally. Habitat for gatherings and the two related issues garden designers should attach great importance to it, Residential Area of green issues directly affecting the quality of live. We consider people's health and quality of life of Residential Area to the green ecological design, such people more harmonious with nature, people with more near-natural, in the design and configuration of the plant to achieve cleaner air and beautify the environment, regulation of physical and psychological purposes.
Key words: Residential area, Landscaping, ecological, Sustainable development
1. An urban landscape trend
As a living environment of urban areas, we must first understand the district is the request of the tenants, which the living green Landscape best to consider the life and leisure requirements. Requested by the modern quality of life around the material and spiritual lives of the start, in the material life to meet, gradually enrich the spiritual life today, it will pursue a more healthy, more affinity with their environments. Living green areas, we should consider not only the elements of the United States, but also give full consideration to the district housing the main -- the needs of Only by understanding these needs and, starting from this need for the design, necessary for the United States, can be achieved satisfactory results. Meet for a practical and aesthetic principles district design, and to the "people-oriented" ideology and ideological basis, a people standpoint, from the position to consider comprehensive, in the meantime, reaching people and the natural harmony. And the natural and harmonious development of urban development is a trend now; the future is now for a long time and has its correctness.
In the direction of the development of ecological garden since the 18th century, industrialized countries in the world are developing as a measure of the degree of economic power standards "considers the pursuit of the gdp growth is seen as building a powerful country with the sole objective of Power", the thinking in this direction, natural human right cause untold damage. But mankind will soon see their own for the world to play a negative impact in 1972 adopted a "Declaration on the Human Environment" 1982 "our common future", the first clear of the concept of sustainable development: "We meet the needs of the contemporary people, Without compromising the needs of future generations to meet the capacity of the development. "" sustainable development "theory in all attach great importance to and use to guide the district of the city greening direct manifestation of the emergence of Green Ecological Area landscape, According to landscape ecology principles and methods, and rational planning has space structure, so that the street Mosaic body and matrix elements of the landscape such as the number and distribution of a reasonable space, information flow, material flow and energy flow-through; so that the landscape is not only in keeping with the theory of ecology, but also a certain aesthetic value and suitable for human inhabitation. #p#分页标题#e#
In 2002, 0.1 surveyed companies in the country did a market survey: "You want to have the most "Respondents are more than 70% of the people chose health.  Evidently, modern health concerns over the extent of any period in the past. According to the World Health Organization's definition of health: "The health of people is referring to the physical, mental, the community has in good conditioning the tremendous work pressure, a monotonous life, Complex interpersonal around to maintain the health of its difficulty. This attention to environmental issues designers should strive to create a more modern suitable living environment, from simple forms of the arts and visual pursuit to get out and pay attention to the human spirit ecological the swap function. The introduction of natural living areas and the residents of each side, Landscape Architecture, behavior, ecology, Aesthetic theory subjects considered scientific proof, reasonable planning, has provided a good living environment for the district.
2. Modern residential area green space issues
During Green Community, provides the standard green area and neighborhood greening should ensure that over 35% of the greenery, Green and the Green rate to more than 70%, that is to say the hard green landscape, including roads, floors, architectural pieces, fountains, sculptures and covers only 30% of control within, and the number should be smaller the better. Green a quality district, although figures can not reflect pure, but in order to have more green area, designers must seriously consider.
With the improvement of living standards, will ultimately become the vehicle of transport for the people, for the residents of vehicle users, we must build the garage. The design can be transferred to the underground garage, or to a multi-storey car park, so there are several advantages: First, reduce noise, second is to increase road safety. Through such a design, Quarters can make limited non-renewable land for the maximum green outdoor activity places, Area more modern design.
Residential constructions in the planning and design time consider green roofs on the loading. Leak proof and other issues, this design over the housing according to actual situation roof and walls of green, so the six-space greening effect, maximum to improve the living environment, so that the residents closer to nature. Shanghai, for example, one of the top five luxury houses Riverside Yuen, green roofs, green vertical, indoor green and the ground has become a green integrity of the green chain, Suzhou has become the representative of the riverside green belt.
Now we are residents of the floor, the floor is relatively high, at the Green district can not consider the low-floor residents should also consider floors, high when these people look down on the district greening landscape feelings. Thus designers quarter when Green Landscape, should fully consider the higher floors overlooking the residents feel.
Now some district at the beginning of the construction. Generally only an initial investigation in the terrain then pushed level, and then on the plains, Green. This will destroy the local character of the original. Community building in the beginning, we should fully examine their current situation. In the building should its local natural sites, old trees provide appropriate protection and exploitation? Natural monuments, old trees at the history as a symbol of cultural heritage, in a sense under the protection of a district to reflect the cultural ambience, displaying the characteristics of residential quarters, help residents improve ecological awareness. #p#分页标题#e#
In the landscape road, sculpture, Fitness facilities are designed arrangements, it must be the yardstick of construction, landscape sketch scale, the scale of trees comprehensive consideration, reasonable quantification. Everybody needs an appropriate outdoor space, maximize green area at the same time, all of the factors involved in the garden should be considered. Because nobody participation, not the perception is pale green, no significance, the lack of grade. Greenbelt need public, open, participatory, correspond to the needs of this is to try to enable the residents to the greenbelt, where they now that is often discussed in the "Habitat" and the "poly." Landscape road, fitness facilities, and other outdoor spaces in the distribution of green space are "accumulate" needs.
3. Area plants choice preferences
Living in the area of green vegetation to choose, must pay attention to the preferences of residents, loved by the residents to choose plants for distribution. Only with the preferences of residents consistent choice of plants can Area affinity with the green so that the residents have a sense of identity. For example, in the district were planted pines and cypresses of his uniform, so that it Senses natural appearance. Green seems on the surface very good, but people in the subconscious of the environment will have the feeling of the cemetery, the residents are rejected, they can not achieve its desired effect. This is not to say that people will not pine identity, Green Landscape Area can not use pine. But some people disgusted with things and have similar things feeling tired. Song of the Community Greening plants parthenogenesis as a focus of scenery is good to play in the garden of the effect of expression.
As mainly from the ecological and took two aspects to consider. As the tree crown absolute size and, therefore, in the district greening to produce more oxygen, absorption and emission of more harmful gases and therefore the application of the trees which are more conducive to the district the health of the residents. In the choice of trees, deciduous trees and evergreen trees in the entire district share of a general about: 1-2 ratios. Due to the more ancient deciduous tree trunks, tree more attractive, most of the trees have color, form, the U.S.-quarter phase, Charm America, the best embodies the seasonal garden changes throughout the year so that the various district; and evergreen trees can give year-round spring of winter. Doing Area Green design should be based on reasonable arrangements for the design intent choice. The choice of trees in a district not too much, as much as miscellaneous, miscellaneous there will be chaos, the general election the main tree species 2-3, 3-4 adjutant election species. Tree planting not left too close to the windows of the tenants, especially the North windows, the windows in the south and outside 6m not planting trees.
Based on modern residents of the health requirements and neighborhood greening trees must use non-toxic trees or shrubs can live in the selection of greenery beautiful, fast-growing, poor management of pharmaceutical and health care, Aroma plants that benefit human health, but also mental and physical adjustment, but also beautify the environment. Such plants such as camphor trees, ginkgo, cedar lone, Podocarpus, F., loquat, fig, smile, peonies, aspartame grass, Hemerocallis, Hosts, Iris auspicious grass, Sheehan, wild chrysanthemum, and other trees or shrubs and bedding plants. In plant health priority at the same time, but also to a longer and flowering plants such as leaf color Malts Begonia, papaya Begonia, the Bauhinia. plum, cherry, Deutzia, sprayed snow and Hosing, Admiralty, Puppets, Din-tang, Lagerstroemia, Hyperacid pabulums, Gardenia jasminoides, acanthus, Hangmen, Claws maple, Winter sweet, Hung Shum wood.#p#分页标题#e#
4. Urban district of plant configuration plant configuration to
In the residence area for plant configuration, it should focus on its level match. Use shrubs, to be mixed configuration of high-, medium and low, the ground layer 4 level, This further space division and connections through various levels, so that more space for the rhythms of nature. This level during the match when the attention should be trees and shrubs at a ratio of 1: 3-6 The appropriate turf area (Ciao, Projection scope except shrubs), or more than 30% of the green area, to the attention of other types of colorful plants. Area emphasis on fitting in the portfolio, it should completely abandon the past, a large fitting Landscape Mistakes. But fitting are still in Gardening played an important role. Color Block when briefness, according to the requirements of the designers arbitrary various graphic designs; using the model fitting profile shapes can be achieved by forming the fastest results, the rapid greening meet landscaping requirements; Conservation relatively simple, only after the formation of a discontinuity for regular pruning, we can achieve better results Green; As long as a reasonable choice-colored leaf trees, we can let fitting seasons basically unchanged. More important is the fitting design is more modern aesthetic concepts, especially in the European Community and in a more harmonious environment; easily give the impression that a clean and orderly environment, a strong modern flavor. Rational use of color database, to the greatest extent can attract people's attention. The paper is now common combinations: red blocks of Berber’s, Loropetalum Chinese; Green block a melon box, Boxes, Euonymus japonicas, cuckoo; yellow block a California privet, throwing corals, Phnom Penh box; also useful red green, snow Dust and other herbaceous flowers.
The "Provisional early springtime flowers Hingham, a good summer shade tree, see the autumn leaves changing fruit Winter depression is not green. "This poem speaks the season changes on the district design the most direct request: maintain three quarters of flowering, evergreen four seasons. Also note that the whole hue small changes in the mix of color on the trees, we can use some color contrast to the larger species, and this could make the district more lively green.
Although woody herb flowers in application management more cumbersome, however relatively more easy to control and easy to become Landscape elements. The composition of the district must consider the color of plants, flowers, crown, shape and height of plant life, growth potential etc., can be co-ordinate. For each combination of design, but also consider the surrounding bare ground, lawns and ponds, surface composition, and several of the relationship between.
Every one has a theme, every garden must have a visual focus this is what we call the garden of the main prospects. Residential Area for urban design can not run its focus landscape configuration, it can be water features; Hill also is King, it can also be a landscape planting, as long as you can coordinate with the environment is good, Area residents can be recognized is excellent. It is worth mentioning that the district is the main theme of the issue. Now the garden is not empty, and not ideological, not the garden. Modern garden itself is thinking, a cultural presence, we respect such a presence at the same time, we must understand Gardens main keynote role, set the tone in order to create a neighborhood garden atmosphere can express their subject.#p#分页标题#e#
5. Concluding remarks 
To build rich features and novelty of living spaceUK thesis base environment Residential Area is entirely possible, As long as each of our designers in the planning, design Gaochuangzuo, forget about dogmas, It is not difficult to emerging characteristics and the surrounding environment for people to live and psychological Residential Area, people as possible to provide a comfortable, quiet and beautiful new living environment. That also requires each plan designers must have professional skills, sufficient information and knowledge across disciplines.
 城市居住小区绿化探讨
摘要：在城市人口膨胀的今天，人们面对外界的各种压力，已经身心疲惫，需要找寻一个舒适的人居环境来调节身心。对于人居和人聚的两个相关问题园林设计师应该予以高度重视，居住小区的绿化问题直接影响到聚居的质量。我们在考虑人们的健康、生活质量的时候要对居住小区的绿化进行生态的设计，这样让人与自然更加协调，使人更加与自然相接近。并且在设计中配置的植物尽量达到清洁空气、美化环境、调节身心的目的。
关键词：居住小区 生态园林 绿化 可持续发展
1、城市园林绿化的趋势
作为人居环境的城市居民区，其首先要了解的就是小区住户的要求，即居住区的绿化造景要最大限度地考虑居民的生活和休闲的要求。现代人所要求的生活质量的提高是围绕物质生活和精神生活展开的，在物质生活得以满足、精神生活逐渐丰富的今天，人们会追求一个更健康、与自己更有亲和力地环境。居住区绿化中，不仅要考虑到美的要素，更要充分考虑居住区里的主体 —— 人的需要，只有了解了这种需要，再从这种需要出发进行设计，进行必要的美的处理，才能达到居民满意的效果。对于一个能满足实用、美观的原则小区设计，要 “ 以人为本 ” 的思想作思想基础，以人立足点，从人的方位去综合考虑，在此同时，达到人与自然的和谐。人与自然和谐的发展是城市发展到现在的一种趋势，就现在及未来很长时间都有其正确性。
18 世纪以来，世界各国均以工业化发展的程度作为衡量经济强国的标准，即 “ 把追求 gdp 的增长看做是建设强国的唯一目标与动力 ” ，在这各思想导向下，人类对自然造成了无穷的破坏。不过人类很快看到了自己对世界所起到的负面影响， 1972 年通过了《人类环境宣言》， 1982 年《我们共同的未来》中，第一次明确提出了可持续发展的概念： “ 既满足当代人的需要，又不损害后代人满足需要的能力的发展。 ”“ 可持续发展 ” 的理论在各界引起高度重视而用来指导城市小区绿化的直接表现就是出现了生态型小区绿化景观，根据景观生态学原理和方法，合理地规划呈现空间结构，使廊道、镶嵌体及基质等景观要素的数量，及其空间分布合理，使信息流、物质流与能量流畅通；使景观不仅符合生态学原理，而且有一定的美学价值，适于人类聚居。
2002 年，零点调查公司，在全国做了一次市场调查：“你最想拥有什么？”被调查者中有70%以上的人选择了“健康”.由此可见，现代人对健康的关注程度超过了以往任何时期。根据世界卫生组织对健康的定义：“健康，就是指人在身体上、精神上、社会上完全处于良好的状态。”在现在巨大的工作压力、单调的生活内容、复杂的人际关系的围绕下，保持健康有其难度。为此重视环境问题的设计师们应努力为现代人创造一个更适合的人居环境，从单纯的对艺术形式和视觉的追求中走出来，注重生态对人类身心的调剂功能。将自然引入居住区，引到每个居民身边，以景观学、行为学、生态学、美学等学科理论综合考虑、科学论证、合理规划，为人们提供一个良好的居住区环境。
2、现代居住区绿化的空间问题
在进行小区绿化时，规定了绿化面积的标准，小区绿化应确保 35% 以上的绿化率，而绿地本身的绿化率要大于 70% ，也就是说绿地中的硬质景观，包括道路、地坪、建筑小品、喷水池、雕塑等占地面积只能控制在 30% 以内，而这个数字也应越小越好。一个小区绿化质量，虽然不能通过纯数字来体现，但是为了有更多绿化的面积，设计师们必须认真思考。
随着生活水平的提高，汽车终将成为人们的代步工具，对于居民用户的汽车，必须建设车库。在设计中可以将车库转入地下，或转向立体停车场，这样有几大好处：一是减少噪音，二是增加交通安全。通过这样的设计，可以使得小区中有限的不可再生的土地最大限度的用于绿化户外活动场所，更符合现代小区设计的要求。
在对住宅区建筑规划设计之时要考虑绿化对屋顶产生的承重、防漏等问题。这样设计过的房屋可以根据实际情况进行屋顶与墙面的绿化，做到空间的六面绿化效果，最大限度的改善人居环境，使居民更贴近自然。例如上海五大豪宅之一的河滨豪园，其屋顶绿化、垂直绿化、室内绿化及地面绿化成了一个完整的绿色链，成了苏州河边绿带的代表。
由于现在的居民楼相对的楼层都较高，在小区绿化时不能只考虑楼层低的居民，也应该考虑楼层中、高的这些居民俯视时对小区绿化的景观感受。因而设计师在小区绿化造景之时，要充分考虑楼层较高的居民的俯视感受。
现在有些小区在建设之初，一般只有初步的考察一下地形然后将地推平，然后在平地上建设、绿化。这样完全破坏了当地的原始风貌。在小区建设之初，应该充分考查其现状。在建设时应该对其当地的自然遗迹、古树名木进行适当的保护及利用。因为自然遗迹、古树名木时历史的象征、是文化的积淀，在有意识的保护之下能够体现一个小区的文化气息，展现居民小区的特色，有利于提高居民的生态意识。
在景观道路、雕塑、健身设施的设计安排时，必须将建筑的尺度、景观小品的尺度、树木的尺度进行综合的考虑、合理的量化。每个人都需要适度的户外空间，在尽量加大绿化面积的同时，所有人的参与园林的因素都应该加以考虑。因为没有人的参与的、没有感知的绿地是苍白的、没有意义、缺少品位的。小区绿地需要有公众性、开放性、参与性，对应这样的需要的就是尽量的使居民能够在小区绿地中聚集，即现在所经常讨论的“人居”与“人聚”的问题。景观道路、健身设施等户外空间合理分布于绿地中正是“人聚”的需要。
3、植物的选择
在对居住区的绿化植被进行选择时，一定要注意居民的喜好，选择居民喜闻乐见的植物进行配置。只有与居民的喜好相一致的植物选择才能使小区的绿化具有亲和力，使居民产生认同感。例如在小区中栽植均一成行的松柏，使之森森然的样子。表面上好象绿化很好，但是在人们的潜意识里会对这样的环境产生墓地的感觉，被居民所排斥，不能达到其应有的效果。这里不是说人们对松柏就没有认同感，小区绿化造景中不能使用松柏，而是人们由于厌恶一些事物而会对与之相近的事物产生厌恶的感觉。松柏在小区绿化中进行孤植，作为焦点景物也是可以起到很好的园林表达效果的。
乔木在小区中的应用主要是从生态和造景两个方面来考虑。由于乔木树冠的绝对面积大，因而在在小区绿化中能够制造更多的氧气，吸收更多的废气及有害气体，因而乔木的应用在小区中更有利于居民的健康。在对乔木的选择上，落叶乔木与常绿乔木在整个小区中所占的比重一般约为1：2的比率。由于落叶乔木越古朴，枝干、树形越迷人，最具备树木的色彩美、形态美、季相美、风韵美，因此最能体现园林的季相变化，使小区一年四季各不同；而常绿乔木可以给人四季如春的意境。在做小区绿化设计时应该根据设计意图合理安排选择。在乔木的选择上一个小区不能太多，多则杂、杂则乱，一般选3种主体树种，选4种辅助树种。乔木的种植不能离住户的窗户太近，尤其是南北窗户，在南面窗户外6m不得种植乔木。
    基于现代居民对健康的要求，小区绿化的树种，必须选用无毒的乔灌木，可以在居住区绿化时选择美观、生长快、管理粗放的药用、保健、香味植物，即利于人体保健，又可调节身心，也可美化环境。这类植物如香樟、银杏、雪松、龙柏、罗汉松、粗榧、枇杷、无花果、含笑、牡丹、门冬草、萱草、玉簪、鸢尾、吉祥草、射干、野菊花等乔灌木及草花。在优先选择保健植物的同时，还应注意花期较长及色叶植物如垂丝海棠、木瓜海棠、紫荆、榆叶梅、樱花、溲疏、喷雪花、黄馨、金钟、迎春、棣棠、紫薇、金丝梅、栀子花、桂花、红枫、鸡爪槭、蜡梅、红瑞木等。
4、居民小区中植物的配置
    在居住小区中进行植物配置的时候，也应该注重其层次的搭配。利用乔灌、地被的混合配置出高、中、低、地被层四个层次，这样再进行空间的分割及联系，通过各个层次，使空间更具自然的节奏。在进行这种层次的搭配之时，应注意乔木与灌木的比例约为1：6为宜，草皮面积（乔、灌木投影范围除外），不高于绿地面积的30%，另外要注意植物种类的丰富多彩。小区在注重运用色块组合的同时，应该彻底摒弃以往的一种大色块造景的误区。但是色块的处理手法仍然在园林造景中占有重要的地位。色块布置时色彩简洁明快，可按设计者的要求任意作出各种图形图案；采用色块的模纹形状可以达到最快的成形效果，满足快速绿化美化的要求；养护相对简单，只需要一次成形后经常间断性进行修剪，就可以达到较好的绿化效果；只要合理选择色叶树种，就可以让色块四季基本不变，更加重要的是色块的设计比较符合现代人的审美观念，特别在欧式建设的小区中和环境比较和谐；容易使人感觉环境整洁有序，现代气息较浓。合理运用色块，可以最大程度地吸引人们的注意力。现在常见的色块组合有：红色块为红叶小檗，红花檵木；绿色块有瓜子黄杨、雀舌黄杨、大叶黄杨、杜鹃；黄色块有金叶女贞、洒金珊瑚、金边黄杨；也有用红绿草、雪叶菊等草本花卉。
“春意早临花争艳，夏季浓荫好乘凉，秋季多变看叶果，冬季苍翠不萧条。” 这首诗道出了季节变化及对小区设计的最直接要求：应保持三季有花，四季常绿。另外注意整个小的色相变化，在有色树种的搭配上，可以采用一些色彩对比度较大的树种，这样可以使小区的绿化更加生动活泼。
    虽然草本花卉在应用中的管理比较烦琐，但是相对来说更容易为进行控制，易于成为造景要素。在组合时必须考虑到小区中植物的色泽、花型、树冠、形状和高度、植物寿命、生长势等方面，才能互相协调。对于每个组合的设计时，还应该考虑周围裸露的地面、草坪、水池、地表等几个组合之间的关系。
每一个园林都有一个主题思想，每一个园林也必须有一个视觉焦点，这就是我们所说的这个园林中的主景。对于城市居住小区设计来说不可能不考虑其焦点景物的配置，可以是水景，也可以是山石景，也可以是植物造景，只要能与环境相协调就是好的，能被小区居民所认同的就是优秀的。在这里值得一提的就是小区的主基调的问题。现在的园林不是空洞的、没有思想的、没有内容的园林。现代园林本身就是一种思想、一种文化的存在，我们尊重这种存在的同时，就必须理解园林中主基调的作用，定了基调才能创造出小区的园林氛围，才能表达出主题。
5、结束语
要建设富有特点和具有新颖的居住空间环境的居住小区是完全可能的，只要我们每个设计者在规划设计上搞创作，不拘泥于教条，不难出现具有特色的与周围环境协调适合人们居住心理的居住小区，尽可能地给人们提供舒适、安静和新颖优美的居住环境。这也同时需要我们每个规划设计者们必须具有丰富的专业技巧，充足的信息及跨学科的知识。