TYPES OF REFERENCING
In Britain, there are four main styles of referencing in use within higher education, shown below in descending order of use.
1. Author/Date (Harvard and APA Styles)
The author/date (Harvard) approach to referencing tends to be the style that isadopted by the majority of university departments. This is the style adopted bythe School of Management, University of Bradford, for all its courses, exceptLaw - which uses a combination of Harvard and a Running-note style - see below.The Harvard Style involves giving a partial reference (a citation) in the body ofyour assignment, often, but not always, enclosed within brackets e.g. (Levin2004), and then giving full information of the source at the end of theassignment in a ‘references’ or ‘bibliography’ list. Sources are always listedalphabetically by author’s last name, or name of organisation.
The American Psychological Association (APA) have developed a referencing stylesimilar to Harvard and this is adopted by many psychology and related disciplinesin the UK. There are minor differences between Harvard and APA, but it isimportant that students asked to adopt APA style are aware of these (go tohttp://www.apastyle.org/ for more information).
2. Running-Note Style
This involves inserting a raised number or superscript in the assignment, forexample, 1 for the first source, 2 for the second source, and so on. One sourcemay have many different numbers attached to it, depending on how often it isreferred to in the assignment. These numbers connect with citations at thebottom of the page (footnotes), or at the end as endnotes, which is headed ‘Notesand References’. The full references are shown against the numbers in thenumerical order they appeared.
3. Vancouver-Numeric Style
This also involves a numbering system, but numbers appear in brackets, e.g. (1)in the main body of the assignment. However, unlike the numbered-note style,the same number can be used on any number of occasions when referring to thesame source. The sources are then listed in full at the end, under ‘References’,but listed in the numerical order they appeared, rather than in alphabetical order.
4. Author/Page (or MLA) Style
This is similar to Harvard Style. However, it uses page numbers instead of theyear in the citation, so refers to the author and specific page where theinformation referred to in the source can be found. Only a few departmentswithin universities recommend this particular style, as the author/date (HarvardStyle) can include page numbers in the citations if required.www.ukthesis.org#p#分页标题#e#
