国外名著文学类dissertation指导范文：《进入黑夜的漫漫旅程》的语用文体分析＂The long journey into the night,＂ Pragmatic stylistic analysis

One , Griee session cooperative principles embodied in O'Neill 's autobiographical tragedy
一、Griee会话合作原则在奥尼尔自传体悲剧中的体现

In recent years, the use of literary stylistics achievements of modern linguistics were stylistic analysis , has taken a more sophisticated method of linguistic analysis , make stylistic analysis tends to be more detailed and accurate , more micro , more objective reality , as much as possible to avoid personal subjective impressions get more intuitive than the macro comments more specific stylistic effects , and to provide an objective basis for detailed macro comment. This paper attempts to use ⑴ important branch of linguistics - Pragmatics Grice " cooperative principle " embodied in theater style dialogue to detailed interpretation of O'Neill , " the long journey into the night ," the deeper meaning of the character dialogue partial fragment from microscopic analysis further strengthen the dramatic conflict , rendering a family tragedy , dig this tragic drama stylistic themes : the complex relationship between suffering the fate of a man tortured love and hate , they had to yield to fate , passive acceptance of the dark , do not always see to the sun.
近年来，文学文体学运用现代语言学的成就进行文体分析，采取了更精密的语言分析的方法，使文体分析更趋于细致准确、更微观、更客观实在，也尽可能避免个人的主观印象，获得比宏观评论更直观、更具体的文体效果，并为宏观评论提供客观详细的依据。

American philosopher Paul Griee that in all languages ​​communicative activities in order to achieve specific goals , there is a tacit understanding between speaker and listener , both sides should abide by the principle of a kind , and he called this the principle of cooperation in the session principles (CooperativePrinciple, referred cP). This fundamental principle of cooperative principles can be embodied as four criteria :
美国哲学家Paul Griee认为，在所有的语言交际活动中为了达到特定的目标，说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契，一种双方都应该遵守的原则，他称这种原则为会话的合作原则(CooperativePrinciple，简称cP)。合作原则这条根本原则可以具体体现为四条准则：

1 . Number of criteria (Quantity maxim)http://www.ukthesis.org/Essay_Writing/
1．数量准则(Quantity maxim)
( 1 ) make your own words to the extent of detail ( currently purpose conversation ) required ;
(1)使自己所说的话达到(交谈的现时目的)所要求的详尽程度；
( 2 ) can not make their words more detailed than required .
(2)不能使自己所说的话比所要求的更详尽。
2 . Quality Standards (Quality maxim)
2．质量准则(Quality maxim)
( 1 ) Do not say what you believe is true , then ;#p#分页标题#e#
(1)不要说自己认为是不真实的话；
( 2 ) Do not say that they lack sufficient evidence .

3 . Association guidelines (Relation maxim): Speak apt

4 . Way Standards (Manner maxim)

( 1 ) Avoid obscure words ; ( 2 ) to avoid ambiguity ; ( 3 ) to speak to a brief ( surface repeat ) ; ( 4 ) Speak organized. ⑵ comply with all these criteria , it can be the most direct way , the highest efficiency
Rate of communication. ⑶ But, in fact , these are often in violation of the statute , because of violation of these guidelines has generated a conversation meaning. ⑷ violate people's standards is a communication strategy aimed at indirect expression of intent , so that not only the literal meaning of a word , you can also have other meanings. ⑸ deeper connotation implied in theater style of dialogue is particularly prominent .

Modern American playwright Eugene O'Neill • autobiographical tragedy, " the long journey into the night " since the advent of half a century, many literary critics have commented on this from many angles great books : There use symbolism, expressionism , there are ism , imagistic , psychoanalytic criticism , feminist criticism literary criticism theory analysis ; has allusive , explore ancient Greek tragedy , the impact of the philosophy of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche , Ibsen and Strindberg works of O'Neill ; rE studies have lived era playwright and writer of historical background and experience of my life experiences , etc., and less dramatic in character dialogue for the deeper meaning of a detailed analysis . But no matter what kind of comments ⑹ Methods , critics interpret the theme of the play basically the same : Taryn between a husband and wife , father , mother , brother both love and hate, hates and loves , filled with four people in the heart can not let go suffering and helpless and chaotic multiple contradictions , from the early morning darkness gradually towards the end of life, love and hate intertwined constitute a poignant scene of the tragedy of the modern American family .

In this paper, this drama sessions manpower dramatic text fragment as part of the trial data and discourse pragmatics Grice " cooperative principle " to explain the deeper meaning of the character dialogue in the microscopic structure from the show characters' inner feelings, seemingly ordinary , analysis hide in between the lines euphemistic , rich delicate and thought-provoking subtext , implication and interpretation sessions detailed in the subtle overtones to fully demonstrate the flesh plump " round " figures such as the complex character Taryn , Mary, Ai Meng , and the complex love-hate relationship between them. Through dialogue script Pragmastylistic analysis , more in-depth understanding of the reasons for the tragedy , and further reveals the tragedy theme, produce more intuitive than the macro comments more specific stylistic effect , as the macro objective and detailed comments provided the basis for further increases macro comment credibility deepen people to play sports this particular artistic understanding.#p#分页标题#e#

Second, the use of Grice " cooperative principle " interpret the deeper meaning of the character dialogue
二、运用Grice“合作原则”解读人物对话的深层含义

In the " long journey into Night " in addition to the monologue , the playwright consummate use language consciously driven violate Grice 's " cooperative principle " the characters from beginning to end , the strategic use of "non-cooperative principle ", the speaker the intent and context -specific combination of bears very rich content in seemingly ordinary drama session, deeply and accurately portray the dramatis personae complex relationship between personality and deformity , resulting in an unexpected dramatic effect .
The focus of the play re- drug conflicts in the mother Mary and son Ai Meng was seen as suffering from an incurable disease of tuberculosis on two things . Concerned about the family from the heart , but try to avoid the conversation , but from time to time out of the two main lines, O'Neill described the scene from morning to night in just less than twenty-four hours concentrated theatrical discourse through unparalleled charm detail the hero 's life family tragedy. Taryn a mutual blame people , blame , lie, cheat , and after that she felt guilt , regret , then , mutual understanding and comfort . This caring, thoughtful and often long-lost accidentally touched each other heal scars , so they blame each other , blame , constantly vicious cycle. Layers of interlocking layers of dialogue implied subtext , opened
The family 's past, the past is now unfortunately also caused
In tragedy , even engulfed the future.
The following were selected first act of the play and the fourth act of the opening clips using Grice " cooperative principle " to analyze the play husband and wife, parent-child dialogue session inadvertently fails to comply with the guidelines forked phenomenon and the resulting overtones ( underlined and numbers are for the convenience of the author plus analysis ), and can be seen almost every morpheme contains a wealth of content. Dialogue drama of love and hate , Huazhongyouhua , semantic multilayered , complementary to each other , to show three-dimensional multi-level personalities , character levels are constantly changing rich , deeply intertwined reflect the theme of love and hate . ⑺

1 . Violation of " principles of cooperation ," the dialogue between husband and wife
When the play is the opening morning , had just returned from a nursing home detoxification Mary with her husband , two sons in the villa summertime , the family reunion in a cordial atmosphere . A four just after breakfast , Taryn and Mary are chatting . They wander from their cheap cigars appetite , led by the sale of real estate cigar in seemingly relaxed conversation, vaguely reveals Mary Lue blame . Suddenly the younger son Edmund 's cough came from the restaurant caught their attention , they immediately changed the subject and began to talk about Edmund 's condition. During the conversation, they showed nervousness and anxiety at the time was trying to cover up for fear deemed incurable tuberculosis , while Mary is also anomalous behavior and conversations that she did not really cure the illness , she once again taking morphine . Gradually the relaxed family atmosphere into depression and heavy.#p#分页标题#e#
MARY - James, it'S Edmund you ought toscold for not eating enough. He hardly touched any-thing except coffee. (1) I keep telling him that he says he sim-ply has no appetite. Of course, there's nothing takesaway your appetite like-a bad sum-mer cold. ( 2 )
TURONE-Yes, it's only natural. (3) SO don't let yourself get worried-(4)
MARY a (quickly) Oh, I'm not. I know he'll be all righet in a few days (5) ifhe takes care ofhimself. (As if she wanted to discuss the subject but can't) But it does seem a shame he should have to besick fight now. ( 6 )
TYRONE - Yes, it is bad luck. (He gives her aquick, worrying look.) But you mustn't let it upsetyou, Mary. Remember, you've got to take care of yourself, too. (7)
MARY a (quickly) I'm not upset. There's nothing to be upset about. What makes you think I'm upset? (8), TURONE-why, nothing, exceptyou'ye seemed a bit high-strung ⑼ the past few days.

MARY-(forcing a smile) I have? Nonsense, dear.It 's your imagination. (With sudden tenseness) You really must not watch me all the time, James. I mean, it makes me self-conscious. ⑽

TYRONE - (putting a hand ogler one ofher nel'lloaslyplaying ones) Now, now, Mary. That'S your i-magination. If I've watched you it was to admire how fat and how beautiful you looked. (11) (His voice is suddenly moved by deep feeling.) I can't tell you the deep happiness it gives me, darling, to see you as you've been since you came back to us, your dear old self again. (12) (He leans over and kisses hercheek impulsivef-then turning back adds with a con-strained air) SO keep up the good work, (13 ) Mary.
MARY one (has turned herhead away) I will, (14) dear. (She gets up restlessly and goes to thewindows at right.) Thank heavens, the fog is gone. (15) (She turns back.) I do feel out of sorts this morning. ⒃ I wasn't able to get much sleep with that awful foghorn going all night long. ⒄

     TYRONE-Yes, it's like having a sick whale in the back yard. (18) It kept me awake, too.
MARY one (affectionately amused) Did it? You had a strange way of showing your restlessness one . (19) You were snoring so hard I couldn't tell which was the foghorn! ⒇ (She comes to hem, laughing, and pats his cheek playfully.) Ten foghorns couldn't disturb you. (21) You haven't a nerve in you. You've never had. (22) ⑻
In this couple five or six round bout in the dialogue , in violation of the principles of cooperation where a total of twenty- three times, in violation of quantity, quality , relevance , the way the criteria are four, eight , ten, once. Mary heard the sound of a cough hero Edmund , and could not wait to tell her husband the heart of concerns. She has multiple personalities , nervousness, sensitive and withdrawn. When she was neurologically normal , she loves her husband and son ; once the drug seizures , she would hate anyone around , including her favorite relatives. In this clip, she showed relatively normal. On the surface, " eat before long King " ( 1 ) ( violation of the guidelines amount ) is redundant, because it is common sense to any normal person knows . With criteria to measure the amount of Mary , then the dialogue beyond the information needed . But that is it exposes her inner anxiety and unease. ( 2 ) ( violation of qualitative criteria ) This sentence reflects the Mary afraid to face the harsh reality of the mental , she is willing to live in their own lies and white 13 weaving dreams , like to indulge in fantasy , only in her dreams the mind will get a moment's peace. In order to alleviate the suffering of the unfortunate realities of marriage and tortured for her, she had often lie. Principles of cooperation in the qualitative criteria required to speak "real" in this operation would lose its foundation . Her heart knowing that Edmund had tuberculosis , but tried to cover up, to take " Tetanus is telling people , but of a turnoff ," to self-deception , even worse is the most respected her father also died of this disease , which is exacerbated by her inner fears .#p#分页标题#e#

( 3 ) ( violation of qualitative criteria ) Taryn insincerely echoed Mary , in fact, was the youngest son just absolutely do not believe that minor -called " tetanus " only reason he does not expose the lies , do not want to hurt his wife . ( 4 ) ( violation of association guidelines ) followed by Taryn on the topic seems to has nothing to do with the disease , care of Mary 's body , to comfort her , its true meaning is worried about his wife who can not afford the enormous pressure and re-select the drug .
( 5 ) ( violation of qualitative criteria ) sensitive Mary read the subtext of her husband , then immediately denied drug use, Flaring even do not believe the lies " within a few days he will be all right " in order to conceal their inner panic and anxiety . ( 6 ) ( violation of the guidelines amount ) Mary with a lie to deceive themselves on the surface , but as a loving mother , and my heart really does not fit his son 's condition , say the information than necessary , " which happens when taken ill ." "It's time " refers to the nursing home she had just come home from only two months , is in need of a carefree time to convalesce , happens to catch Edmund terminally ill , she was worried all day , suggesting she may be re- taking morphine anesthesia own mind , forget the pain of this world .

( 7 ) ( violation of association guidelines ) Taryn first noncommittal , Edmund is bad luck that led to the prevalence in the juncture happens . Then change the subject again to comfort his wife , do not worry so much about A, JL child 's illness, keep your body is the most critical . But it is still behind to care for his deep concerns.

( 8 ) ( violation of qualitative criteria ) Mary suddenly realized her husband Huazhongyouhua , immediately denied that he had been worried . In fact, the night before her illness Edmund nervous all night , like a mountain of fear , but the weight of her breath , she can only rely on morphine to escape , temporarily forget misfortunes . But her most taboo family knew of this scandal , and others hated insinuations remind her to stop making the same mistakes . To protect herself, she rhetorical question : "Do you think I would worry how ah ? " ( 9 ) ( violation of the maxim of manner ) Taryn reluctant to intensify contradictions , ambiguities first to answer Mary 's question , then use the " excitement " of the word instead of " worry " in violation of Grice 's maxim of manner : the speaker concise and do not use the semantic ambiguity of words.

( 10 ) ( violation of association guidelines ) Mary did not recognize himself "a little excitable " , that it was her husband cranky. A reference to " Xia Xiang ," she slips up and alert , ' he is not already know I was taking drugs ? ' Turn to complain about her husband , "You really should not stare at me early not late overall ." This has two lines deep meanings : A Mary love their husbands and sons, but not their understanding and help. She knew that they despise her, hate her , hate her addiction . Mary B drug home, his family worried about her making the same mistakes , invariably always wary of her, she was very disgusted, she hates like a thief in their own side under surveillance , suspicion and contempt by his family , home detention has become virtually her confinement . She tried to maintain their dignity , but could not help the temptation of morphine , is a contradiction in itself , not about their own destiny.#p#分页标题#e#

( 11 ) ( violation of the quality and relevance criteria ) Taryn lovingly replied that Mary suspicious . Then while in violation of two criteria. Just started saying this is obviously insincere , only perfunctory blame his wife , but also to hide his every move has been monitoring the behavior of his wife . Talking, suddenly became emotional , instead of praise from his wife's health and appearance. In fact , she was out of love Taryn monitor her behavior , hoping to stop her from stealing morphine absorption , physical harm , even though it causes resentment and hate Mary .

( 12 ) ( violation of the guidelines amount ) drug high hopes for Mary Taryn heart drunkenly vision of a better family life : Mary is no longer a drug addict , and as before to be a wife and mother , family life and back on track , and that nice ah !

( 13 ) ( violation related criteria ) with a strong desire , while having regard to Mary 's face, Taryn it outright , requesting his wife with a strong will to grams of poison addiction , never get rid of this evil.

( 14 ) ( violation of qualitative criteria ) in the husband's request, Mary mouth reluctantly agreed , but in reality, she had to persuade his family put aside , she could not " stick " because she had secretly opened the head. For the addict , once again rely on morphine , short aloof will bring more excruciating pain , had to increase the dose , caught in a vicious cycle of the loop, who can not put her back on track , and ultimately that is slid abyss.

( 15 ) ( violation related criteria ) in order to prevent the other party to see through secret hearts , and to hide his anxiety and guilt, Mary saw the window of the fog , they changed the subject . "Fog " and behind the " fog number" appears repeatedly in the play , has a strong symbolic meaning. The availability and quality of mood and character shading fog consistent . "Fog finally scattered " symbolizes the family that Mary successful drug rehabilitation , long shrouded in the haze of everyone's mind finally dissipated, returning home full of laughter .

( 16 ) ( violation of association and qualitative criteria ) Mary turned from the window and went back to reality, to feel " a little uncomfortable ." In fact, she was not physically uncomfortable, but had a strong psychological morphine dependence . From last night into the early morning most of the day passed, morphine has been weakened, is the re- injection of an a .

( 17 ) ( violation of association guidelines ) Mary heard the fog signal , took the opportunity of the " uncomfortable " due to the fog signal , fights her night sleep. Beibeiqieqie sound of fog signal sounds reminiscent of painful memories : an unhappy marriage , forced drug abuse , which in turn is to avoid touching the whole family , "That's unfortunate fog number" is not willing to back painful memories like mentality
Sign. Meanwhile , it also symbolizes the harsh reality , suggesting that she was panic , fear, frustration, despair , her fragile nerves can not stand the tremendous mental stress , had to resort to morphine in exchange for a moment of peace .#p#分页标题#e#

( 18 ) with "harm the sick whale " on ( violation of qualitative criteria ) Taryn surface to keep arguing metaphor of "fog number" , he is also Yiyewumian , the session appears to be launched in a relaxed and humorous atmosphere. In fact , he was alluding to when ugly Marie drug seizures , but he did not fall asleep because he had been spying on his wife's behavior.

( 19 )( violation of association guidelines ) Mary did not believe her husband would lose sleep because of fog signal , then wander like his weird insomnia and snoring sounds. Husband's insomnia certainly a novelty , he deliberately issued as the fog like a large number of grunts , pretending to sleep soundly , in fact, he was always watching her in secret , beware of her. Mary secretly blamed her husband for her distrust.

( 20 ) ( violation of the guidelines amount ) made ​​a couple years , Mary, well aware of her husband's lifestyle , Taryn always took a nap , woke fog signal was absolutely impossible . Cause of insomnia tacit each other.

( 21 ) ( violation of association guidelines ) Mary and switching topics, complaining Taryn "even consciousness are not, never" , the idea has two meanings : one is blaming her husband , feeling sluggish, never understanding wife. Married Mary , accompanied by her husband toured everywhere , of no fixed abode , Taryn always a man threw her dirty deserted hotel, while he was out drinking pleasure , so she endure loneliness and suffering. Second, despise her husband , stingy by nature , reluctant to spend money to build a comfortable home for his wife and son , but a lot a lot doing all investments worthless land ; reluctant to spend money for childbirth wife please good doctor, quack with low fees morphine , forcing Mary addicted , unable to extricate themselves. Mary is not only the loss of self- destruction of physical and psychological , spiritual extremely painful , but the family and therefore carry a heavy cross. Mary accused Taryn : It caused him a family tragedy. ⑼

The first act of the play fragment sets the tone : the seemingly relaxed chat, the couple has started blaming each other secretly , blame , which are mixed with each other and considerate and caring warmth. In this play , the two come together because of love , but because of the pursuit of life in different produce resentment, they have alienated both intimate , never able to truly understand each other.

2 . Violation of " principles of cooperation ," the dialogue between father and son
The second and the third act is a person still wrangling with each other. For Mary intensified endless blame , Taryn outdone. When opening the fourth act is midnight, estrangement husband and wife, between father and son is exposed, difficult to restore . First Taryn and Edmund together counterattack Mary , then pass the buck between father and son , recriminations , both torture each other and toss themselves , while understanding each other and strive to himself . This is a fragment of conversation mainly related criteria violation , where space is limited only briefly analyzed. With the ever-changing topic , deepening the family secret is revealed one by one , the truth is finally shaking exposed. In seemingly unrelated words actually contains a chain of causation.#p#分页标题#e#

EDMUND-Yes. It'S pretty horrible to see herThe way she must be now. (With bitter misery) Thehardest thing to take is the blankwallshe builds aroundher. Or it'S more like a bank of fog in whichshe hides and loses herself. Deliberately, that's the
hell of it! You know something in her does it deliberatelytoget beyond our reach, to be rid of US, to forgetwe're alive! It'S as if, in spite of loving US, shehated us!
TYRONE - (remonstrates gently) Now, now, lad. It'S not her. It'S the damned poison.
EDMUND one (bitterly) She takes it to get thateffect. At least, I know she did this time! (Abrupt-ly) My play, isn't it? Here. (He plays a card.)
TYRONE one (plays mechanically-gently re-proachful) She's been terribly frightened about yourillness, for all her pretending. Don't be too hard onher, lad. Remember she'S not responsible. Oncethat cursed poison gets a hold on anyone-
EDMUND -! (. His face grows hard and he staresat his father with bitter accusation) It never shouldhave gotten a hold on her I know damned well she's not to blame And I know who is You are Yourdamned stinginess If you!!!! 'd spent money for a de-cent doctor when she was 80 sick after 1 was born, she'd never have known morphine existed! Insteadyou put her in the hands of a hotel quack whowouldn't admit his ignorance and took the easiestway out , not giving a damn what happened to her afterwards! All because his fee was cheap! Anotherone of your bargains!
TYRONE a (stung a angrily) Be quiet!-Howdare you talk of something you know nothing about!
(Trying to control his temper) You must try tosee my side ofit too. lad. How was I to know he wasthat kind of a doctor? He had a good reputation
EDMUND - Among the souses in the hotel bar,

I suppose! ⑽
Associated with a series of violations of guidelines to make his son 's conversation quickly jump from one topic to another : ( Mary ) look terrible after drug _ + wall , poison fog leaves a bad call you to come up with a look of horrified disease _ this is simply not the things that haunt her _ you stingy almost to the extreme _ you do not understand anything . ⑾ Taryn put all the blame to Mary 's body , it is only then the family of her drug addiction with unfortunate abyss , so that all men love her in dire straits : no future husband , son unawares. Edmund hate ugly mother when drug seizures , leaving his mother deliberately painful drugs, " let us not be able to approach her , throw us, let her forget we still live in the world ! Although she loves us, can so it looks like we hate hate incredible "⑿ my heart is still in love with his wife Taryn think Edmund is too extreme, too much , after all, he is the favorite son of Mary , speak up : ! she is worried about excessive Edmund disease that she is suffering from drug addiction . While father and son are to blame Mary , but does not allow Edmund Terrence extremes , after surviving warmth between husband and wife . Heard poison , Edmund harshly condemned the father , it was his stingy by nature that led to the unfortunate mother , and Mary 's personal tragedy and to make the whole family who fall into the abyss . Oedipus 's Edmund Yuanmin vent his father strong dissatisfaction closeness between father and son both instinct and mutually hostile .#p#分页标题#e#

The drama everywhere inadvertently between husband and wife, father and son, mother and son in violation of Grice " cooperative principle " of dialogue, character dialogue analysis, this topic has been deepening drama : they are the losers of life, yet his failure blamed others blame each other , but also because it is love each other loved ones, the best understanding of each other , hurt each other is also the deepest . Sustains a deep love , which is the love, so that everyone can not break free from the distressed real life, unfortunately, all the past has been like a ghost wildly annoying them, unable to meet the harsh reality of life for everyone love, longing , this love has been distorted scold each other , the love and hate intertwined emotional torment each family member , and they both love each other and hate each other, love and hate mixed together, both opposite and departure , has been through the whole drama.

Third, with Grice " cooperative principle " to analyze the significance of theater style
三、用Grice“合作原则”来分析戏剧文体的意义
Stylistic study focused on scientific and detailed analysis, more sophisticated language pragmatics benefit analysis to make sports more scientific research , more accurate, and the use of Grice " cooperative principle " and in violation of the session detailed criteria to interpret dramatic texts , is to meet the needs of the modern literary stylistics , dramatic stylistic analysis to bring considerable progress , and the use of analytical methods Pragmastylistic to illustrate " the long journey into the night ," the deeper meaning of this tragedy of the modern family characters and dialogue as a means of deepening the theme is a good attempt , from the simple and natural , delicate human drama sessions micro speaker really interpret the rich , multi-layered overtones and subtext , full of complex characters who speak and dig out the drama profound theme : "In the depths of the deepest love contains eternal despair ," family tragedy in order to achieve further render the effect is more prominent theme of the tragic drama style , this deepen people 's understanding and appreciation of dramatic texts get more intuitive than the macro comment more specifically dramatic stylistic effects , and to provide a basis for objective and detailed macroscopic review macro comments useful supplement , adds to the credibility of macroeconomic comment , which is the non- macro comments Alternate .