交易成本理论(科斯,1937年,威廉姆森,1975)
假设 :有限理性和机会主义行为
了解组织 :公司和市场的协调生产的替代形式
重点 :利用市场的不自由的成本-交易成本,无论是市场交易成本或公司协调成本相对成本将决定选择的概念,这里的关键决定因素是交易的尺寸
主要应用 :纵向或横向融合的程度(包括外包 )
Transaction cost theory (Coase, 1937; Williamson, 1975)
Assumptions: bounded rationality and opportunistic behaviour
Understanding of organisation: firm and markets are alternative forms for coordinating production
Key focus: using markets is not free of costs – concept of transaction costs, relative costs of either market transaction costs or firm coordinating costs will determine choice, key determinants here are dimensions of transactions
Key application: degree of vertical or horizontal integration (including outsourcing)
代理理论;艾森哈特(詹森和麦克林,1976年,1989年)
假设 :有限理性和自利行为
对组织的 理解:作为校长和代理人之间的合同关系的公司
重点 :/代理关系中的利益不同的利益冲突导致的代理成本的监测和粘接成本+剩余的损失 ,
主要应用 :治理机制-行政赔偿和电路板
Agency theory (Jensen & Meckling, 1976; Eisenhardt, 1989)
Assumptions: bounded rationality and self-interested behaviour
Understanding of organisation: firm as nexus of contracts between principals and agents
Key focus: conflict of interest/divergent interests in agency relationships lead to agency costs: monitoring and bonding costs + residual losses,
Key application: governance mechanisms – executive compensation and boards
在董事会的行为的观点(“福布斯”米利肯,1997年,湖色,2007年)
假设 :在个人和团队的行为模式的变化
对组织的 认识:N / A团队重点
重点 :团队过程和行为有更大的性能比结构特征的解释力
主要应用 :团队行为和结果
Behavioural perspectives on boards (Forbes & Milliken, 1997; Huse, 2007)
Assumptions: variation in behavioural patterns of individuals and teams
Understanding of organisation: n/a focus on team
Key focus: team processes and behaviours have greater explanatory power for performance than structural characteristics
Key application: team behaviours and outcomes
资源基础理论(观点)(1959年,彭罗斯;巴尼,1991年)
假设 :资源分布是不均匀和不完全的移动
对组织的 理解:公司作为资源包
重点 :优异的公司业绩,实现公司资源的珍贵,稀有,独特的,和不可替代性
主要应用 :竞争优势和战略管理
Resource-based theory (view) (Penrose, 1959; Barney, 1991)#p#分页标题#e#
Assumptions: resources are heterogeneously distributed and imperfectly mobile
Understanding of organisation: firm as bundle of resources
Key focus: superior firm performance achieved if firm resources are valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable
Key application: competitive advantage and strategic management
制度理论(迪马乔和鲍威尔,1983年,斯科特,2001年)
假设 :理性的模型不存在“ -他们是社会建构
了解组织 :组织体制领域的运作
重点 :机构“推”向同质性-强制性,规范性和模仿同构
主要应用 :扩散组织的做法,构造组织的逻辑和规则的过程
Institutional theory (diMaggio & Powell, 1983; Scott, 2001)
Assumptions: models of rationality do not ‘exist’ – they are socially constructed
Understanding of organisation: organisations operate in an institutional field
Key focus: institutional ‘push’ towards homogeneity – coercive, normative and mimetic isomorphism
Key application: diffusion of organisational practices, processes that construct organisational logics and rules
利益相关者理论(弗里曼,1984年,琼斯,1995年,唐纳森和普雷斯顿,1995年)
假设 :没有作出明确的道德层面,但概念的组织
对组织的 认识:多边利益相关者和管理者之间的合同,
重点 :“谁和什么真正重要的”,道德/社会与经济因素,
主要应用 :战略管理,企业社会责任
Stakeholder theory (Freeman, 1984; Jones, 1995; Donaldson & Preston, 1995)
Assumptions: not made explicit but notion of moral dimension to organisations
Understanding of organisation: multilateral contract between stakeholders and managers,
Key focus: ‘Who and what really counts’, ethical/social vs. economic imperatives,
Key application: strategic management, corporate social responsibility
官僚(韦伯在1983年韦伯与Andreski,布劳,1956年; Niskanen,1968年)
只有在官僚的经济模式-自利 行为假设 :
了解组织 :自觉的协调活动系统-官僚主义的不同级别(层次结构,客观,书面规则与程序,分工,效率目标,对成绩的进步 )
官僚主义的 重点 :“度”,效率与个人自由,勘探与开采,电力
主要应用 :组织结构和流程,怀二心
Bureaucracy (Weber in Weber & Andreski, 1983; Blau, 1956; Niskanen, 1968)
Assumptions: only in economic models of bureaucracy – self-serving behaviour
Understanding of organisation: system of consciously coordinated activities – varying levels of bureaucracy (hierarchy, impersonality, written rules & procedures, division of labour, efficiency goals, advancement on achievement)
Key focus: ‘degree of bureaucracy’, efficiency vs. individual freedoms, exploration vs. exploitation, power#p#分页标题#e#
Key application: organisational structures and processes, ambidexterity
科学的主要特点
• 预测和描述
• 普遍性(科学的“法律”)
• 经验主义
• 理论的依赖
• 核查与伪造
• 价值中立的学说
• 奥卡姆剃刀和逼真
Key characteristics of science
Prediction and description
Universality (scientific ‘laws’)
Empiricism
Theory-dependence
Verification versus falsification
Doctrine of value neutrality
Occam’s razor and verisimilitude
理论和证据:“著名的”说什么
“人们都经验丰富,但贫理论”(马尔科姆格拉德威尔,“引爆点”和“离群”的作者)
“如果事实不符合理论,改变的事实。”爱因斯坦
“我们应该通过理论为指导,不是由数字。”-- W. Edwards Deming
“没有理论的经验是盲目的,但没有经验的理论是单纯的智力发挥。”(康德)
Theory and evidence: what the ‘famous’ say
“People are experience-rich but theory-poor” (Malcolm Gladwell, author of ‘Tipping Point’ and ‘Outliers’)
“If the facts don’t fit the theory, change the facts.” (Albert Einstein)
“We should be guided by theory, not by numbers.” (W.Edwards Deming)
“Experience without theory is blind, but theory without experience is mere intellectual play.” (Immanuel Kant)
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