英语dissertation题目：外语学院英语专业本科毕业dissertation备选题目
英语dissertation题目：外语学院英语专业本科毕业dissertation备选题目
一. 法律英语
1. Relationship of Age to Legal English Learning
2. A Study of Adverbs in Legal English
3. Linguistic Features of Legal English
4. Legal English Vocabulary Teaching
5. On Cultural Context in Legal English Articles
6. Sources of Chinese and English Legal Terms
7. Relationship between Culture and Law
8. Characteristics of Legal Terms
9. Functions of Languages in Legislation
10. Skills of Expression in Legislative Language
11. Translation of Complex Sentence in the Legal Language
12. Killing and its Hyponyms in Legal English
13. A Glimpse of the Common Law from the Different Expressions of a “Lawyer”
14. The Difference Between the Legal Theory and its Translation
15. An Approach to Legal Language
16. The Characteristics of Legal Translation
17. Similar Elements between Torts of Law and Criminal Law from the Perspective of a Case Study
18. Punctuation in Legal English: for instance, comma, period, colon, etc.
19. Principles of Legal English Translation
20. Abbreviations in Legal English
21. Semantic Differences in Legal English Translation
22. Cultural Distinctiveness in Legal English Translation
23. Differences between Chinese and English Legal Lexicons
24. Transitional Words in Legal English
25. Context in Legal English Translation
26. Preciseness of Legal English
27. Ambiguity in Legal English
28. Discussion on the Translation of Commonly-used Sentence Patterns
29. Characteristics and the Functional Orientation of Legal Texts
30. Parataxis VS. Hypostasis in Legal Chinese and Legal English
31. The Usage of the Model Verbs “shall” and “should” in Legal English法律语言中情态动词shall, should的用法
32. The Application of the Fuzzy Words in Legal English法律语言模糊性词语的运用
33. The Comparison Between the Chinese and English Compound Sentence Structures英汉法律语句中复合句结构对比
34. The Vocabulary Vacancy in Legal English Translation法律翻译中的词语空缺
35. The Translatability and Untranslatability of the Words in Legal English英语法律词语/语言的可译性和不可译性
36. On the Characteristics of Legal English Language法律语言的特点
37. The Differences of the Legal Discourse in Chinese and English英汉法律语篇的结构差异
38. The Features of the Legislative Language立法/司法语言的特征
39. The Features of the Judicial Language
二. 商务英语
40. The Influence of Cultural Elements on the Translation of the idioms in Commercial English#p#分页标题#e#
试dissertation化因素对经贸领域中习语翻译的影响
41. Commercial English: its characteristics and translation经贸英语的特点与翻译
42. The Characteristics of Business Contract Wording in English & its Translation英语经贸契约的用词特点与翻译
43. On the Usage and Translation of Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases in Business Contracts in English英语经贸契约介词和介词短语的用法及翻译
44. Understanding and Translation of the Divisional Phenomena in English Economic Contracts英语经贸契约分隔现象的理解与翻译
45. Lexical Features of Business Contract English and Its Translation经贸合同英语词法特征及其翻译
46. Characteristics and Distinctive English Translation of Words in Business Contracts商务合同英语用词特点及翻译的特色标记
47. The Characteristics and the Present Situation of Foreign trade English Translation对外经贸翻译的特点与现状
48. On the Translation of Commercial Advertisement谈商业广告的翻译
49. On the Role of Social Context in Business English Translation浅议经贸英语翻译中语境因素的作用
50. On the Criteria of Translating English in to Foreign- oriented Economy and Trade Affairs试论经贸英语翻译的标准
51. Translation Characteristics of Economy and Trade English经贸英语的翻译特点
52. Understanding and Translation of the Divisional Phenomena in English Economic Contracts英语经贸契约分隔现象的理解与翻译
53. On Abbreviations in Business English谈经贸英语中的缩略语现象
54. On the Strategies of the Mistranslation in Business English论经贸英语误译的对策
55. Multi-angle Views On Business English Translation经贸翻译的多视角
56. A Classification & Translation of Words Denoting Major Positions in Business English经贸英语中主要职务用词的分类与翻译
57. The Classification and Translation of the Business English Terms with the Reference of "Money"经贸英语中含有"钱款"意义词汇的分类及翻译
58. A Brief analysis on the Characteristics of Business English Vocabulary浅议经贸英语词汇的特点
59. Word Diction in Economy and Trade Translation经贸翻译的词义选择
60. On the Multi-discipline of the Economic English Vocabulary论经济英语语汇的多学科性
61. On the Features of Business English Letters浅谈外经贸英语信函的写作特点
62. Adjusting the Tone in International Business English经贸英语缓和口吻表达方法探究
63. The Stylistic Features of the Contract English协议、合同英语的文体特点
64. On Translation of English Advertisement广告英语的翻译
65. Advertisement English Translation in Cross-cultural Background跨文化背景中的广告英语翻译#p#分页标题#e#
66. On Modifiers of Nouns in English for Foreign Economy & Trade略谈外经贸英语中的名词修饰语
67. On Translation of the Dates, Amount and Numbers (Figures) in the Economic & Trade Contracts经贸契约中日期、金额和数字的翻译
68. Translating Strategy of Modern Business English现代商务英语翻译策略
69. The New Trend of Economy & Trade English after China's Entry into WTO经贸英语在中国加入WTO后的新趋势
70. Knowledge of Formulaic Expressions in Foreign Economic and Trade Contracts for the Study of Legal English了解涉外经贸合同套语扫除法律英语学习障碍
71. The Principle of Faithfulness in C-E Business Translation关于英汉经贸翻译的"信"
72. Methods and Principles of Trade Mark Translation商标翻译的方法及应遵循的基本原则
73. The Language Characteristics and Translation Stragegy of English Advertisements广告英语语言特点及其翻译策略
74. A Study of the Characteristics of Sentences in International Economic Trade Contracts in English试谈英文国际经济贸易合同的句法特点
75. How to Correctly Understand & Translate the Compound Words Formed from Here-, There- and Where- in Economic & Trade Contracts 如何正确理解和翻译经贸契约中Here,There-和Where构成的复合词
76. he Life of the Translation of the Literature of Economy and Trade—— Accuracy in the Translation经贸文体翻译之生命——准确性
77. On the Rhetoric Character and Translating Method of Advertising English浅析广告英语的修辞特点和翻译方法
78. On Metaphors in Business English and Translation商务英语中的隐喻及其翻译
79. On "Faithfulness" and "Innovation" in Foreign Trade English Translation外贸英语翻译的"忠实"与"变通"
80. The Strategies of Domestication and Dissimilation on Advertising English Translation广告英语翻译的"归化"和""异化"策略
81. Cross-cultural and Cross-linguistic Factors in English Advertisement Translation英语广告翻译中的跨文化、跨语言因素
82. Nominalization application in business English letter writing and its translation名词化结构在商务英语信函中的应用和翻译
83. On the Art of Rhetoric and Translation Approaches in Advertising English论广告英语的修辞艺术和翻译方法
84. The Negative and Active Function of Fuzzy Language in Business Writing论模糊语言在经贸英语写作中的作用
85. The Application of PP (Polite Principle) in Business English Communication
86. CP（Cooperative Principle）and Business English Interpretation
87. On the Cliché Expressions in Business English商务英语中陈词腐语探析
88. Hypotaxis and Parataxis in the Context of English to Chinese Translation of Business Literature商务英语翻译中形合义合分析#p#分页标题#e#
89. On the Preciseness of Business English Contracts论商务英文合同语言严谨性
90. How to Achieve Consideration in Business Correspondence实现商务函电中“consideration”的手段
91. A Research into the Legalese in Applied Business Literature商务英语应用文中的法制性语言研究
92. On the Balance between Conversational English and Old-fashioned English“conversational English”与“old-fashioned English”的恰当使用
93. Features of Foreign Trade English and its Translation Model外贸英语的特点与翻译模式
94. An Analysis of the Rhetorical Devices used in English Business Advertisements商务英语广告语言修辞探析
95. On the Translation of Trademarks商务英语商标翻译技巧
96. Business English Abbreviations and their Functions商务英文缩略语构成及功能
97. On the Application of the Politeness Principle in Foreign Trade Correspondence“礼貌”在函电中的恰当使用
98. Principles of Translating Economic Literature of Enterprises from Chinese to English企业外宣资料汉英翻译原则
99. English-Chinese Translation of Trademarks: Its Principles and Strategies英语商标的汉译原则及策略
100. The Puns in English and Chinese Advertisements and the Translation of Them英汉广告中的双关语及其英汉互译
101. The Pragmatic Analysis and Translation Strategies of Long Sentences in English Business Contracts英语商务合同长句的语用分析及翻译策略
102. Influence of Cultural differences on the Chinese-English Translation of Business Writing文化差异对商务汉英翻译的影响
103. On Equivalence of Cultural Message in the International Business English Translation国际商务英语翻译中的文化信息等值研究
三. 翻译理论与实践
104. Gu Hongming: A Pioneer of Translating the Chinese Classics into English
105. On the Principles of Equivalence in Literary Translation
106. Cultural Gaps and Untranslatability
107. Translating and the Background Information
108. A Preliminary Study of Explanatory Translating
109. Translating the English Plural Nouns into Chinese
110. Translating the Lengthy English Sentences into Chinese
111. On Translating English Book Titles into Chinese
112. Views on the Chinese Version of Emma
113. The Chinese Version of Jude the Obscure: An Outstanding Example of Artistic Recreation
114. Translating the Style of Literary Works—A Preliminary Study of Wu Ningkun’s Version of The Great Gatsby
115. A Comparative Study of Two Chinese Versions of The Merchant of Venice
116. A Reading of Fang Zhong’s Translation of The Canterbury Tales
117. On the English Versions of Some of Du Fu’s Poems#p#分页标题#e#
118. Translating the Titles of Chinese Classic Poetry
119. Common Errors in Translation: An Analysis
120. English Idioms and the Translation
121. How to Deal with Ellipsis in Translating
122. The Translation of Trade Marks and Culture
123. On Poem Translation
124. The Appropriateness and Comparison of Poem Translation
125. The Character of Title and Translation
126. The Social and Cultural Factors in Translation Practice
127. English and Chinese Comparison and Translation
128. On the Faithfulness in Translation
129. On Literal Translation and Free Translation
130. Translation for EST
131. On Translation Methods of Numerals in Chinese and English
132. On the Du Fu’s Poems Translation
133. The Comparison and Translation of Chinese and English Idioms
134. Loyalty in Translation
135. Cultural Equivalence in Translation
136. Onomatopoeia and its Translation
137. On the Cross-Culture Pragmatic Failure in English Translation
138. Remarks on the Translation of Chinese Set-Phrase
139. What is an Ideal Translation?
140. A Brief Comparison Between Two Basic Translation Methods—Literal Translation and Free Translation
141. Elementary Comment on Literal Translation and Free Translation
142. Learning a Foreign Language Through Translation
143. Arts in Verse Translation
144. On Translating the Passive Voice in Scientific and Technology English into Chinese
145. A Comparative Study of Two English Version of the Chang Ganxing
146. Review on the Translation of Movie Titles
147. Features and Translation of Idioms
148. The Translation of Long Sentences
149. Literature Translation and the Importance of it
150. Problems Arising in Idiom Translation Caused by Culture Discussion and My Attempt at Dealing with these Problems
151. The Application of Semiotic Approach in Translation
152. Language, Culture and Translation—the Influence of Cultures on Translation and Communication
153. A Brief Study on English Antonyms
154. Translation — An Unsubstitutable Means of English Teaching
155. On the Translation of Advertisement and Brand Name
156. On the Translation of Film Names
157. Discourse Analysis of the Dialogues in Films
158. On Cultural Impact on Translation of Idioms
159. The Variation of Maxims and the Humor of Advertisement
160. A Study of Dialect in View of Social and Literary Contexts
161. On Translating English Negative Sentence into Chinese
162. How to Get Poetic Flavor in Translation
163. Comparison of Chinese and English Forms of Addresses
164. Translation of Chinese Brand into English#p#分页标题#e#
165. Analysis on Two English Versions of Honglou Meng in Terms of Literal Translation and Free Translation
四. 英语语言学
166. Sexism as Reflected in the Chinese and English Languages
167. Lexical Items as Means of Cohesion in English Texts
168. Lexical Cohesion in English
169. On English Oration as a Variety of Language
170. The Polite Language in the English Language
171. Reflection on the English Taboo Word
172. Remarks on Modern American Slang
173. The Different Usage of American Folk Language and Modern American Language
174. An Account of Advertising Language
175. Stylistic Comparison Between Broadcast News and Newspaper News
176. News Headlines: Their Features and Style
177. Stylistic Features of News Reporting
178. A Comparative Study of Chinese and English Body Languages
179. Note on Ambiguity of English Language
180. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Proverbs
181. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Idioms
182. On Commonization of Proper Nouns in English
183. Noun-Verb Conversion in Contemporary English
184. Syntactic Functions of Prepositional Phrases
185. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Prepositions
186. On the English Verbal Fillers
187. On the English Negative Sentences
188. On the English Verbless Sentences
189. On Simplification of English Sentences
190. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Existential Sentences
191. Positions of Attributes and Adverbials in English and Chinese: A Comparative Study
192. Studies in English Sentences of Implied Condition
193. Tentative Study of Syllepsis in English
194. The Way of Expressing Emphatic Ideas in English
195. On the Revival of Dead Metaphor
196. My Study on Complimenting
197. An Exploration of Body Language
198. The Linguistic Characteristics of Advertising English
199. A Survey on Loan Words of English
200. Death Metaphors in English
201. The Pragmatic Functions of Intonation for Language Acquisition
202. The Change of English Word Meaning: Factors and Types
五. 语言与文化
203. Hierarchies in American and Chinese Address Forms
204. The Role Played by the American Blacks in the History of America
205. The Cults in Modern American Society
206. Chinese and Western Culture Values in Advertising Language
207. Deep-structure Transfer in Cross-cultural Communication
208. Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Communication
209. Body Language Functions in Cultures
210. Exotic Cultures Influence on English Vocabulary
211. The Future Emergence of Chinese English#p#分页标题#e#
212. Differences Between American and English on Lexis
213. Similarities and Differences in the Connotation of Animal Words in English
214. The Comparison of Culture and Language Between Chinese and English
215. Religious Cultural Factors Affecting the Differences of Meanings of Words
216. An Informal Discussion on Vocabulary’s Cultural Connotation Between Chinese and English
217. A Study on Animal Metaphors in English and Chinese
218. Body Language in Nonverbal Communication
219. The Obstacle of Intercultural Communication
220. Comparison between Chinese Collectivism and American Individualism in Oral Speaking
221. A Comparison of Intercultural Usages between Chinese and Western Courtesy Languages
222. The Discrepancy of Chinese and Western Culture in Advertisement
223. General Features of Language in Postmodern Culture
224. On the Cultural Implications of Body Language
225. On Dissimilation and Assimilation in Terms of Culture
226. Connotation of Animal Words in Chinese and English Idioms
227. A Brief Comment on Discourse Hegemony of American Media
六. 英语教学
228. The Application of the Theory of Pragmatics
229. The Application of the Theory of Discourse Analysis
230. Teaching Grammar within a Communicative Framework
231. A Study on the Direct-Spelling Method
232. The Application of Schema Theory in Reading Comprehension
233. Body Language in English Teaching
234. The Diversification of English Language Teaching
235. The Present Situation of Bilingual Education
236. Some Designs on English Learning
237. Creating Learning Environments
238. Collaborative Learning: Group Work
239. How Group Work Helps to Teach English Well
240. Motivation for English Teaching
241. The Activities Used to Improve the English Teaching Class
242. A Balanced Activities Approach in Communicative Foreign Language Teaching
243. On Communicative Way in Grammar Teaching
244. Culture Education in School English Teaching
245. Consideration on Bilingual Teaching
246. The English Teaching Based on Multimedia
247. Culture Lead-in in English Teaching
248. The Factors Affecting on Teaching a Language and Relevant Teaching Methods
249. How to Improve Students’ Listening Abilities
250. Communicative Language Teaching and the Teaching in English Class
251. How to Learn English Vocabulary Effectively
252. On English Writing
253. The Social Psychological Factors of Foreign Language Learning
254. The Practice of English Class Teaching
255. On Pair Work and Group Work and Their Use in English Language Teaching#p#分页标题#e#
256. Cultural Difference and English Teaching
257. International Communication College Culture and Education
258. Initiation and Situation in English Learning Motivation
259. Cognitive Approach in Oral English Teaching
260. On the Merit and Application of Computer-assisted Instruction
261. Multiple Intelligence Theory and Language Teaching-Considering Student-Countered
262. Communicative Competence and Focused Task-based Teaching Approach
263. On Developing English Reading Skills
264. Interaction in Oral English Teaching
265. Improvement of Students' Oral Communicative Competence and Interactivity in Class Performance
266. The Application of Schemata in the Teaching of Reading Comprehension
267. Role-play in English Teaching
268. Teaching English in English
269. Communicative Language Teaching and Classroom English Teaching in China
270. A Conceptual Discussion on Classroom Teamwork Strategy
271. Obstacles in Listening Comprehension and the Ways to Remove them
272. On Sino—Western Cultural Differences and the Structure of Chinese College students' Chinglish
273. The Conversion and Development of English Teaching Methods in China
274. Remarks on the Factors Influencing the Individual Language Learners
275. English Songs—An Effective and Supplementary Medium of English Teaching
276. The Non-intelligence Factors in English Learning
277. The Use of Instructional Technology in English Listening Teaching
278. On Art of Teacher Talk
279. Culture Education in English Teaching
280. The Principles and Methods of Spoken English Teaching
281. How to Improve the Teaching of Listening and Speaking by Activities
282. On Approaches to Improving Vocabulary Instruction
283. Using Task-based Method and Internet Resource to Improve Teaching of Classroom Reading
284. The Study of English Vocabulary Learning Strategies
七. 英美文学研究
285. A Brief Comment on Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice
286. Hamlet: His Characters as a Humanist
287. Parallelism and Contrast of Shakespeare’s Dramatic Language
288. On the Structure of Dickens’s Hard Times
289. Jane Austen’s Art of Irony and Its Rhetoric Effects
290. An Character Analysis of the Heroine of Emma
291. The High Class as Seen in Thacheray’s Vanity Fair
292. From Pastoral Stories to Great Tragic Novels: An Analysis of Hardy’s Novels
293. Remarks on D.H.Lawrence’s Psychological Analyses
294. Social Reality as Reflected in the Poetry of William Blake
295. Edgar Allan Poe and the World Literature
296. The Tragic Color of Earnest Hemingway’s Novels#p#分页标题#e#
297. Social Significance as Reflected in The Great Gatsby
298. A Critical Study of William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily: Its Narrative Techniques and Structure
299. Some Features of Steinbeck’s Literary Style
300. Emily Dickinson and Her Unique Poetry
301. An Analysis of Several Robert Frost’s Famous Poems
302. Symbolism in O’Neill’s Major Plays
303. The Modern American Society and The Death of the Salesman
304. A Comparative Study of Empathy in English and Chinese Poetry
305. A Comparative Analysis of Sentence Structures in English and Chinese Poetry
306. Mrs. Browning’s Sonnets from the Portuguese
307. The Realism of the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn
308. Mark Twain and Huck Finn
309. Love Stories in William Cather’s O Pioneers
310. An Analysis of Edgar Allan Poe’s The Raven and Annabel Lee
311. Heroism in Hemingway’s Works
312. The Light of the Dark：The Greatest Works of Conan and Agatha
313. On Wordsworth’s View of Nature
314. On the Symbolism of D.H. Lawrence’s The Rainbow
315. Analysis of Characters of Don Quxiote
316. On the Author and the Major Characters of The Pearl
317. The Brief Analysis of Shakespeare’s Tragedy Tradition
318. The Versification of English Poetry and Metrical
319. Contrast Between Chinese Poetry and Sonnets
320. Social Reality Reflected in Ode To the West Wind
321. Hamlet and His Delay
322. The Cuban Culture Contest of The Old Man and the Sea
323. On the Bronte Sisters and theirs Writings
324. Gothic Features in Wuthering Heights
325. The Character of Hamlet
326. The Analysis of Santiago’s Character
327. The Comparison of the Character of Carrie Meeber and Jennie Gerhardt
328. The Philosophy of Life in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea
329. Mark Twain---The Pessimist Who Brought Laughter to The World
330. A New Industry Raising From the Horizon
331. Blind Loyalty and Tragic Destiny
332. Rebecca’s Character Description
333. Humor and Realism of Mark Twain’s The Celebrated Jumping Frog of California County
334. Robinson Crusoe and the Colonial Empire
335. A Probe into the Ambiguity and Symbolization of Eliot’s Poetry
336. The Realism of Adventure of Huckleberry Finn
337. A Farewell to Arms—A Clear Mirror
338. To Foster an Earthy Rainbow
339. Gone with the Wind and the Awakening of Women
340. Hemingway and Hemingway Heroes
341. The Sound of Heart-Reverie and Melancholy in Emily Dickinson’s Poems
342. Comment on the Biblical Images in Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes#p#分页标题#e#
343. Comparison of Gone with the Wind and The Collector—An Analysis of Women’s Problem
344. Satire in Catch—22
345. Morals Affect Tess’ Fate
346. Love, Equality and Tolerance—On the Nature of Love of Jane and Tess
347. On the Endings and Features of O • Henry's Short Stories
348. Paradise Lost—The War in the Heaven
349. A Brief Approach to the Influence of the Religion on Literature
350. A Study on the Characterization of Great Expectations
351. The Attractions of The Waste Land
352. On the Religious Color of Characterization in Uncle Tom's Cabin
353. Thoreau's Walden: A Book of Inward Exploration
354. The Death of Martin Eden
355. Beautiful Women—Analysis of Female Characters in The Merchant of Venice
356. The Great Gatsby and the Collapse of the American Dream
357. The Influence of Edgar Allan Poe's Life on his Writing
358. Egdon Heath in The Return of Native
359. The Biblical Allusions and Symbols in The Grapes of Wrath
360. A Journey of Outward and Inward Exploration—A Brief Analysis of Walden
361. The Duality in Robinson Crusoe's Character
362. On the Characterization and Writing Techniques in Rebecca
363. Wordsworth: Nature's Favorite Son
364. Two Aspects Reflected from Robinson Crusoe: Society and Nature
365. The Superman Complex in Love of Life
1、语言交际过程分为哪几个阶段？请举例具体说明。人类语言交际的过程，实际上就是信息的传递与接受问题，可分为编码、发送、传递、接收、解码五个阶段。编码就是发话人利用词语组织语句，发送就是把思维成果变成话语通过发音器官表达出来，传递就是通过空气振动成声波，把话语传达给受话人，接收是受话人利用听觉器官感知对方所说的话，解码则是经过大脑把声波还原成语言，理解对方话语的含义，从而完成信息传递接受。如果受话人收到语言信息有所反馈，那么上述五个阶段则又重复一遍，只是发话人与受话人调换了。
2、“语言学既是一门古老的学科，又是一门年轻的学科；既与社会科学有密切的联系，又与自然科学有密切的联系。”怎样理解这句话的含义？语言是伴随着人类一起出现的，是人类社会生活必不可少的，所以人类很早就注意到语言的重要性，很早就注意研究语言，所以语言学是古老的，但语言学直到18世纪下半叶，产生了历史比较语言学，后来又建立了语言学的各个部门，语言研究才发展成为一门独立的学科，同其它学科相比，语言学的确是十分年轻的。语言社会现象，与社会的政治、经济、文化、历史密切相关，而语言的发生又与物理、生理、心理等学科密切相关，而现代语言与语言的信息处理（如机器翻译、语码转换等），又涉及到数学、计算器科学，所以语言与社会科学有密切联系，又与自然科学有密切联系。正因为如此，随着语言学与别的学科的交融，又产生了许多语言学分支学科，如社会语言学、心理语言学、统计语言学、话语语言学等，这些也体现了语言学是一门年轻的学科。#p#分页标题#e#
3、为什么说历史比较语言学在语言学史上具有重要地位？历史比较语言学从前又称比较语法，通过语言亲属关系的比较研究语言的发展规律，拟测它们的共同母语。历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，主要是印欧语系的历史比较，19世纪之前，这种研究不是没有，但都是孤立的分散的研究，到19世纪才进入系统的研究，并使语言学走上独立发展的道路。19世纪历史比较语言学家为语言学的发展做出了重要贡献。他们收集了丰富的语言材料，进行了广泛深入的调查和比较，不仅提出了人类语言演变过程的假设，画出了世界语言的譜系，而且还创造出比较科学的研究方法，提出了有关语言起源、语言本质的新理论，为后来结构主义和描写语言学的产生和发展创造了有利条件。
4、历史比较语言学的代表人物有哪些？19世纪历史比较语言学在理论和方法上大致可以分为三个阶段：在初始阶段，丹麦的拉斯克、德国的格里姆和葆扑被成为历史比较语言学的奠基者。19世纪中期，历史比较语言学发展到第二阶段，最有代表性的人物是德国的施莱歇尔。19世纪的最后25年是历史比较语言学的“新语法学派”时期。这个学派的代表人物是德国的奥斯特霍夫和布鲁克曼，他们在自己创办的刊物《形态学研究》上正式宣布：语音的演变规律不允许任何例外。
5、语言学的流派1、历史比较语言学，奠基人：丹麦的拉斯克、德国的格里姆和葆扑；2、结构语言学，包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学派；3、转换生成学派；4、系统功能学派；5、社会语言学派。
6、主要的语言学家及其代表作 索绪尔（瑞士）《普通语言学教程》被称为现代语言学之父。布龙菲尔德（美国）《语言论》是美国结构主义语言学的奠基性著作。特鲁贝茨科依（俄国）《音位学原理》是布拉格学派的杰出代表。乔姆斯基（美国）《句法结构》是转换生成学派的代表。高本汉（瑞典）《中国音韵学研究》。韩礼徳（英国）《功能语法导论》系统功能学派代表。拉波天（美国）〈语言演变理论的经验基础〉社会语言学代表。赵元任（中国）〈现代吴语的研究〉〈音位标音法的多能性〉。叶尔姆斯列夫(丹麦）《语言理论导论》哥本哈根学派代表
7、什么是语言？什么是说话？语言是音义结合的符号系统，人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具。说话是人们运用语言工具跟人们交流思想的行为。
8、语言和说话的关系 要弄清楚“什么是语言”的问题，首先要弄清楚的是，语言和说话不是一回事。语言不等于说话，也不等于说出来的话。说话是运用语言跟人们交流思想的行为，本身不等于语言。但是，另一方面，语言的存在又必须以说话为前提，一个人如果长期生活在孤岛上，没有说话的需要，不跟人交谈，他就会失去语言能力。如刘连仁的例子。这件事告诉我们语言与说话的联系与区别：语言好象是一种工具，需要人去用，不用就会“生锈”，就会“退化”。而说话则是人们运用语言工具跟人们交流思想的行为，说出来的话是这种行为“生产”出来的“产品”，是为了适应他人的需要而存在的，没有这种需要，人们就会丧失说话的语言能力，这就是等于说：语言不等于说话，也不等于说出来的话。那么，什么是语言？它在哪儿？回答是：语言存在于说话之中，人们可以从所说的话中找出语言来。#p#分页标题#e#
9、语言的作用是？语言是人类社会的交际工具。每个社会，无论它是经济发达的社会，还是经济十分落后的社会，都必须有自己的语言，都离不开语言这个交际工具，语言是组成社会必不可少的一个因素，是人类与动物相区别的重要特征之一。语言是联系社会成员的桥梁和纽带，没有语言，人类无法交际，人与人之间的联系就会中断，社会就会崩溃，不复存在。
10、为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具？人们在进行社会交际的时候，除了运用语言传递信息外，也可以借助其他手段传递信息，表达思想。比如运动场上，篮球教练用手势表示谁犯规、谁发球等内容，不用语言；部队用长短不同的号声表示起床、集合、冲锋、撤退等信息；在海上，船与船之间用旗语传递信息等等。但是，这些工具远远没有语言运用那样便捷，而且使用也受到限制，使用范围有限，更为重要的是，无论是什么交际工具，它所传递的信息内容都是有限的，而且离不开语言基础，它们实际上是在一定范围代替语言，没有语言的存在，也不可能有这些信息手段的产生，可以说，语言是一切交际工具的基础。因此，说语言是人类最重要的交际工具，就毫不奇怪了。
11、思维是在表象、概念的基础上进行分析综合、判断、推理等认识活动的过程，是人类社会特有的一种精神文明建设活动。
12、两个人在争论语言和思维的关系，一个人说先有语言，因为语言是思维工具，没有这个工具就无法思维；一个人说先有思维，因为语句是思维的成果，没有思维，人们无法把散沙一样的词语组合成句。你认为谁的观点对呢？两个人的话看似有理，由于割裂了语言与思维的关系，所以都是无理的，都是片面的。首先，语言和思维是互相依存的，各以对方为存在的条件；语言是思维的工具，语言离不开思维，思维也不能脱离语言；如果没有思维，没有思想，人际之间的交流，无从谈起，语言的存在也失去了任何意义。其次，语言和思维的发展程度是相互适应的，是一致的；有什么样的思维水平，就有什么样的语言水平，有什么样的语言水平，就有什么样的思维水平，不可能一个社会发展到语言和思维脱节的地步，语言水平很高且思维水平很低，或思维水平很高而语言水平很低，这都是不可想象的，也是不可能的。
13、每个人说话都是自由的，但不能把“我看书”说成“书看我”，不能把“huó（活）”，这是为什么？虽然每个人说话是自由的，可以根据需要选择不同的词语表达自己的思想，但是有一点则是大家都必须遵守的，那就是运用词语组成句子，必须遵守全社会统一的规则，选择什么样的语音形式代表某个意义，也得全社会约定俗成，不能个人任意更改。否则，语言就不能成为交际工具了，别人无法听懂你的话，社会将乱成一锅粥了。只要想象一下，一个不会外语的人到国外生活所遇到的窘迫尴尬，就知道遵循原则的重要性了。#p#分页标题#e#
14、任何一种语言所包含的句子的数量都是有限的，那么人类为什么能在有限的时间内掌握语言呢？这主要是因为：（1）词语的组合规则是十分有限的，掌握了一个规则，可以推出无限多的句子，例如学会说“我吃饭”，掌握了“主——谓——宾”这个格式，就可以制造出“我看报”、“他打球”之类的句子来。（2）语言中的词表达的意义具有概括性，数量是有限的，一个词可以重复使用，可以用在这个句子中，也可以用在那个句子中，从而满足人们交际的需要，所以语言系统中的句子是无穷的，但构成句子的材料却是有限的，这也有利于人们学习掌握语言。例如“人”这个词，并不指哪一个具体的人，可以指古今中外所有的人。“苹果”可以指色彩、味道、形状各方面不同的苹果。
15、人类语言能力是天生的还是后天学会的，为什么？人类的语言能力是后天获得的。语言是社会现象，一个人只有生活在一定的社会环境中，才能获得语言，具备语言能力，离开了社会，哪怕他是一个天才，他也不会说话。如果一个人先天就具备有语言能力，那么就应该是所有人都说相同的语言才是，而实际上是一个人出生在什么样的社会，就掌握什么样的语言；中国孩子从小生活在中国，就会说汉语，而不会说英语，如果从小在英国长大，则只会说英语，不会说汉语。由此可见，一个人的语言能力不是天生的，而是后天学会的，社会环境是最好的语言老师。
16、人们平时常说，“无产阶级和资产阶级没有共同语言”，“工人有工人的语言，农民有农民的语言”。这是不是说，语言具有阶级性？语言没有阶级性。第一，语言是社会全体成员共同的交际工具，全体成员，包括各个阶级、阶层的人，不分男女，不分老幼，无论什么人，与别人交际都要使用语言。如果语言有阶级性，不同阶级的人说不同的话，那么阶级之间就无法进行交际（不同阶级之间的斗争，也就是一种交际活动）。第二，语言结构本身，没有阶级可言，比如语音、语法规则，就谈不上有阶级性。第三，语言是伴随着人类同时出现的，而在人类从猿到人这个漫长的过程中，根本就没有阶级的区分，所以从语言的诞生过程看，语言也是没有阶级性的。
17、为什么说文字是语言最重要的辅助性交际工具？辅助性的交际工具很多，像旗语、手势、红绿灯、色彩、音响等，都可以在一定的范围内传递信息，起到沟通作用，而在现代社会，像广播、电视、电话、网络等交通工具，甚至还可以不改变语言的有声特质，传递信息既快又广，但这些工具，远不及文字那样方便，不及文字使用范围那样广，文字打破了有声语言的时空局限，在很大程度上扩展了语言的功能，这是其他语言辅助工具所不能比的，所以说#p#分页标题#e#
