留学生课程作业：施工过程中对施工材料、机械设备、混凝土使用等成本控制

Tunnel construction management as an important work of daily management, the construction process of the construction materials, machinery and equipment, concrete use of cost control, quality of construction of the tunnel is to achieve one of the guarantees and social benefits. Therefore, from the construction method to the construction of the various elements of scientific control, improve material utilization and reduce costs caused by the loss of working time phenomenon.
公路隧道施工管理作为一项日常管理的重要工作，施工过程中对施工材料、机械设备、混凝土使用等成本的控制，是实现隧道施工的质量和社会效益的保障之一。因此，要从施工方法到施工的各项内容，进行科学的控制，提高材料的利用率，减少因成本造成的误工现象。

A tunnel Overexcavation control means
1  隧道超欠挖控制的途径


1.1 construction design to accurately measure the loft during tunnel
construction, when carried out in accordance with the scientific design perfect construction supervision, excavation control the distance to try to reduce the error overbreak errors. This requires the construction sector with more advanced measuring instruments, on the basis of precise strategies to strengthen the sense of responsibility mapping education, the results of the measurement and timely feedback.
1.1 施工设计要精确测量放样  在进行隧道的施工时候，要按照科学的设计进行完善的施工监督，对开挖控制的距离要尽量的减少误差超挖的误差。这就需要施工部门配备较高级的测量仪器，在此基础上实现精确的策略，加强测绘人员的责任心教育，对测量的结果进行及时的反馈等。

1.2 Measurement results and timely feedback, make adjustments accordingly after blasting tunnel section and pre-construction design loft section have a certain gap, work area design data in accordance with the pre-budget overbreak distance, mostly in the actual cross-section staking program , so the design of cross-section according to a predetermined value for construction control, to go through all of the over and under group give accurate measurement data, and construction captain, construction workers and other agreed, good first-hand information, reported to the technical director and director of engineering work area, to facilitate timely decision-making and management.
1.2 及时反馈测量成果，据此做出相应调整  爆破后的隧道断面和施工前设计的放样断面有一定的差距，工区按照前期的设计数据进行预算超挖的距离，多以在实际的断面放样程序上，因此要根据设计的断面的预定值进行施工控制，全部的超欠都要经过测量组给以准确的数据之后，和施工队长、施工人员等商定，做好第一手资料之后，上报给工程技术主管和工区主任，便于及时的决策和管理。


1.3 pairs of daily consumption of concrete and timely feedback to achieve the measurement data proofreading approved, construction technology departments should strengthen the jet, the tunnel invert, tunnel lining surrounding places such as filling and a good amount of concrete used for accurate strictly controlled, arrange special personnel inspect the concrete daily usage, and timely reported to the construction of district director or technical supervisor.


2 tunnel construction schedule management measures


2.1 Strengthening excavation process cycle times and footage of the assessment of the progress in improving aspects of engineering, construction area combined with pre-construction experience, the project's actual construction conditions that can develop scientific and strict construction personnel appraisal reward system, each team for tunnel construction implementation of the on-site attendance time requirements, adding emergence of convergence from chain or delay construction of the phenomenon, carried out by the parties and the negative sign and acknowledge the responsibility lies. Strict examination cycle shift construction site personnel situation. Are not allowed to leave early, undergo phenomenon. All the time, and tunnel construction progress of construction to be a reasonable plan for improving the enthusiasm of the majority of construction workers.


2.2 to improve tunnel construction work area traffic management plan according to the construction program and the overall planning tunnel construction situation in each hole large lay aside a good place to avoid two parking spaces, and should avoid the car tunnel excavation to the appropriate The height and width, to ensure the smooth construction vehicles turn around, in order to better solve the wrong car tunnel construction vehicles and turn around the problem. To exit the tunnel construction area where a large lay-hole each place setting conspicuous warning and speed limit signs, etc., to improve transport vehicle driver's ability to judge. Meanwhile, the driver of a vehicle to the construction personnel rigorous training and assessment, in accordance with the last in-first-out principle, to go through the wrong car at the engineering vehicles continue to walk forward, you need the wrong car at the wrong car vehicle waiting around the wrong car, and proactive Turn off the car headlights to allow oncoming vehicles to pass them first.


2.3 Enhanced management of machinery and equipment used in the ventilation tunnel construction machinery, pneumatic machinery, mixer, canned vehicles, excavators, etc. costs incurred during construction of the tunnel, as the main part of the cost of construction machinery to carry out the mechanical costs reasonable control, thereby reducing the cost of tunnel construction. Air compressors, ventilation equipment management is an important work area management, then they have to start the air compressor, ventilation machinery strict management and evaluation, according to the requirements of tunnel construction, strict control and ventilation equipment, air compressor switch, the implementation of personal responsibility; strengthen the use of the process of management and control, especially for the installation of the wind pipe, can not appear leakage, leakage phenomenon. In order to achieve cost control control mixing station, concrete work area can use other week to conduct a comprehensive and accurate statistics, and Chen in the weekly seminar to analyze and summarize the use of electricity is not a normal phenomenon for reasons analysis, and gives practical and effective measures to solve the later construction work area to reduce unnecessary waste, effectively improve material utilization and reduce construction costs. Tunnel construction loading transport equipment, including excavators, loaders, trucks and other canned, work area for the use of excavators and loaders in accordance with the hourly fuel consumption assessment, assessment for canned car can also follow this manner, at the same time, work area a variety of equipment and machinery, driving operators unauthorized use is strictly prohibited, violators for serious treatment.

Equipment maintenance problems in dealing with work area, they can according to the following procedure, beginning drivers for warranty, in charge of inspection, based on the notification repair personnel to repair, repair after mechanical supervisor to timely acceptance, final inspection repair driver will equipment repair single cross to machinery management staff. After acceptance, the mechanical use of drivers, maintenance personnel and mechanical maintenance supervisor who want to be registered to use all of the accessories shown to reduce the waste of parts and maintenance costs.


2.4 Management Daily inspection order to effectively solve the problem of the existence of the construction site, work area you want to set up a work area director as the head of the assessment team, the members of this group include: construction technical director, construction captain, the primary responsibility of the relevant departments person, group leaders and so on. The members of the assessment team to examine the place to be on time for centralized, responsible for their own rigorous assessment content to learning, discovery problems, propose solutions and timely advice or treatment methods to reduce the losses caused due to construction problems.


3 held on time and arranged meetings of all relevant cost control   http://www.ukthesis.org/Assignment_Writing/
  

3.1 Construction held a weekly meeting to be based on the construction progress of the work area, the construction of the status of an organized production meetings, meetings with the construction of technical director presided over the work area, the main person in charge of each department, group leaders and other management personnel attend discussions, pre-construction work and the next problem, problems such discussions to better promote the construction of conduct.


3.2 Cost of the construction process convening of the meeting in order to enable work area managers timely understanding of the construction cost control, work area can be arranged relatively fixed time cost analysis of thematic sessions held, cost analysis by the technical director presided over the construction work area, the department is mainly responsible person, group leaders and other management personnel participants discussed the main contents of the meeting is to analyze the situation pre Overexcavation, water usage, construction progress, mechanical equipment, fuel, concrete usage and consumption of various construction materials and so on, through the discussion and dissemination of these data to improve construction management personnel conservation awareness, reducing construction costs.


4 Conclusion
Tunnel construction management as a major engineering, construction in the process of construction materials, machinery and equipment, concrete use of cost control, quality of construction of the tunnel is to achieve one of the guarantees and social benefits. Cost control during the construction work of perseverance. Tunnel construction control personnel to implement and follow up the process, gradually improve and perfect the various control systems, enabling highway tunnel construction cost-effective control.