英国大学生国际经济贸易政策简介的毕业dissertation范文
11-01, 2014
质疑：
经济学家博特斯发现：企业并不是一个独立在国家的个体，他们也参与全球市场的竞争。这一言论对解释跨国公司所面临的重要的挑战有什么帮助呢？在企业该如何保持他们的经济竞争力这一点上，国家竞争优势的决定性因素又如何来解释呢？
解答：
交换商品与服务的行为就是国际贸易，这一行为由许多国家的个体与企业引导。在历史上来说，国际商务贸易一开始表现为进出口的形式。出口，指的就是将本国内的产品，货物或服务销售给其他国家。进口，指的就是购买别国所制造生产的产品，货物或服务。进出口贸易通常可以分为两类。第一种，贸易例如衣物，电脑，原材料之类的有形商品。第二种，贸易服务，例如银行业，旅游业，会计业等无形的商品。
国际贸易也有其他的形式。
授权许可是指一国公司将自己拥有的例如专利，商标，品牌，版权或商业机密等知识产权授权给它国的行为，而它国支付特许使用费作为回报。
特许连锁经营，是授权许可的一种特殊形式，是指某国的公司将自己的操作体系，品牌，商标等授权给另一国来经营，被授权者支付相应的特许使用费。比如，麦当劳把自己的快餐餐厅特许给全球各地经营。
Question:
Porters note that “firms, not individual nation , compete in international market”. How does this statement help to explain some of the major challenges facing MNEs? How do the determinants of national competitive advantage help explain how companies can maintain their economic competitiveness?
Answer:
International business is a exchanging goods and services , conducted between individuals and businesses in multiple countries. Historically, international business activity first took the form of exporting and importing. Exporting is the selling of product ,goods or services supplied from one's own country for use in other countries . Importing is the buying of products ,goods or services made in other countries for use in one's own country.
Exporting and importing activities are often divided into two groups. first, trade in goods ,that is, tangible product such as clothing, computers , and raw materials. Second, Trade in services, that is ,intangible products such as banking , travel and accounting activities International business activity can also take others forms .
* 授权许可Licensing
* 特许连锁经营Franchising
* 管理契约Management contract
* 国际贸易International business
Licensing is a contractual arrangement In which a firm in one country licenses the use of its intellectual property for e.g. patents, trademark, brand name , copyrights or trade secrets to a firm in a second country in return for a royalty payment.#p#分页标题#e#
Franchising , a specialized form of licensing ,occurs when a firm in one country authorized a firm in a second country to utilize its operating system s as well as its brand name ,trademarks , and logos in return for a royalty payment. For example , McDonald's corporation franchise it's fast food restaurant world wide .
A Management contract is an arrangement wherein a firm is one country agrees to operate facilities or provide other management services to a firm in another countries for agreed upon fees. For example hotel industries.
International business as any organization that engages in a cross-border commercial transaction with individuals ,private firms or public sector organization.
A firm is a commercial partnership of two or more person , especially, when unincorporated. Also the name or designation under which a company transacts business. Any business , sole proprietorship, partnership or a corporation
The term multinational entrepreneurs is used to identify firms that have extensive involvement in international business. An another definition of multinational corporation is a firm that “engaged in foreign direct investment an owns and controls value-adding activities in more than one country” MNEs generally coordinate their activities from a central headquarters but may also allow their affiliates or subsidiaries in foreign markets considerable latitude in adjusting their operation to local circumstances. Some MNEs , such as accounting partnership and Lloyd's of London, are not true corporation, Some writers distinguish between multinational corporations and multinational enterprises . Further , not for profit organization ,such as the IOC and the International red cross , are not true enterprises ,so the term multinational organization can be used when one wants to refer to both for not for profit-seeking organization. Because of the common use of multinational corporation in the business press, however ,
Multinational enterprises facing a major challenges , Some of them are as under:
Economics and Currency conversion
Legal systems or Types of system
Culture
Availability of resources
Market withdrawal - Government policy
Political - legal environment and Government Power
In a domestic business strategy, a single country at a specified level of Economic development in a focus of the firms entrepreneurial efforts. The entire country is almost always organized as a single economic system and has the same currency. Creating a business for a multicounty are means dealing with differences in level of economic development, currency valuation government regulation and banking, venture capital and marketing system. One of the biggest problems entrepreneurs have is raising capital. The amount of private equity capital investment varies greatly by the area of the world, and the amount available is significantly less elsewhere than the united state. In addition, the countries may use different currencies, forcing at least one party to convert its currency for another. So MNEs face currency exchange problem. The legal systems may vary or even be in compatible. In different countries used there own system of business. Like many such barter system or third party arrangement have been used to increase the amount of business activity of the former U.S.S.R. and Eastern and central European countries, as well as other countries in various stages of development and transition .The cultures may differ and the resources may vary. Culture is encompasses a wide variety of elements ,including a language, social situation, religions ,political philosophy, economic philosophy education, and manners and customs. The availability of resources ,For example, one country may be rich in natural resources, but poor in skilled labor. Also e.g. U K, U S A , AND CANADA are well developed in technologically than developing countries like Africa , India, Pakistan Still, the basic skills and knowledge needed to be successful are generally similar whether one is doing business domestically or internationally.
Tax competition - countries and sometimes sub national regions must compete against each other for the establishment of MNEs facilitates, and the subsequent Tax revenue- a tax is a financial charge upon an individual or legal entity by a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law, employment ,and economic activity. To compete, countries and regional political districts sometimes offer Incentives is a any financial or non-financial factor that motivate a particular course of work to MNEs such as tax breaks, pledges of government assistance or glowed infrastructure and labor standards enforcement. Foreign direct Investment - Foreign direct investment made for the purpose of actively controlling property ,assets or companies located in host countries, such as factories, building, machinery, land and mines, grow up of foreign direct investment can be used as one of improvement of economic globalization. Map below show net inflow of foreign direct investment as a percentage of gross domestic product. The big flows of foreign direct investment occurs between the industrialized countries like, western Europe and Japan, North America. But flow to non-industrialized countries are grows up sharply.
Market withdrawal-government policy- Multinational enterprises having a significant impact on government policy because of it's size, basically through the threat of market withdrawal, for example , in order to reduce healthcare costs, some countries have tried to force pharmaceutical companies to license their patented drugs to local competitors for a very low fee, so automatically lowering the price ,when faced with the threats multinational pharmaceutical firm have simply withdrawn from the market. Political-legal environment- the multiplicity of political and legal environments in the international market creates vastly different business problem, opening some market opportunities for entrepreneurs and eliminating others. for example , U S environmental standards have eliminated the possibility of entrepreneur establishing ventures to imports several models of Europeans cars. It also involves the price fluctuations and significant increases in oil and other energy products in the last few years.
Determinants of nation competitive advantages
Michael Porter tried to explain why a nation achieves international success in a particular industry and identified four attributes that promote or impede the creation of competitive advantage:
Factor endowments
Demand conditions
Relating and supporting industries
Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry
Factor endowments refer to a nation's position in factors of production necessary to compete in a given industry. A nation's position in factors of production can lead to competitive advantage. These factors can be either basic (natural resources, climate, location) or advanced .(skilled labor, infrastructure, technological know-how)
Demand conditions refer to the nature of home demand for the industry's product or service. The nature of home demand for the industry's product or service influences the development of capabilities. Sophisticated and demanding customers pressure firms to be competitive.
Relating and supporting industries refer to the presence or absence of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive. The presence supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive can spill over and contribute to other industries. Successful industries tend to be grouped in clusters in countries - having world class manufacturers of semi-conductor processing equipment can lead to (and be a result of having) a competitive semi-conductor industry.
Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry refers to the conditions governing how companies are created, organized, and managed, and the nature of domestic rivalry The conditions in the nation governing how companies are created, organized, and managed, and the nature of domestic rivalry impacts firm competitiveness. Different management ideologies affect the development of national competitive advantage.
Vigorous domestic rivalry creates pressures to innovate, to improve quality, to reduce costs, and to invest in upgrading advanced features
Government policy can: affect demand through product standards influence rivalry through regulation and antitrust laws impact the availability of highly educated workers and advanced transportation infrastructure. The four attributes, government policy, and chance work as a reinforcing system, complementing each other and in combination creating the conditions appropriate for competitive advantage.
经济学家博特斯发现：企业并不是一个独立在国家的个体，他们也参与全球市场的竞争。这一言论对解释跨国公司所面临的重要的挑战有什么帮助呢？在企业该如何保持他们的经济竞争力这一点上，国家竞争优势的决定性因素又如何来解释呢？
解答：
交换商品与服务的行为就是国际贸易，这一行为由许多国家的个体与企业引导。在历史上来说，国际商务贸易一开始表现为进出口的形式。出口，指的就是将本国内的产品，货物或服务销售给其他国家。进口，指的就是购买别国所制造生产的产品，货物或服务。进出口贸易通常可以分为两类。第一种，贸易例如衣物，电脑，原材料之类的有形商品。第二种，贸易服务，例如银行业，旅游业，会计业等无形的商品。
国际贸易也有其他的形式。
授权许可是指一国公司将自己拥有的例如专利，商标，品牌，版权或商业机密等知识产权授权给它国的行为，而它国支付特许使用费作为回报。
特许连锁经营，是授权许可的一种特殊形式，是指某国的公司将自己的操作体系，品牌，商标等授权给另一国来经营，被授权者支付相应的特许使用费。比如，麦当劳把自己的快餐餐厅特许给全球各地经营。
Question:
Porters note that “firms, not individual nation , compete in international market”. How does this statement help to explain some of the major challenges facing MNEs? How do the determinants of national competitive advantage help explain how companies can maintain their economic competitiveness?
Answer:
International business is a exchanging goods and services , conducted between individuals and businesses in multiple countries. Historically, international business activity first took the form of exporting and importing. Exporting is the selling of product ,goods or services supplied from one's own country for use in other countries . Importing is the buying of products ,goods or services made in other countries for use in one's own country.
Exporting and importing activities are often divided into two groups. first, trade in goods ,that is, tangible product such as clothing, computers , and raw materials. Second, Trade in services, that is ,intangible products such as banking , travel and accounting activities International business activity can also take others forms .
* 授权许可Licensing
* 特许连锁经营Franchising
* 管理契约Management contract
* 国际贸易International business
Licensing is a contractual arrangement In which a firm in one country licenses the use of its intellectual property for e.g. patents, trademark, brand name , copyrights or trade secrets to a firm in a second country in return for a royalty payment.#p#分页标题#e#
Franchising , a specialized form of licensing ,occurs when a firm in one country authorized a firm in a second country to utilize its operating system s as well as its brand name ,trademarks , and logos in return for a royalty payment. For example , McDonald's corporation franchise it's fast food restaurant world wide .
A Management contract is an arrangement wherein a firm is one country agrees to operate facilities or provide other management services to a firm in another countries for agreed upon fees. For example hotel industries.
International business as any organization that engages in a cross-border commercial transaction with individuals ,private firms or public sector organization.
A firm is a commercial partnership of two or more person , especially, when unincorporated. Also the name or designation under which a company transacts business. Any business , sole proprietorship, partnership or a corporation
The term multinational entrepreneurs is used to identify firms that have extensive involvement in international business. An another definition of multinational corporation is a firm that “engaged in foreign direct investment an owns and controls value-adding activities in more than one country” MNEs generally coordinate their activities from a central headquarters but may also allow their affiliates or subsidiaries in foreign markets considerable latitude in adjusting their operation to local circumstances. Some MNEs , such as accounting partnership and Lloyd's of London, are not true corporation, Some writers distinguish between multinational corporations and multinational enterprises . Further , not for profit organization ,such as the IOC and the International red cross , are not true enterprises ,so the term multinational organization can be used when one wants to refer to both for not for profit-seeking organization. Because of the common use of multinational corporation in the business press, however ,
Multinational enterprises facing a major challenges , Some of them are as under:
Economics and Currency conversion
Legal systems or Types of system
Culture
Availability of resources
Market withdrawal - Government policy
Political - legal environment and Government Power
In a domestic business strategy, a single country at a specified level of Economic development in a focus of the firms entrepreneurial efforts. The entire country is almost always organized as a single economic system and has the same currency. Creating a business for a multicounty are means dealing with differences in level of economic development, currency valuation government regulation and banking, venture capital and marketing system. One of the biggest problems entrepreneurs have is raising capital. The amount of private equity capital investment varies greatly by the area of the world, and the amount available is significantly less elsewhere than the united state. In addition, the countries may use different currencies, forcing at least one party to convert its currency for another. So MNEs face currency exchange problem. The legal systems may vary or even be in compatible. In different countries used there own system of business. Like many such barter system or third party arrangement have been used to increase the amount of business activity of the former U.S.S.R. and Eastern and central European countries, as well as other countries in various stages of development and transition .The cultures may differ and the resources may vary. Culture is encompasses a wide variety of elements ,including a language, social situation, religions ,political philosophy, economic philosophy education, and manners and customs. The availability of resources ,For example, one country may be rich in natural resources, but poor in skilled labor. Also e.g. U K, U S A , AND CANADA are well developed in technologically than developing countries like Africa , India, Pakistan Still, the basic skills and knowledge needed to be successful are generally similar whether one is doing business domestically or internationally.
Tax competition - countries and sometimes sub national regions must compete against each other for the establishment of MNEs facilitates, and the subsequent Tax revenue- a tax is a financial charge upon an individual or legal entity by a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law, employment ,and economic activity. To compete, countries and regional political districts sometimes offer Incentives is a any financial or non-financial factor that motivate a particular course of work to MNEs such as tax breaks, pledges of government assistance or glowed infrastructure and labor standards enforcement. Foreign direct Investment - Foreign direct investment made for the purpose of actively controlling property ,assets or companies located in host countries, such as factories, building, machinery, land and mines, grow up of foreign direct investment can be used as one of improvement of economic globalization. Map below show net inflow of foreign direct investment as a percentage of gross domestic product. The big flows of foreign direct investment occurs between the industrialized countries like, western Europe and Japan, North America. But flow to non-industrialized countries are grows up sharply.
Market withdrawal-government policy- Multinational enterprises having a significant impact on government policy because of it's size, basically through the threat of market withdrawal, for example , in order to reduce healthcare costs, some countries have tried to force pharmaceutical companies to license their patented drugs to local competitors for a very low fee, so automatically lowering the price ,when faced with the threats multinational pharmaceutical firm have simply withdrawn from the market. Political-legal environment- the multiplicity of political and legal environments in the international market creates vastly different business problem, opening some market opportunities for entrepreneurs and eliminating others. for example , U S environmental standards have eliminated the possibility of entrepreneur establishing ventures to imports several models of Europeans cars. It also involves the price fluctuations and significant increases in oil and other energy products in the last few years.
Determinants of nation competitive advantages
Michael Porter tried to explain why a nation achieves international success in a particular industry and identified four attributes that promote or impede the creation of competitive advantage:
Factor endowments
Demand conditions
Relating and supporting industries
Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry
Factor endowments refer to a nation's position in factors of production necessary to compete in a given industry. A nation's position in factors of production can lead to competitive advantage. These factors can be either basic (natural resources, climate, location) or advanced .(skilled labor, infrastructure, technological know-how)
Demand conditions refer to the nature of home demand for the industry's product or service. The nature of home demand for the industry's product or service influences the development of capabilities. Sophisticated and demanding customers pressure firms to be competitive.
Relating and supporting industries refer to the presence or absence of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive. The presence supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive can spill over and contribute to other industries. Successful industries tend to be grouped in clusters in countries - having world class manufacturers of semi-conductor processing equipment can lead to (and be a result of having) a competitive semi-conductor industry.
Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry refers to the conditions governing how companies are created, organized, and managed, and the nature of domestic rivalry The conditions in the nation governing how companies are created, organized, and managed, and the nature of domestic rivalry impacts firm competitiveness. Different management ideologies affect the development of national competitive advantage.
Vigorous domestic rivalry creates pressures to innovate, to improve quality, to reduce costs, and to invest in upgrading advanced features
Government policy can: affect demand through product standards influence rivalry through regulation and antitrust laws impact the availability of highly educated workers and advanced transportation infrastructure. The four attributes, government policy, and chance work as a reinforcing system, complementing each other and in combination creating the conditions appropriate for competitive advantage.
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