英国dissertation代写范文：慈善组织的管理过程中的数据和知识管理

概要

知识代表被着被重新整理提取的知识形式，而文字信息代表了被重新整理提取的数据形式，因此，很多文字被当成知识在人与人之间被严肃并且明确地传递。由于这种现象的发生，人们采用了不同的技术去进行分享知识，其中的一个就是智价企业论技术。我们过去讨论的项目大多都是建立在智价企业论技术的基础上的，它在传递知识的过程中发挥着非常重要的作用。智价企业论是被广泛认知的技术，它其中一个优点就是矩阵。矩阵是指使用独立或者集体的方式，通过严肃或者明确的格式进行知识传递的方式。它通常也会通过从一个形式到另一个形式去信息知识的传递。这种一对一的过程就是社会化，个体通过分享经验、观察和模仿等行为，直接从其他人处获得隐性知识。还有一种知识传递方式是客观化的。与社会化不同，它通常会在把隐性信息具象表达化的过程中，将隐性信息转化为明确信息。在传递技术中使用的其他方式组成一个集合，它会对明确知识的主体进行系统性概念归纳的过程中把信息从明确化传递到明确化。最后一个技术便是内化，它是指将知识从明确转换到静默的过程，其主要实现手段是把将知识变成口语化的或者文件化的形式，以便于帮助人们找到关于某个特定主题的知识。许多非政府组织都使用这种传递技术，当大灾难发生的时候它会组成某些特定团队给大众传递他们所需要的信息。这些慈善机构的工作是收集捐款并且用这些捐款建设公共地区，例如图书馆，或者是公众所需要的合适的地方。它们通常通过纸质载体记录信息或者报告，因为如果它们想打开任何备忘录的话，纸质报告是最方便的。与此同时因为纸质信息不方便电脑传递，因此知识也会被转换到电脑上传给当地部门，以确保如果有人需要这些知识的话它们能够提供给他们。那些为了有需要的人群提供服务的慈善组织在我们的机构中是非常重要的，它也给那些帮助有需要人士的人提供了新的机会。慈善工作最主要的好处就是当灾难发生并且人手严重不足时，它们可以发动人们去当志愿者，还有一个就是人们会锻炼到自己的用药知识。

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
 

As knowledge means a refined form of information and the word information means the refine form of data. Therefore, there are a lot of information's which is shared as knowledge from person to person tacitly and explicitly. Due to which there are different techniques that is adopted when using knowledge sharing with others. Among them we have adopted Nonaka & Takeuchi technique. The project that we are used to focus on it is totally based on the techniques of Nonaka & Takeuchi Technique. Nonaka & Takeuchi technique plays an important role in such a way that we can use to transfer our information and it is widely known technique whole around the world. One of the good point that involves in this technique is knowledge matrix which is use to transfer knowledge in explicit or tacit format in the form of individual or collective method. It also use to transform knowledge from one form to another in the process of socialisation that is from tacit to tacit which means an individual acquires tacit knowledge directly from others through share experience, observation, imitation etc. One of the another technique that is also involve other than socialisation is externalisation which use to have the knowledge from tacit to explicit, through the process of articulation of tacit knowledge into explicit concepts. Other form that is also use in this technique is combination that involves explicit to explicit through a systematisation of concepts drawing on different bodies of explicit knowledge. One final technique that is involved using the technique is internalisation that involves from explicit to tacit through a process of learning by in the form of verbalisation and documentation of experiences which is helpful in order to find the knowledge of the specific topic. With this technique there are Non Government Organization (NGOs) which plays a vital role in charities and if there any major disaster occurred the special NGOs missionary team is formed to provide the possible resource to the public whatever they needed. Thus the work of these charities is to collect the donations and then build up the public place for example library or whatever the suitable place the public need it. The information and reports is stored in form of paperwork because if they want to open any disasterious or any memorandum the paperwork in the form of file is the best example to provide it. Meanwhile as it is a computer limited technique the knowledge is use to transferred to the local council office electronically so that if someone needed they can provide it in the form of file. The charities played an important role in our organization which provides the needful help to the needy people. It also helps us in building the new opportunities for the people who plays an important role to support the people that are in need. The main advantage of the charity work is that whenever there exists a disaster then if no person is available then they can utilize a person as a volunteer. Another advantage is that the person is also well aware of the medication of what medicines use to give a person.#p#分页标题#e#

 

INTRODUCTION
 

Knowledge Management is the systematic approach that invents, understands, shares, creates, and utilizes knowledge in order to create values. Such as customers value, employee's value, stock holder's value, Business partner value and social value to achieve the vision and the goal of the organization. Knowledge Management develops and operates effective system which realizes for right persons at right time to transfer smoothly and utilize their knowledge.

 

Knowledge holds the highest value, it is the extract of the human contribution, the most relevant decisions and actions, and the most appropriate solution to a context.

 

It directly relates to human mind so it's the most difficult area to manage, so people who have knowledge are the greatest repositories of information who not only store the information in their minds but they also have the ability to meaningfully integrate that information and deliver it within the specific context relating to their expertise, judgment and their experience.

 

This knowledge allows the creation of new ideas and solution which stems out from these people. This knowledge forms the base of all the processes, technology and solutions.

 

Relation between data, information, knowledge management and wisdom is described by Fleming(1996) as

 

Information relates to description, definition, or perspective (what, who, when, where).

 

Knowledge comprises strategy, practice, method, or approach (how).

 

Wisdom embodies principle, insight, moral, or archetype (why).

 

Concepts in knowledge management

 

Explicit Knowledge:

 

Explicit knowledge is expressed explicitly and can be codified easily, recognized by anybody

 

[Ex. Reports, methods, manual, etc]

 

Tacit Knowledge :

 

Tacit Knowledge is the knowledge embedded in the brain which everyone has or share tacitly.

 

[Ex. Experience, image, skillful technique, corporate culture, etc.

 

Knowledge processes:

 

This process encompasses three subprocesses

 

Knowledge generation, codification and knowledge realization

 

GENERATION CODIFICATION TRANSFER REALISATION

 

RESEARCH PROBLEM
 

The organisation's mission to help the suffering and relieve the needy, homeless and vulnerable individuals. It is served by 4500 sisters and over a million co workers and volunteers. The full time volunteers mostly remain for 2 years which gives a huge workload of training staff every year. They have some shops where they collect the donations which include money and used items. Even though most of the money for care comes from donations. They have central offices which monitor the funding and check the operations, they communicate through e-mail generally. The shops communicate with the offices generally using fax and customers offering goods communicate either by phone or simply turning up, usually at the shops.#p#分页标题#e#

 

The main purpose of this research would help this organization in Asset management, process management and Developmental. So the organization will be building up a library which will store all valuable key knowledge assets and processes as self-helping procedure manuals which will help and make staff training more effective.

 

The main reason for this Knowledge management approach were

 

They don't engage in data collection which could be used for generating reports and patterns.

 

Computer support availability is limited.

 

They don't possess any key knowledge asset which could be readily or easily shared with new staff.

 

The knowledge cannot be implemented for new innovative ideas.

 

Current knowledge distribution activity includes a lot of training and very less training materials which tell about the real world scenarios.

 

This Research was a new experience for us since we've never had to market anything before. We've learned a lot about how to put together projects and reports and manage our time. We needed to stay very organized with our project in order to complete all of our tasks on time. When we were pressed for time we also learned how to distribute work so that it would be easier to complete a task. We also learned how to deal with people when they don't give you to overcome many obstacles and how to deal with people when they don't give you information that you need. We needed to work around missing information in the creation of the Research methodology and our target by pretending we had it, and then adding it in when we received it. We also improvised on our project, such as in the creation of Assignment.

 

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 

We came across various KM strategies. Some strategies focuses on the knowledge, some on business processes, and some on the final results. Based on this the various strategies can be classified as

 

Strategies Classified by Knowledge:

 

Nonaka & Takeuchi's Knowledge Types and Boisot's I-Space Model

 

Knowledge management strategy based on Business Process:

 

APQC International Benchmarking Clearinghouse Study and Mckinsey & Company

 

KM strategy based on End Results:

 

Treacy & Wiersema's Value Disciplines

 

Based on Knowledge And End Result linkage:

 

Zack's KM Strategy

 

The best way to classify knowledge classification is matter of some debate. The most frequently and helpful classification of Knowledge Management for Knowledge Management practicing are focus on a mixture of knowledge accessibility for example where we stored knowledge or location and in what form? And knowledge Travelling from one place to another and from person or persons to another person or persons. This key points underlines the analyzing of Nonaka and Takeuchi in their Knowledge spiral. Innovation or learns occurs as an output of the flow the transformation of knowledge.#p#分页标题#e#

 

One of the commonly accepted and widely quoted approaches to clarify knowledge from a Knowledge Management is the Knowledge matrix of Nonaka and Takeuchi. The matrix classifies knowledge as explicit or tacit, and either individual or collective. They also introduce corresponding knowledge processes that transmit knowledge from one place to another; socialisation from tacit to tacit, an individual acquiring tacit knowledge forwardly from others through sharing experience, observation, imitation and etc; externalising combination from explicit to explicit, through as systematic of concepts flow chart on different formats of explicit knowledge; and internalising from explicit to tacit, through processing of learning by done and through a verbalising and documenting of experiences. Nonaka and Takeuchi reference model the process of organization knowledge creation as a spiral which knowledge is depending through these four models of knowledge conversation. They also considered that the knowledge becomes purified within the organization at the upper levels moving from the individual through the organization and even inter organizational level.

 

After classifying the knowledge we need to map the knowledge into the Knowledge spectrum. The knowledge here is mapped into Asset management, Process management and Developmental.

 

Binney's KM Spectrum provided the classification a spectrum of Knowledge Management approaches. The six categories of KM activities as suggested by Binney's model are grouped as.

 

Transactional KM: Knowledge is technology Embedded

 

Analytical KM: Knowledge is input from external resources focussing mostly on information relating customer

 

Asset Management KM: Management of Knowledge assets Explicitly

 

Process-based KM: Codifying and Improving the business practice and sharing these practices within the organisation

 

Developmental KM: Capability Improvement of the Knowledge Workers capabilities through the process of staff development and training.

 

Innovation/Creation KM: Formation of an environment which helps in creating new Knowledge like R&D.

 

This Binney's categories of activities helps to map these activities to KM Classifications. This can be mapped to other KM classifications too.

 

Knowledge Accessibility

 

Explicit

 

implicit

 

tacit

 

Knowledge Conversion

 

combination

 

externalisation#p#分页标题#e#

 

internalisation

 

socialisation

 

SLC (Boisot)

 

Problem Solving

 

Scanning Abstraction

 

Impacting

 

Diffusion

 

Absorption

 

Knowledge Type

 

Mostly procedural

 

Mostly declarative

 

Declarative

 

Procedural

 

Either

 

We conducted a series of activities which helped identify the appropriate KM initiative

 

List the External business driver

 

Perform SWOT Analysis which will identify the service.

 

Identification of the Value of Organisation

 

The findings about the organisation will help to identify the KM area to consider by asking self examining questions, like

 

Who are knowledge providers and users?

 

What resources are being used in the business? Ex material, equipments etc

 

What is the culture of organisation?

 

What kind of knowledge is used? Symbolic, geometrical or based on perception.

 

How much time will humans take to solve the problem.

 

And how is this knowledge available?

 

Find the knowledge activities undertaken by the organisation and identify

 

Knowledge assets

 

The knowledge is explicit, Implicit or Tacit

 

The form and quality of these Assets

 

Map the activities in KM Spectrum and look for the appropriate KM strategy

 

Check for the feasibility check for the KM approach.

 

In this case of Missionaries of charity

 

Factors in ‘Missions of Charity' which influence the selection of Knowledge Management Strategy

 

LITRATURE REVIEW
 

DESCRIPTION AND OVERALL OBJECTIVE OF BUSINESS
 

The Missionaries of Charity is an international religious Charity of pontifical right compose of their activity they have many charities with perpetual people vows of chastity, poverty, obedient, and open hearted and they provide free of charge to the poorest of the poor, Trained each sister to the sincere love of God and their neighbor and they creating the Church fully present in the nation of today.#p#分页标题#e#

 

Mother M. Teresa is the founder of Missionaries of Charity, M.C. is Calcutta one of the biggest city in India, and now has houses on all over the world or we can say in every continent of the world. Their target mission is to help poorest of the poor in every single country on the world. Each Missionary of Charity member of the Society goes happily where she is sent and without choosing the place or type of work. Charity Candidates should be between 18 and 35; Charity guided by the right intention; must be physically good in health and mind, and so able to face the hardships of this vocation; able to gain knowledge, especially the language because different countries have different languages So the Charity individual must know the language of the people they help; of wishing to disposition; and able to judge sound judgment.

 

Initial formation of charity candidates training periods are 6 months pre aspirin, 6 months aspirancy,1-year petulancy, and 2-year novitiate. All candidates should be come for a two week "come-and-watch" in the Bronx, New York house there before they can be consider for entry in Missionaries of charity.

 

DRIVERS OF THE ORGANISATION:
 

Every organization works in an environment which decides the way an institution should conduct its business. There are a number of drivers for various sectors which decide how that company should go about knowledge management,

 

This provides a clear way to choose the most appropriate knowledge management for the sector. Financial firms generally focus on Analytical Knowledge management since Information is the knowledge they posses.

 

Professional services on developmental KM because people are their primary source of Knowledge

 

Law firms focus on innovation KM and/or Best Practice supporting Knowledge Management

 

Process and oil industries will focus process management/transactional KM or on innovation Knowledge management due to heavy R&D emphasis.

 

Public sector will focus generally on analytical Knowledge management or developmental Knowledge Management since their focus is generally customer focussed . Questions that be asked would include:

 

What is the Sector of Business?

 

What is the Purpose or Service of the Organisation?

 

What are the key drivers in the business?

 

Roots of Knowledge Management

 

POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
 

New Value is produced and conserved like Intellectual Property Assets#p#分页标题#e#

 

Generate new Wealth and increasing returns

 

Revenue increases as invaluable knowledge is shared

 

Innovation and knowledge multiplication opens new Markets

 

Enable Sustainable, Organic Growth

 

Decision making Improves

 

Risk factor is mitigated

 

Knowledge which is carefully extracted helps Develop new Business Models

 

Better relations can be made with customers as their mind set can be read.

 

Productivity and efficiency improves

 

Innovation speeds up as Ideas and Creativity.

 

A more Adaptive, responsive, dynamic, and flexible organization is created.

 

Facilitate the evolution of a more Intelligent Enterprise and produce smart engaging products

 

Helps better prepare for the future development.

 

Documented knowledge improves training process

 

Excellent Competitive Intelligence is gained

 

Co-ordination improves as Common Knowledge is shared

 

Maximize the organization's use of available collective wisdom, experience, and the Brain-Power of human capital assets

 

Helps an organization to better Manage Change

 

Support and services to customers improves.

 

Employees are not seen as expense but as Knowledge Investors in the organization.

 

Knowledge flow is channelized and stimulated.

 

Attract, and retain motivated, loyal, and committed Talent

 

Be better positioned for Knowledge Workers to cope with increasing Information-Overload

 

Helps Knowledge Conversion by turning the technological Know-how to Corporate asset.

 

Lower Operating Costs by substituting information and knowledge stores  for inventory

 

Knowledge management reuse reduces Knowledge waste and duplication.

 

Create a more knowledge aware, knowledge friendly culture, and Community of Practice(s) better suited to the emerging knowledge-based economy context

 

In general, be better able to Create, Capture, Share, Protect, Disseminate, Package and Exploit knowledge, intellectual capital, and intangibles

 

Enables proper Transfer of Knowledge

 

Extend the global Reach, Richness, and Scope of the enterprise#p#分页标题#e#

 

It is an excellent way to exchange the ideas within the workers.

 

Bring a new level of sophistication to managing the brand, reputation, and Intangibles that customers value

 

POSSIBLE CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION
 

We Evaluate if there is an association between the KM spectrum and value of knowledge which we gain from Missionaries of Charity assets, before and after Missionaries of Charity have been managed;

 

Surveying Missionaries of charity attitudes to knowledge assets generated by standards of knowledge management approaches.

 

Considering potential false factors that suppose to selecting a Knowledge Management approach in the Missionaries of Charity Case study, insufficient of Funds was a common factor against transacting or analytical Knowledge Management.

 

Analyzing past case studies in Missionaries of Charity of Knowledge Management succession and failures to explain if selecting right things Knowledge Management approach was extremist factor.

 

REFERENCES
 

Gillham, Bill. (2000). Case Study Research Methods. London: Continuum.

 

Patton, Michael Quinn. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods (2nd ed.).

 

Newbury Park, California: Sage.

 

Patton, Michael Quinn. (1987). How to Use Qualitative Methods in Evaluation.

 

Binney D, The knowledge management spectrum - understanding the KM landscape(2001), Journal of Knowledge Management

 

Abell A. and N. Oxbrow, Competing with Knowledge, Library Association Publishing (2001), London.

 

Beckman T.J,The Current State of Knowledge Management, in the Knowledge Management Handbook(1999), CRC Press.

 

Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, June 2003 Knox Haggie, John Kingston, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh.

 

Boisot M.H, Knowledge Assets: Securing Competitive Advantage in the Information Economy(1998), Oxford University Press.