英国留学生课程作业assignment示例
11-06, 2014
信息管理系统即从多方面渠道采集数据并把这些数据以安全的、需要认证的方式分配到需要他们的人手中。我们在这里要讨论的是机构内的实体联系，包括实体和属性是怎么互相联系的，应该怎么去解决在数据创建的时候就会产生的查询，并且会在基于服务器和基于计算机的文件分享方式之间进行比较。
实体关系模型：
实体关系是数据的一种系统性的或者说是概念性的表述，它代表的是在关系链中数据是怎么被建立的。在管理链中数据库中的所有数据之间的联系构成了实体关系图或者说特定数据实体关系图。接下来我们会在这里讨论在一个包含了员工、部门、项目的机构中，实体关系是怎么样实现的。下面的图表表示的就是机构内的实体关系图。
实体关系图：
（机构实体关系指数）
根据实体的属性对其进行描述
该机构包含了以下实体
工作人员
项目
部门
项目报告
部门主管
高级经理
Staff Name is the name of the person listed on his certificates produced to the organisation.
Department ID is given to a staff in which department he is working in.
Sex generally describes the gender of the staff.
Salary describes the wages or the earnings of a person in monthly or annual term.
Date of birth given by a staff for the identification of age.
Address refers to the term time living house of the staff.
Postcode refers to the area in which the staff is living in.
Project Name is the name assigned to the project by the administration
Department ID is given for the purpose of identifying the department in which the project is running
Project Manager is a staff in the organisation who leads the project
Start date is the date at which the project had been started
Due date is the date before which we have to complete and submit the project
Submission Date is the date on which we had to submit the project to the client.
Department Name refers the field name of the department, such as finance, IT, etc.,
Head of department is the managing head of the specific department and has the power to authorise the projects running in his department
Staff ID is given to identify the staffs working in the project
Title refer to the project name of a project
Description refers to the explanation of the project of how, why, where, and many more about the project
Assigned to the member of the staff who can lead the project to successful ending with a group of staffs.
% Complete is given to identify the requirements needed to move fast in completion of the project by calculating the time length.
Status on which the project is completed or pending to complete.
Priority refers to the calculation of all projects in the organisation of which has to be completed soon
Head of the Department:
Senior Manager:
Description of each relationship present in the diagram:
Head of department table
Senior manager table
Project ID: Project id is a one-many relationship type since single information is given to many, where the project id is required by the following tables
Head of department table
Senior manager table
Department ID: Department id details also required by the following tables
Project table
Head of department table
Senior manager table
Queries/Reports in an Organisation:
Stored Procedures
User Defined functions
Parameter Queries
Append is used to copy or move one row or column to another table
Update is used to make changes for the modification of the data’s.
Delete is used to remove the unwanted data or past events in the table.
Make table is used to create a new table to a new list of data available.
Comparisons of Databases:
SQL:
PC based Database:
MS Access:
实体关系模型：
实体关系是数据的一种系统性的或者说是概念性的表述，它代表的是在关系链中数据是怎么被建立的。在管理链中数据库中的所有数据之间的联系构成了实体关系图或者说特定数据实体关系图。接下来我们会在这里讨论在一个包含了员工、部门、项目的机构中，实体关系是怎么样实现的。下面的图表表示的就是机构内的实体关系图。
实体关系图：
（机构实体关系指数）
根据实体的属性对其进行描述
该机构包含了以下实体
工作人员
项目
部门
项目报告
部门主管
高级经理
The collection of data’s from many number of sources and distributing them to a certain level of people who are in need, in a secured and authenticate manner is generally known as the Information Management. In here we are going to discuss about the entity relationship inside an organisation, how the entity and attributes are related to one another, the queries that will arise during the creation of database and how to overcome it, and the comparisons of server based and PC based file sharing.
Entity Relationship Model:
Entity Relationship is the systematic or conceptual presentation of data, of how the database can be made in a chain relationship. The chain relationship of each and every data in a database is as entity-relationship diagram or ER diagram of certain data.
Here we are going to discuss about the entity relationship inside an organisation with their staffs, departments, projects running in the organisation. The below presented diagram is the entity relationship diagram of the organisation.
ER Diagram:
(Figure showing the Entity Relationship in an Organisation)
Description of each entity in terms of its attributes:
The organisation consists of the following entity:
Staff
Project
Department
Project Report
Head of Department
Senior Manager
Staff:
A Staff is an entity in an organisation, which consists of the following attributes:
Staff ID used for the identification of a person since many persons have same or similar names, it is generally given in alphanumeric.
Staff Name is the name of the person listed on his certificates produced to the organisation.
Department ID is given to a staff in which department he is working in.
Sex generally describes the gender of the staff.
Salary describes the wages or the earnings of a person in monthly or annual term.
Date of birth given by a staff for the identification of age.
Address refers to the term time living house of the staff.
Postcode refers to the area in which the staff is living in.
Project:
Project refers to the work going in an organisation, there may be many projects running in an organisation. Here are the lists of attributes used in the project.
Project ID is given to a specific project in an organisation to identify it.
Project Name is the name assigned to the project by the administration
Department ID is given for the purpose of identifying the department in which the project is running
Project Manager is a staff in the organisation who leads the project
Start date is the date at which the project had been started
Due date is the date before which we have to complete and submit the project
Submission Date is the date on which we had to submit the project to the client.
Department:
The entity department refers to the fields in an organisation; here are the attributes of the department
Department ID used to identify a department in the organisation
Department Name refers the field name of the department, such as finance, IT, etc.,
Head of department is the managing head of the specific department and has the power to authorise the projects running in his department
Project Report:
The general report submitted by the project manager to his higher officers is the project report; here are attributes of the project report:
Project ID is given in a project report to identify the project
Staff ID is given to identify the staffs working in the project
Title refer to the project name of a project
Description refers to the explanation of the project of how, why, where, and many more about the project
Assigned to the member of the staff who can lead the project to successful ending with a group of staffs.
% Complete is given to identify the requirements needed to move fast in completion of the project by calculating the time length.
Status on which the project is completed or pending to complete.
Priority refers to the calculation of all projects in the organisation of which has to be completed soon
Head of the Department:
Here we had assigned the head of the department as an entity since the head of the department is a staff in an organisation but he has some roles in moving with the attributes; here is the list of attributes he is undergoing.
Staff ID where the group of staffs working in his department is under the control of the head of the department
Project ID gives the list of projects under the control of the head of the department
Department ID in which the staff is leading to organise
Project report arrives to the head of the department where he has to analyse the status of what is going on in the project
Senior Manager:
The senior manager will act as the overall organiser who is leading all the department in an organisation where we assume him to be an entity with the list of attributes below
Staff ID gives the details of the staff working in the organisation
Project ID gives the details of the project running in the organisation
Department ID gives the list of departments in the organisation
Head of department gives the details of the each department of what is going on
Project report gives the status of the projects running in the organisations.
Description of each relationship present in the diagram:
Each entity present in an organisation has relationship to each other. But the major relationship type used in an organisational database is one-many type, here we are going to discuss about the relationship held according to each attributes.
Staff ID: staff id is an one-many relationship type since single information is given to many, where the staff id is required by the following tables
Project Report table
Head of department table
Senior manager table
Project ID: Project id is a one-many relationship type since single information is given to many, where the project id is required by the following tables
Project Report table
Head of department table
Senior manager table
Department ID: Department id details also required by the following tables
Staff table
Project table
Head of department table
Senior manager table
Queries/Reports in an Organisation:
The group of questions that arise during the presentation of the database and its entity relationship are referred as the queries/report in an organisation. A query is the request for the retrieval, creation, modification, or deletion of data in a database {1}
When a database is asked for a basic question and getting unwanted information returned by the database management system is the database query in it. There are many types of queries arise during the use of a database, some of them are discussed below.
Types of Queries:
Views
Stored Procedures
User Defined functions
Parameter Queries
Action Queries
Views:
Storage: the general type of presenting the database, for such reason using a subset of data helpful for the database users. Must restrict the database table to the users, and authenticate key for modification to the database administrators.
Sorting Results: Allowing the users to sort their views according to their needs.
Query Plan Generation: allow the user to create their own query for the modification of the database and their uses such as creating their own base table.
Result of Modification: as per the Query Plan Generation, the user can be able to delete, Renames, recreates, and modifies the base table, where the main table is protected and authentic.
Stored Procedures:
Stored procedures are the main management in a database; it is generally a collection of data’s or statements, complied together with flow-control, it allows the user to declare variables, selected executions, and other needful program action. It contains all types of logic, set of query for the use of database, and program flow.
User Defined Functions:
Users can create and use their own functions, such as they can view the database, retrieving their used data’s, saving specific data for future use. User defined functions are generally the combined procedures of the Views and Store procedure by the user. This is defined by three types
In-line: User is authorized to edit the values inside the table that the user can access, that is updateable data to his fields.
Table: access to create and modify a table by adding new rows or column.
Scalar: can be accessed to use integer, decimals, and variable characters inside the user modification area
Parameter Queries:
User can use multiple actions at a same time inside the process, where the user can specific details of the data of different fields, using such parameters in an organisation will help to find out the projects running between the following time length, such as giving the start date and end date. Generally parameter comes under two ways named and unnamed.
Named parameter: named parameter is used to identify specific details of a data by giving the appropriate key entry to the data.
Unnamed parameter: unnamed parameter is used to identify the full details of the data by giving symbols to identify in the key search field.
Action Queries:
User must have some specific type of action query that should be helpful for their views, such as
Append Value used to add values to selected columns or rows
Append is used to copy or move one row or column to another table
Update is used to make changes for the modification of the data’s.
Delete is used to remove the unwanted data or past events in the table.
Make table is used to create a new table to a new list of data available.
Comparisons of Databases:
Generally there are two types of databases in the field of data management. Since some wanted their database for personal use and some wanted for a larger group. For which we have server based database and desktop based database.
Server Based Database:
Server based database is used by a large group, where they can share their data from any point in the network. It has the ability to manage a large number of data’s which can be accessed and modified according to the level of data’s and information’s. There are many sever based databases in the field of database management system, but most of the common databases are Oracle, IBM DB2 and Microsoft SQL. There are many benefits using the sever based databases, some of them are listed below [2]
Flexibility. It can handle any type of data management problems, which is a application program interfaces (APIs) which provides a fast development of database.
High Performance. It has the ability to utilise the problems creating by the hardware platform, process under high speed processors, negative tolerant storage area.
Scalability. Any number of users from any location can use it in a faster way.
SQL:
Standard Query Language in short called as SQL, which is use to access and manipulate the data’s and information’s in the form of a database. [3]
SQL has the ability to execute any type of queries in a database, it is used to create, modify and update any type of databases [4]. SQL is used as many forms inside the databases such as query controller, data manipulator, transaction controller, data splitter, data controller, string and variable controller. SQL has sub-divisions according to its language elements such as
clauses
expressions
predicates
queries
statement
Insignificant whitespace
PC based Database:
PC/Desktop based databases are inexpensive, which provides the solution for less storage data and used for a single user purpose or a small group. Some of the major desktop based databases are FoxPro, FileMaker Pro, Paradox, Lotus approach and Microsoft Access. This PC based databases have a fewer benefits which is listed below [5]
Inexpensive: These databases are generally cheaper in cost
User friendly: Easy to use and navigate through the graphical user interface
Web based solution: Enable to publish data in dynamic or static means on the web.
MS Access:
Microsoft Access is developed for the purpose of relational data’s in the database management system. MS Access is the combination of jet database engine with GUI and the program development tools. MS Access consists of a large number of macros enabling the user to create and edit a database in a user friendly way. It slows down it speed of accessing when connected to a small network uses. [6]
MS Access has the following facilities to move up with the database [7]
Easy Navigation
Quick actions
Imports data’s from other database
Filter and sort data
Works with multivolume fields
Interactive report design mode editing
Tables of Comparisons:
Determination of Best Database for this Organisation:
According to the above vie w for the best database using for an organisation wisely is the SQL database since MS access cannot work faster in a network based system and here in the organisation we have many user had to go through the use of the database so as per the above I finally determine the SQL database as the best database for an Organisation.
Conclusion:
Databases are playing a major role in the field of data and information management system, where it has the collection of data and information, and should be modified, updated and shown upon the call request given by the users. According to the levels and uses of data the databases are varying, since server based databases are widely used around the world. Since the information’s has no end the database will grow upon the increase in the data’s its obtaining to lead this modern world.
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