英国课程dissertation范文：如何以市场为基础来实施船舶减排
英国课程dissertation范文：如何以市场为基础来实施船舶减排
1. Market-based approach for implementation of abatement measures
以市场为基础的方式来实施减排措施
The different alternative incentive regime options that exist for curbing emissions from ships were assessed. Alternative instruments were assessed related to their possible effects on the different GHG emissions abatement measures, and the prospects of implementing the instruments world wide or at least among Annex I-countries (i.e. industrialised countries committed to emissions targets according to the Kyoto Protocol).
不同的替代品存在，对制止船舶排放的激励机制进行了评估。替代工具，至少涉及到不同的温室气体减排措施，其可能产生的影响和实施仪器在世界各地的前景进行了评估，对附件一国家（即根据”京都议定书”,工业化国家承诺的减排目标）。
Implementing policy instruments to limit GHG emissions from international shipping industry should contribute to global, cost-effective emission reductions. Thus, abatement measures in the shipping industry should only be implemented if the marginal costs are equal to or lower than the marginal abatement costs in other sectors.
因此，航运业的减排措施应只可实施边际成本等于或低于其他部门的边际减排成本。
Regimes addressed were
解决制度：
• Environmental indexing.
环境索引
• A voluntary agreements programme.
自愿协议计划
Voluntary agreements were not found to be a viable approach to obtain significant global GHG emissions from international shipping.
• Carbon charges on bunker fuels.
掩体燃料的碳费
Common carbon charges were not found to be a viable option.
• Emission standards. Emission standards are considered to a feasible http://ukthesis.org/ygsslwdx/ option. However, it should be carefully concerned whether such measures are cost effective to reduce GHG emissions.
排放标准。排放标准被认为是一个可行的选项。但是，应该仔细关注这些措施是否符合成本效益，以减少温室气体的排放量。
• Emission trading. Allocation of emissions allowances to ship owners was not found to be a viable option. A system for creating emission credits may however be a possible way of including international shipping in a general emission trading system.
排放交易。分配排放配额没有被发现是一个可行的选项。然而，建立排放配额的系统包括国际运费一般排放交易系统也是一个可行的办法。
The case study and modal comparison performed show that there are several technical and operational measures that could be implemented to limit GHG emissions from ships. Reduction of speed is identified as the single measure that results in highest emissions reductions.#p#分页标题#e#
Implementation of new and improved technology is identified as the second best approach to reduce emissions, in terms of technical emissions reduction potential.
实施新的和改进的技术被确定为第二个最好的办法，以减少排放技术减排潜力。
However, our forecasts indicates that total emissions from international shipping will increase even if most of the identified measures are implemented, due to expected growth in the world economy and thus expected increase in demand for international freight services. Taking into account the conclusion of the assessment of market-based approaches there seems to be no feasible effective policy instruments that could lead to reduced speed, it seems inevitable that total emissions from international shipping will increase in the years to come.
考虑到以市场为基础的方法评估结论，似乎没有可行的有效政策工具，可能会导致速度降低，这似乎是不可避免的，从国际航运的排放总量在今后的岁月里将增加。
This is in line with forecasts for other transport modes. OECD, 1999 indicates a similar development for CO2 emissions from land-based transport and aviation. Our analysis shows that sea transport is the most GHG benign freight transport mode. It is also our understanding that there may be more technical options for GHG emission reductions in international shipping than in most other transport modes. Technical improvements on hull and machinery on new ships could lead to emission reductions, and thus reduce the growth in future emissions.
这也是我们的理解，有可能是更多的技术选择比大多数其他交通工具，在国际航运中为减少温室气体排放。可能导致对新船的船体和机器的技术改进减少排放量，从而降低未来排放的增长。
The different transport modes are closely inter-linked, and dependent on each other. Thus, measures to curb GHG emissions should be co-ordinated between the different transport modes, to avoid policies that are not cost effective and only contributes to move transport from one mode to another with no effects on overall, global emissions.
不同运输方式有着密切的相互联系，互相依赖。
On this background, and in the light of the ongoing ratification process of the Kyoto Protocol, the following strategy for policy implementation for IMO to curb GHG emissions could be feasible
在此背景下，并在正在进行的IMO政策实施以下策略，遏制温室气体排放的“京都议定书”，目前正在批准过程中是可行的：
1. Explore the interests for entering into voluntary agreement on GHG emission limitations between the IMO and the ship owners.
2. Start working on how to design emission standards for new and possibly also existing vessels.
3. Pursue the possibilities of credit trading from additional abatement measures implemented on new and possibly also existing vessels#p#分页标题#e#
This could be a strategy that could meet several outcomes of the ratification process of the Kyoto Protocol, and in the short-term contribute to implementation of some of the cheapest abatement measures on new and existing ships. It will also ensure co-ordination with the use of policy instruments towards other transport modes to curb emissions.
这可能是一种策略，能够满足一些成果，“京都议定书”的批准进程，并在短期内有助于实施一些新的和现有船舶上最廉价的减排措施。它还将确保统筹运用政策手段对其他交通工具，以遏制温室气体排放。
