Assignment范例：Elements Of Business Research
Assignment范例-商业研究的要素。本文是一篇由本站代写服务提供的assignment代写参考，主要内容是讲述研究是对真理的敏锐追求。这是对特定主题的相关信息的仔细、科学和系统的搜索，以推断一些结果。研究将信息转化为知识。对企业工作环境中遇到的特定问题进行有组织、系统和客观的科学调查或调查，目的是找到解决方案，称为商业研究。下面就一起来看一下这篇留学生assignment代写范文。
Research is a discerning pursuit of the truth. It is a careful scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic to infer some results. Research turns information into knowledge. An organized, systematic and objective oriented scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem encountered in the work settings of a business, undertaken with the objective of finding solutions to it is known as BUSINESS RESEARCH.
研究是对真理的敏锐追求。这是对特定主题的相关信息的仔细、科学和系统的搜索，以推断一些结果。研究将信息转化为知识。对企业工作环境中遇到的特定问题进行有组织、系统和客观的科学调查或调查，目的是找到解决方案，称为商业研究。
For example, starting any type of business requires research into the target market and the competition to create a business plan. Conducting business market research in existing businesses is helpful in keeping in touch with consumer demand. Small business research begins with research of an idea and continues with research based on customer demand and other businesses offering similar products or services. All business research is done to learn information that could make the company more successful.
Elements of Business Research
Business Research includes several interrelated components. The scope of business research is broad, and the types of phenomena business researchers study are expanding rapidly. Thus, business research is truly dynamic in that researchers are constantly studying new issues with new tools. The important ones are described below:
Business research involves the study of a wide range of phenomena, such as:
People, including employees, customers, supervisors, managers and policy makers.
Systems or groups of people, including strategic business units, offices, factory labor, management groups, boards of directors, managing directors, market segments, cultures, subcultures, corporate cultures, communities, companies and industries.
The interaction of people with systems, including accounting or audit systems, legal systems, management practices, compensation systems, manufacturing systems, production processes, and financial systems.
Business research can be formal. Researchers may undertake systematic and sometimes exhaustive projects aimed at answering very specific questions. For instance, One-shot research projects are performed to address a single issue at a specific time.
Business research can be informal. Restaurant owners or managers often spend a portion of each night circulating through the dining room asking the customers about the food and services. While this sort of research is easy for small ventures, it is more of a challenge for larger firms. Informal research is often ongoing.
Good research is replicable. A goal of scientific research is to be as objective as possible. When research is objective, it is replicable, meaning that another researcher could produce the same results the identical procedures employed by the original researcher.
Good research should provide more benefits than it costs. Ultimately this is of primary importance in determining if the research was worthwhile.
Business research is scientific inquiry. But the terminology of business research differs depending on what motivates a particular study. Applied business research is motivated by an attempt to solve a particular problem faced by a particular organization. Basic business research is motivated by a desire to better understand some business phenomenon as it applies to an entire industry or business in general.
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we may think of research objectives as falling into a number of following broad groupings:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it (studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research studies);
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group (studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies);
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else (studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic research studies);
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such studies are known as hypothesis-testing research studies).
TYPES OF RESEARCH
THE BASIC TYPES OF RESEARCH ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1. Descriptive vs. Analytical: Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. In social science and business research we quite often use the term Ex post facto research for descriptive research studies. The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening. Most ex post facto research projects are used for descriptive studies in which the researcher seeks to measure such items as, for example, frequency of shopping, preferences of people, or similar data. Ex post facto studies also include attempts by researchers to discover causes even when they cannot control the variables. The methods of research utilized in descriptive research are survey methods of all kinds, including comparative and correlation methods. In analytical research, on the other hand, the researcher has to use facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.
2. Applied vs. Fundamental: Research can either be applied (or action) research or fundamental (to basic or pure) research. Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial/business organization, whereas fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalizations and with the formulation of a theory. “Gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake is termed as “pure” or “basic” research.” Research concerning some natural phenomenon or relating to pure mathematics are examples of fundamental research. Similarly, research studies, concerning human behavior carried on with a view to make generalizations about human behavior, are also examples of fundamental research, but research aimed at certain conclusions (say, a solution) facing a concrete social or business problem is an example of applied research. Research to identify social, economic or political trends that may affect a particular institution or the copy research (research to find out whether certain communications will be read and understood) or the marketing research or evaluation research are examples of applied research. Thus, the central aim of applied research is to discover a solution for some pressing practical problem, whereas basic research is directed towards finding information that has a broad base of applications and thus, adds to the already existing organized body of scientific knowledge.
3. Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind. For instance, when we are interested in investigating the reasons for human behavior (i.e., why people think or do certain things), we quite often talk of “Motivation Research”, an important type of qualitative research. Other techniques of such research are word association tests, sentence completion tests, story completion tests and similar other projective techniques. Attitude or opinion research i.e., research designed to find out how people feel or what they think about a particular subject or institution is also qualitative research. Qualitative research is especially important in the behavioral sciences where the aim is to discover the underlying motives of human behavior. Through such research we can analyze the various factors which motivate people to behave in a particular manner or which make people like or dislike a particular thing. It may be stated, however, that to apply qualitative research in practice is relatively a difficult job and therefore, while doing such research, one should seek guidance from experimental psychologists.
4. Conceptual vs. Empirical: Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones. On the other hand, empirical research relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory. It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment. We can also call it as experimental type of research. In such a research it is necessary to get at facts firsthand, at their source, and actively to go about doing certain things to stimulate the production of desired information. In such a research, the researcher must first provide himself with a working hypothesis or guess as to the probable results. He then works to get enough facts (data) to prove or disprove his hypothesis. He then sets up experimental designs which he thinks will manipulate the persons or the materials concerned so as to bring forth the desired information. Such research is thus characterized by the experimenter’s control over the variables under study and his deliberate manipulation of one of them to study its effects. Empirical research is appropriate when proof is sought that certain variables affect other variables in some way. Evidence gathered through experiments or empirical studies is today considered to be the most powerful support possible for a given hypothesis.
例如，开办任何类型的企业都需要对目标市场和竞争进行研究，以制定商业计划。对现有企业进行商业市场研究有助于与消费者需求保持联系。小企业研究始于对一个想法的研究，并继续基于客户需求和提供类似产品或服务的其他企业的研究。所有的商业研究都是为了了解能使公司更成功的信息。
商业研究要素
商业研究包括几个相互关联的组成部分。商业研究的范围很广，商业研究人员研究的现象类型也在迅速扩展。因此，商业研究是真正动态的，因为研究人员不断地用新工具研究新问题。以下介绍了其中的重要内容：
商业研究涉及对一系列现象的研究，例如：
人员，包括员工、客户、主管、经理和政策制定者。
系统或人群，包括战略业务部门、办公室、工厂劳动力、管理团队、董事会、总经理、细分市场、文化、亚文化、企业文化、社区、公司和行业。
人与系统的互动，包括会计或审计系统、法律系统、管理实践、薪酬系统、制造系统、生产流程和财务系统。
商业研究可以是正式的。研究人员可能会进行系统的、有时是详尽的项目，旨在回答非常具体的问题。例如，一次性研究项目是为了在特定时间解决单个问题。
商业研究可以是非正式的。餐馆老板或经理通常每晚花一部分时间在餐厅里四处走动，询问顾客有关食物和服务的情况。虽然这种研究对小型企业来说很容易，但对大型企业来说更具挑战性。非正式研究经常在进行中。
好的研究是可以复制的。科学研究的目标是尽可能客观。当研究是客观的时，它是可复制的，这意味着另一位研究人员可以按照原研究人员使用的相同程序产生相同的结果。
好的研究应该提供比成本更多的好处。最终，这对于确定这项研究是否有价值至关重要。
商业研究是科学探究。但商业研究的术语因特定研究的动机而异。应用商业研究的动机是试图解决特定组织面临的特定问题。基础商业研究的动机是希望更好地理解某些商业现象，因为它适用于整个行业或企业。
研究目标
研究的目的是通过应用科学程序来发现问题的答案。研究的主要目的是找出隐藏的和尚未发现的真相。尽管每项研究都有其特定的目的，但我们可以将研究目标分为以下几个大类：
1.熟悉一种现象或对其有新的见解（从这个角度来看，研究被称为探索性或公式化研究）；
2.准确描述特定个人、情况或群体的特征（考虑到这一目的的研究称为描述性研究）；
3.确定某件事发生的频率或与其他事情相关的频率（从这个角度来看，研究被称为诊断研究）；
4.检验变量之间因果关系的假设（这类研究被称为假设检验研究）。
研究类型
研究的基本类型如下：
1.描述性与分析性：描述性研究包括不同类型的调查和实况调查。描述性研究的主要目的是描述目前的事态。在社会科学和商业研究中，我们经常使用“事后研究”一词来进行描述性研究。这种方法的主要特点是研究者无法控制变量；他只能报告已经发生或正在发生的事情。大多数事后研究项目都用于描述性研究，研究人员试图测量这些项目，例如购物频率、人们的偏好或类似数据。事后研究还包括研究人员试图发现原因，即使他们无法控制变量。描述性研究中使用的研究方法是各种调查方法，包括比较法和关联法。另一方面，在分析研究中，研究人员必须使用现有的事实或信息，并对这些事实或信息进行分析，以对材料进行批判性评估。
2.应用与基础：研究可以是应用（或行动）研究，也可以是基础（基础或纯粹）研究。应用研究旨在为社会或工业/商业组织面临的直接问题找到解决方案，而基础研究主要关注概括和理论的制定。为了知识而收集知识被称为“纯粹的”或“基础的”研究关于某些自然现象或与纯数学有关的研究是基础研究的例子。同样，为了概括人类行为而进行的关于人类行为的研究也是基础研究的例子，但针对具体社会或商业问题的某些结论（例如解决方案）的研究是应用研究的例子。识别可能影响特定机构的社会、经济或政治趋势的研究，或复制研究（找出某些通信是否会被阅读和理解的研究）或营销研究或评估研究都是应用研究的例子。因此，应用研究的中心目标是为一些紧迫的实际问题找到解决方案，而基础研究则旨在寻找具有广泛应用基础的信息，从而增加现有的有组织的科学知识。
3.定量与定性：定量研究是基于对数量或数量的测量。它适用于可以用数量表示的现象。另一方面，定性研究涉及定性现象，即与质量或种类有关或涉及质量或种类的现象。例如，当我们有兴趣调查人类行为的原因（即人们为什么思考或做某些事情）时，我们经常谈论“动机研究”，这是一种重要的定性研究。这类研究的其他技术是单词联想测试、句子完成测试、故事完成测试和类似的其他投射技术。态度或观点研究，即旨在了解人们对特定主题或机构的感受或想法的研究，也是定性研究。定性研究在行为科学中尤为重要，其目的是发现人类行为的潜在动机。通过这样的研究，我们可以分析激励人们以特定方式行事或使人们喜欢或不喜欢特定事物的各种因素。然而，可以说，在实践中应用定性研究是一项相对困难的工作，因此，在进行此类研究时，应寻求实验心理学家的指导。
4.概念研究与实证研究：概念研究是与一些抽象的想法或理论有关的研究。它通常被哲学家和思想家用来发展新概念或重新解释现有概念。另一方面，实证研究仅依赖于经验或观察，往往没有适当考虑系统和理论。它是基于数据的研究，得出能够通过观察或实验验证的结论。我们也可以称之为实验型研究。在这样的研究中，有必要直接了解事实的来源，并积极地做某些事情来刺激所需信息的产生。在这样的研究中，研究人员必须首先为自己提供一个关于可能结果的有效假设或猜测。然后，他努力获得足够的事实（数据）来证明或反驳他的假设。然后，他建立实验设计，他认为这些设计会操纵相关人员或材料，从而产生所需的信息。因此，这种研究的特点是实验者对所研究的变量的控制，以及他故意操纵其中一个变量来研究其影响。当试图证明某些变量以某种方式影响其他变量时，实证研究是合适的。今天，通过实验或实证研究收集的证据被认为是对给定假设最有力的支持。
5. Some Other Types of Research: All other types of research are variations of one or more of the above stated approaches, based on either the purpose of research, or the time required to accomplish research, on the environment in which research is done, or on the basis of some other similar factor. Form the point of view of time, we can think of research either as one-time research or longitudinal research. In the former case the research is confined to a single time-period, whereas in the latter case the research is carried on over several time-periods. Research can be field-setting research or laboratory research or simulation research, depending upon the environment in which it is to be carried out. Research can as well be understood as clinical or diagnostic research. Such research follows case-study methods or in-depth approaches to reach the basic causal relations. Such studies usually go deep into the causes of things or events that interest us, using very small samples and very deep probing data gathering devices. The research may be exploratory or it may be formalized. The objective of exploratory research is the development of hypotheses rather than their testing, whereas formalized research studies are those with substantial structure and with specific hypotheses to be tested. Historical research is that which utilizes historical sources like documents, remains, etc. to study events or ideas of the past, including the philosophy of persons and groups at any remote point of time. Research can also be classified as conclusion-oriented and decision-oriented. While doing conclusion oriented research, a researcher is free to pick up a problem, redesign the enquiry as he proceeds and is prepared to conceptualize as he wishes. Decision-oriented research is always for the need of a decision maker and the researcher in this case is not free to embark upon research according to his own inclination.
Operations research is an example of decision oriented research since it is a scientific method of providing executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding operations under their control.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
“All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to invention” is a famous Hudson Maxim in context of which the significance of research can well be understood. Increased amounts of research make progress possible. Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it promotes the development of logical habits of thinking and organization.
Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our economic system. For instance, government’s budgets rest in part on an analysis of the needs and desires of the people and on the availability of revenues to meet these needs. The cost of needs has to be equated to probable revenues and this is a field where research is most needed. Through research we can devise alternative policies and can as well examine the consequences of each of these alternatives.
Decision-making may not be a part of research, but research certainly facilitates the decisions of the policy maker. Government has also to chalk out programs for dealing with all facets of the country’s existence and most of these will be related directly or indirectly to economic conditions. The plight of cultivators, the problems of big and small business and industry, working conditions, trade union activities, the problems of distribution, even the size and nature of defense services are matters requiring research. Thus, research is considered necessary with regard to the allocation of nation’s resources. Another area in government, where research is necessary, is collecting information on the economic and social structure of the nation.
Such information indicates what is happening in the economy and what changes are taking place. Collecting such statistical information is by no means a routine task, but it involves a variety of research problems.
These days nearly all governments maintain large staff of research technicians or experts to carry on this work. Thus, in the context of government, research as a tool to economic policy has three distinct phases of operation, viz.
Investigation of economic structure through continual compilation of facts;
Diagnosis of events that are taking place and the analysis of the forces underlying them; and
(iii) The prognosis, i.e., the prediction of future developments.
Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning problems of business and industry. Operations research and market research, along with motivational research, are considered crucial and their results assist, in more than one way, in taking business decisions. Market research is the investigation of the structure and development of a market for the purpose of formulating efficient policies for purchasing, production and sales. Operations research refers to the application of mathematical, logical and analytical techniques to the solution of business problems of cost minimization or of profit maximization or what can be termed as optimization problems. Motivational research of determining why people behave as they do is mainly concerned with market characteristics. All these are of great help to people in business and industry who are responsible for taking business decisions. Research with regard to demand and market factors has great utility in business. Research, thus, replaces intuitive business decisions by more logical and scientific decisions.
Subaru: “Mr. Survey” Monitors Customer Satisfaction
Marketing research can play an important role in helping Subaru understand the devotion of consumers to its brand. It can help them understand the motivations, perceptions, and preferences of consumers in their market. It can also provide them with a profile of their loyal customers. The marketing research problem is to determine customer preferences for automobiles and discover what things create loyalty among these customers. More specifically:
What criteria do consumers use for evaluating automobiles?
How do consumers evaluate Subaru and competing brands on the identified criteria?
What is the demographic and psychographic profile of customers loyal to Subaru?
What characteristics differentiate Subaru loyalists from consumers loyal to other brands?
Qualitative research would help Subaru define the problem and set up an approach to improving customer loyalty. Focus groups and depth interviews would be the most useful techniques. Since complex questions and a diversity of questions will probably be asked, personal interviews will be effect. Of the three personal methods, mall intercepts will be the most efficient in terms of cost and speed. Subaru needs to address differences in the lifestyle/pastime (autobahn) and popular sports (soccer) in their marketing research. They also need to consider other socio-cultural factors such as environmental friendliness and research methodology in Germany. In addition, economical/infra-structural factors, marketing environment, government environment, legal environment, and information and technological environment should be considered as well. With regard to the general public, ethical concerns revolve primarily around the methods of generating and reporting research results. It is the joint responsibility of the researcher and the client to ensure that the research findings are being disseminated accurately. In particular, care should be taken by both the market researcher and the client to avoid incomplete reporting, misleading reporting, and biased research. It is the marketing researcher’s responsibility to protect the respondents from unethical research practices. Two issues deserve special attention: conducting a survey as a guide to sell products, and the invasion of the privacy of the respondent.
Given the complexity involved, it is not surprising that the ethical issues surrounding the researcher-client relationship are somewhat numerous. Areas that deserve special attention from an ethical standpoint are: abuse of position arising from specialized knowledge, unnecessary research, and an unqualified researcher, disclosure of identity, treating data as no confidential and misleading presentation of data. The researcher (or the research firm) has the right to be treated ethically as well. Ethical treatment by clients involves several issues: improper solicitation of proposals, disclosure of proprietary techniques, and misrepresentation of findings.
5.其他一些类型的研究：所有其他类型的研究都是上述一种或多种方法的变体，基于研究目的或完成研究所需的时间、进行研究的环境或基于其他类似因素。从时间的角度来看，我们可以将研究视为一次性研究或纵向研究。在前一种情况下，研究仅限于一个时间段，而在后一种情况中，研究是在几个时间段内进行的。研究可以是实地研究、实验室研究或模拟研究，具体取决于研究所处的环境。研究也可以理解为临床或诊断研究。这种研究遵循案例研究方法或深入方法来得出基本的因果关系。此类研究通常使用非常小的样本和非常深入的探测数据收集设备，深入研究我们感兴趣的事情或事件的原因。这项研究可能是探索性的，也可能是形式化的。探索性研究的目的是发展假设，而不是对其进行检验，而正式的研究是那些具有实质性结构和具体假设有待检验的研究。历史研究是利用文献、遗迹等历史来源来研究过去的事件或思想，包括任何遥远时间点的个人和群体的哲学。研究也可以分为结论导向和决策导向。在进行以结论为导向的研究时，研究人员可以自由地发现问题，在进行调查时重新设计调查，并准备根据自己的意愿进行概念化。以决策为导向的研究总是为了决策者的需要，在这种情况下，研究者不能自由地根据自己的意愿进行研究。
运筹学是以决策为导向的研究的一个例子，因为它是一种科学的方法，为执行部门提供有关其控制下的运营决策的定量基础。
研究的意义
“一切进步都源于探究。怀疑往往比过度自信好，因为它会导致探究，探究会导致发明”是著名的哈德逊格言，在这句格言中，研究的意义可以很好地理解。研究数量的增加使进步成为可能。研究灌输科学和归纳思维，并促进思维和组织的逻辑习惯的发展。
研究为我们经济体系中几乎所有的政府政策提供了基础。例如，政府的预算在一定程度上取决于对人民需求和愿望的分析，以及满足这些需求的收入来源。需求成本必须等于可能的收入，这是最需要研究的领域。通过研究，我们可以制定替代政策，也可以研究每种替代方案的后果。
决策可能不是研究的一部分，但研究肯定会促进决策者的决策。政府还必须制定应对国家生存各个方面的计划，其中大部分将与经济状况直接或间接相关。耕种者的困境、大小企业和工业的问题、工作条件、工会活动、分配问题，甚至国防服务的规模和性质，都是需要研究的问题。因此，有必要对国家资源的分配进行研究。政府中另一个有必要进行研究的领域是收集有关国家经济和社会结构的信息。
这些信息表明经济正在发生什么以及正在发生什么变化。收集此类统计信息绝非常规任务，但它涉及到各种研究问题。
如今，几乎所有政府都有大量的研究技术人员或专家来从事这项工作。因此，在政府的背景下，研究作为经济政策的工具有三个不同的运作阶段，即。
通过不断汇编事实调查经济结构；
对正在发生的事件进行诊断，并分析其背后的力量；和
（iii）预测，即对未来发展的预测。
研究在解决商业和工业的各种运营和规划问题方面具有特殊的意义。运营研究和市场研究以及动机研究被认为是至关重要的，它们的结果在多个方面有助于做出商业决策。市场研究是对市场结构和发展的调查，目的是制定有效的采购、生产和销售政策。运筹学是指应用数学、逻辑和分析技术来解决成本最小化或利润最大化的商业问题，或所谓的优化问题。确定人们为什么会这样做的动机研究主要关注市场特征。所有这些都对企业和工业界负责做出商业决策的人有很大帮助。对需求和市场因素的研究在商业中有很大的用处。因此，研究用更合乎逻辑和科学的决策取代了直观的商业决策。
斯巴鲁：“调查先生”监控客户满意度
市场研究可以在帮助斯巴鲁了解消费者对其品牌的忠诚度方面发挥重要作用。它可以帮助他们了解市场中消费者的动机、看法和偏好。它还可以为他们提供忠实客户的简介。营销研究的问题是确定客户对汽车的偏好，并发现是什么东西在这些客户中创造了忠诚度。更具体地说：
消费者对汽车的评价标准是什么？
消费者如何根据确定的标准来评价斯巴鲁和竞争品牌？
忠于斯巴鲁的客户的人口统计和心理特征是什么？
斯巴鲁的忠实拥护者与忠于其他品牌的消费者有哪些区别？
定性研究将有助于斯巴鲁定义问题，并制定提高客户忠诚度的方法。焦点小组和深度访谈将是最有用的技巧。由于可能会提出复杂的问题和各种各样的问题，所以个人面试会有效果。在这三种个人方法中，商场拦截在成本和速度方面是最有效的。斯巴鲁需要在营销研究中解决生活方式/消遣（高速公路）和流行运动（足球）的差异。他们还需要考虑其他社会文化因素，如德国的环境友好性和研究方法。此外，还应考虑经济/基础设施因素、营销环境、政府环境、法律环境以及信息和技术环境。关于普通公众，伦理问题主要围绕产生和报告研究结果的方法。研究人员和客户共同负责确保研究结果得到准确传播。特别是，市场研究人员和客户都应注意避免不完整的报告、误导性报告和有偏见的研究。营销研究人员有责任保护受访者免受不道德的研究行为的影响。有两个问题值得特别关注：作为销售产品的指南进行调查，以及侵犯被调查者的隐私。
考虑到所涉及的复杂性，围绕研究人员与客户关系的伦理问题有很多也就不足为奇了。从伦理角度来看，值得特别关注的领域包括：专业知识引起的职位滥用、不必要的研究和不合格的研究人员、身份披露、将数据视为非机密和误导性的数据陈述。研究人员（或研究公司）也有权受到合乎道德的对待。客户的道德待遇涉及几个问题：不当征求建议书、披露专有技术和歪曲调查结果。
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