英国谢菲尔德大学留学生有关全球气候变暖方面的本科课程作业格式范文：Global Warming

英国谢菲尔德大学留学生有关全球气候变暖方面的本科课程essay格式范文：Global Warming

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1. Introduction
Global warming is a climate change phenomenon which refers to the rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans due to human-induced greenhouse effect. The term was probably first used in its modern sense in a science paper called Are we on the brink of a pronounced global warming?(1975) The author's choice of words was new and represented a significant recognition that the climate was warming; while previously the phrasing used by scientists was "inadvertent climate modification". Generally speaking, since the early 20th century, Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C, with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980(Greenhouse effect). http://www.ukthesis.org/Assignment_Writing/ Evidence for warming of the climate system is overwhelming and observable, such as widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level. Ubiquitous as it is, its advent is definitely not a blessing but a Pandora's box with various devastating consequences either for human kind or nature. However, the good news is that this rough problem has become a growing concern of people, and is even on the international agenda. This essay will argue that a fight against the observed warming is looming ahead, and it must be through looking into its both root causes and symptoms to handle the issue. Therefore, initially, the essay will concentrate on the factors behind the phenomenon. Some adverse impacts will follow closely. In the third section, the essay intends to propose several proposals in three angles: (1) the international collaboration is required; (2) the government and public should work together; (3) searching for new paths is necessary. Finally, a conclusion is made that people should keep balance between the development and environment.

2. Causes of temperature changes
Indeed, global warming seems to have long reached a level such that people can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and the observed warming. As matters actually stand, however, the greenhouse gas is little more than a nominal scapegoat, and man himself is to blame for the deadly new ecological crisis.#p#分页标题#e#

2.1. The greenhouse effect
Put simply, the greenhouse effect refers to the insulating effect of atmospheric long-wave radiation. It's a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the gases.

The earth’s natural greenhouse effect makes life as we know it possible In this mechanism, greenhouse gases play a huge role, and without them, the earth will be as cold and lifeless as the surface of the moon. Accordingly, overload gases will also lead to the hellish conditions now seen on Venus. But unfortunately this delicate balance now seems off, and the home planet risks getting hotter and hotter.

2.2. The greenhouse gases
By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on the earth, the three major gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane respectively. Obviously, water vapor occupies the largest proportion, it's self-innocent and is regulated by water circles for millions of years. Though methane accounts for a rather small portion, it is quite efficient that can be easily transformed into its stubborn partner carbon dioxide. That is to say, all the figure points at this property stabilized gas, which acts as the insulating cover of the earth as a result of its good heat-preservation performance. Where do the soaring carbon emissions come from? People put themselves to deep reflection.

2.3. Human activities
In the last few decades, scientists have reached consensus and reported that human beings are causing changes in the Earth's climate—something previously seen as beyond our control.

It's indeed the case that demographic factors lie at the root of environmental issues. In the 20th century, the human population quadrupled and primary power consumption increased 16-fold (Advanced technologies to Global Climate Stability: Energy for a Greenhouse Planet 2002). According to the United Nations, the current world population of 7 billion is likely to exceed 10 billion over the next 90 years. The pressure of the rapid growth intensifies the burden of nature capacity. It also indicates an alarming number related to carbon dioxide emissions from human breath.

Another decisive culprit is the overuse of fossil fuel including coal, oil and natural gas. Since the Industrial Revolution 200 years ago, mankind has depended heavily on fossil fuel, whose combustion can bring people the energy for industry, transportation as well as wealth. Meanwhile, it inevitably produces by-product represented by carbon dioxide. There is date demonstrating that three-quarters of greenhouse gases on Earth comes from fossil fuel burning.

In addition, some other activities such as cement production,  tropical deforestation and water pollution to varying degrees exacerbate the situation.#p#分页标题#e#

3. The impacts of global warming
As mentioned above, the rising of the temperature of the weather on Earth may induce beat all aftermaths. Here, this assay intends to illustrate some noticeable adverse impacts which makes people scowling, to help establish a better understanding of the problem.

3.1. Expected environmental effects
An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise, hence speeding up water consumption and evaporation. The subsequent nightmare may be a more frequent occurrence of extreme-weather events ranging from heat waves, droughts to heavy rainfall, and a probable expansion of subtropical deserts. Warming is expected to be strongest in the Arctic and would be associated with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely effects of the warming include species extinctions when the shifting temperature regimes exceed the limits of their adaptation, the spread of pests and water-borne diseases.

3.2. Expected social system effects
It is no exaggeration to say that climate change threatens the survival of vulnerability of human societies in a long run (If We Seek, Do We Learn?: Predicting Knowledge of Global Warming 2009:3). With the rising sea levels, some small islands may disappear, forcing those coastal residents to migrate to new habitats. It's presumably that people begin to fight for the decreasing land and http://www.ukthesis.org/Assignment_Writing/ water supplies, which can turn into massive wars. At the same time, they probably have to suffer from tropic infectious diseases. When it comes to agriculture, the outlook is not so optimistic either. On one hand, severe heat is unfavorable for the germination and growth of seeds; on the other hand, devastating floods and droughts caused by freak weather will lead to poor farming, and America's corn belt is just the epitome.

4. Responses to global warming
Some experts predict that if measures are not taken, the planet is likely to get irreversible warming. Thus, rather than arguing whether human activity is altering climate, the discussion is now turning to what steps society can take to protect the climate (Capturing Greenhouse Gases 2000;9). As a result, a lot of projects from different angles have been put forward to restrict this unhealthy trend.

4.1. International collaboration
 Globalization makes it possible that climate change receives much attention from the international community(Climate Change: The Political Economy of Kyoto Flexible 2010:3). A series of international treaties have been established sun as United Nations Framework Convention and Kyoto Protocol to mitigate this process. Despite the existence of disputes in this issue, it's encouraging that many countries appeal to a low-carbon and environment-friendly development model. For instance, UK promises a 60% cardon dioxide cut emission by 2050, as recommended by the RCEP, with real process by 2020. Indeed, the global problem requires global efforts, and every country is globally-accepted rules and standards.#p#分页标题#e#
 

4.2 Macro-control and micro-involvement
There is a misconception that climate change is a threat that matters mainly to the government. In fact, it matters everyone. In real life, the government carries out macro-policies and the public is expected to involve positively. A specific example is cited here --- as is known to all, exhaust gases from cars contain a lot of greenhouse gases. How to control the pollution? The government can put higher taces on petrol, aiming to discourage the use of cars; while people should choose alternative methods of transport such as cheaper and more convenient trains and bus services. In a word, official and civil fulfill their proper function effectively and efficiently.

4.3. New scientific paths
 Developing new energy sources is promising. There seems no credible path to stabilizing, much reducing global carbon emissions without nuclear power (From nuclear to renewable: Energy system transformation and public attitudes, 2012:8). The earth is a planet of 7 billion people, heading towards 10 billion. Even with better energy efficiency, global energy demand will soon double, perhaps triple. Renewable energy, another reliable alternative which includes wind power, tidal energy and solar energy, is any source of energy that can be used without depleting its reserves (Solar Power: The future's bright 2007:10). People pay much attention because they are inexhaustible, safe and clear.
Furthermore, some professors propose a bold plan that sequestering carbon dioxide underground or in the deep ocean should help keep the greenhouse gas out of the atmosphere where it now contributes to climate change. The various options must be scrutinized for cost, safety and potential environmental effects. Not impossible, this assumption may come true some day.

5. Conclusion
The global warming effect has sounded alarm bells that it's urgent to deal with the problem that how to make the balance between economic development and environment protection. If bigotry, today's wealth at the expense of over-consumed environmental resources will be used to build the luxurious tombs for the succeeding generations.

References
1. Hoffert, Martin. I (2002) Advanced technologies to Global Climate Stability: Energy for a Greenhouse Planet, Science, 298, pp981-987
2. Kahlor, L. and Rosenthal, S. (2009, March) If We Seek, Do We Learn?: Predicting Knowledge of Global Warming,, Science Communication, pp.380-414
3. Herzog, H. Eliasson, B. and Kaarstsad, O. (2000, February) http://www.ukthesis.org/Assignment_Writing/Capturing Greenhouse Gases, Scientific American, pp.72-79
4. Vlachou, M. A. and Konstantinidis, C. (2010 March) Climate Change: The Political Economy of Kyoto Flexible, Review of Radical Political Economics, pp. 32-49.
5. Pidgeon, N. and Demski, C. (2012, August ) From nuclear to renewable: Energy system transformation and public attitudes, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, pp. 41-51#p#分页标题#e#

6. Daviss , B. (2007, December) Solar Power: The future's bright, New Scientist, 2633,pp.32-37