拼图类比(Jigsaw Puzzle Analogy)问题与替代(Alternatives)拼图类比
05-15, 2013
Problems with the Jigsaw Puzzle Analogy
拼图类比问题
While the jigsaw puzzle approach to analyzing data can be productive and fruitful, it also entails some risks and problems. Experienced qualitative social scientists have always been aware of the potential problems, and organize their work to minimize the adverse effects. For example, Wiseman, who does code data, points out that the simple act of breaking down data into its constituent parts can distort and mislead the analyst.
虽然用拼图的方法来分析数据是富有成效和成果的，它也需要一定的风险和问题。有经验的定性社会科学家们一直知道会有潜在问题，然后来组织他们的工作，把带来的不利影响降到最低。
...a serious problem is sometimes created by the very fact of organizing the material through coding or breaking it up into segments in that this destroys the totality of philosophy as expressed by the interviewee--which is closely related to the major goal of the study (Wiseman, 1979: 278).
Part of the solution to this problem is as follows:
解决这个问题的一部分方案如下所示：
To circumvent this problem, taped interviews were typed in duplicate. One copy was cut apart and affixed, by subject matter, to hand sort cards and then further cross-coded by coders....A second copy of the interview was left intact to be read in its entirety (Wiseman, 1979:278, my emphasis).
In short, Wiseman protects her analysis by working back and forth between the parts and the whole of her data.
总之，怀兹曼通过在数据部分和整体之间来回工作，来保护她的分析。
Alternatives to the Jigsaw Puzzle Analogy
替代拼图类比
One general problem with the jigsaw puzzle analogy is that it assumes that the best way to proceed is by intensive and inclusive coding of the data. It assumes that analytic discoveries directly follow from the process of coding and then sorting and sifting coded data. As I have already noted, and will discuss later, while this can be a good way to proceed it is not always the most appropriate or useful approach to analyzing qualitative data.
拼图比喻的一个普遍的问题是，它假定的最佳方式是通过密集的和包容性的数据编码。它假定分析发现直接从编码然后分类，筛选编码数据过程中得来。
Examples of Noticing, Collecting, Thinking
The general process of Noticing, Collecting, and Thinking about things is reflected in many works which describe and discuss the practice of analyzing qualitative data. Four examples are presented below. In each example I have "coded" the text by breaking it up and inserting the terms Noticing, Collecting and Thinking into the text. This is one way of creating a “topographic” map of the text. While the fits are not always perfect, each statement is consistent with the model.
在每个例子中，我已经通过打乱文章，对文字进行编码，并且在文中插入注意，收集和思考字样。这是一种创造了“地形”地图文字的方式，虽然拟合并不总是完美的，但每个语句都是与模型一致。#p#分页标题#e#
Example 1
The first example comes from a description of QDA by Danny Jorgenson (1989). While this example repeats a previously quoted passage, this time I specifically identify the parts of the quote that correspond to the parts of the QDA process.
Noticing: Analysis is a breaking up, separating, or disassembling of research materials into pieces, parts, elements, or units.
Collecting: With facts broken down into manageable pieces, the researcher sorts and sifts them,
Thinking: searching for types, classes, sequences, processes, patterns, or wholes.
The aim of this process is to assemble or reconstruct the data in meaningful or comprehensible fashion (Jorgenson, 1989: 107, my emphasis).
这个过程的目的是组装或重建有意义的数据或理解的时尚。
Example 2
Another example comes from a discussion of grounded theory by Corbin and Strauss (1990).
Noticing/Collecting: Open Coding is the part of analysis that pertains specifically to the naming and categorizing of phenomena through close examination of the data. ...During open coding the data are broken down into discrete parts,
Thinking: closely examined, compared for similarities and differences, and questions are asked about the phenomena as reflected in the data (Corbin and Strauss, 1990: 62, my emphasis).
Example 3
A more concrete description of the process is provided by Schneider and Conrad (1983). They describe the analysis of interviews they had collected in an interview study of epilepsy. In this example the codes emerged from the data.
在这个例子中，数据中出现的代码。
Noticing: We began coding the interviews by reading carefully a sample of the transcripts to develop substantive and general topic codes....We then photocopied the original transcripts, marked each appropriate line or section with the code in the margin,
Collecting: and cut up and filed the pieces of paper according to the codes....
Thinking: Fairly early in our project it became apparent that the medical perspective on epilepsy did very little to describe our respondents' experience (Schneider and Conrad, 1983:242, my emphasis).
Example 4
Finally, Spradley (1979) sketches the traditional process of anthropological field work. In this example, the noticing process is presented both on the general level of gathering data, and on the particular level of examining the data. “Sorting through field notes” implies noticing something that can then be collected.
最后，Spradley（1979年）勾画出传统工艺的人类学田野工作。在这个例子中，注意到过程上收集数据的一般水平，并检查数据的特定水平。通过实地笔记“排序”意味注意到的东西，然后可以收集。
Noticing: And so the ethnographer started hanging around, watching, listening, and writing things down...In a few months, the stack of field notes about what people said and did grew quite large....#p#分页标题#e#
Noticing/
Collecting: The field work period drew to a close and the ethnographer http://ukthesis.org/ygsslwdx/ returned home with notebooks filled with observations and interpretations. Sorting through field notes in the months that followed....
Thinking: the ethnographer compared, contrasted, analyzed, synthesized, and wrote (Spradley, 1979: 227, my emphasis).
拼图类比问题
While the jigsaw puzzle approach to analyzing data can be productive and fruitful, it also entails some risks and problems. Experienced qualitative social scientists have always been aware of the potential problems, and organize their work to minimize the adverse effects. For example, Wiseman, who does code data, points out that the simple act of breaking down data into its constituent parts can distort and mislead the analyst.
虽然用拼图的方法来分析数据是富有成效和成果的，它也需要一定的风险和问题。有经验的定性社会科学家们一直知道会有潜在问题，然后来组织他们的工作，把带来的不利影响降到最低。
...a serious problem is sometimes created by the very fact of organizing the material through coding or breaking it up into segments in that this destroys the totality of philosophy as expressed by the interviewee--which is closely related to the major goal of the study (Wiseman, 1979: 278).
Part of the solution to this problem is as follows:
解决这个问题的一部分方案如下所示：
To circumvent this problem, taped interviews were typed in duplicate. One copy was cut apart and affixed, by subject matter, to hand sort cards and then further cross-coded by coders....A second copy of the interview was left intact to be read in its entirety (Wiseman, 1979:278, my emphasis).
In short, Wiseman protects her analysis by working back and forth between the parts and the whole of her data.
总之，怀兹曼通过在数据部分和整体之间来回工作，来保护她的分析。
Alternatives to the Jigsaw Puzzle Analogy
替代拼图类比
One general problem with the jigsaw puzzle analogy is that it assumes that the best way to proceed is by intensive and inclusive coding of the data. It assumes that analytic discoveries directly follow from the process of coding and then sorting and sifting coded data. As I have already noted, and will discuss later, while this can be a good way to proceed it is not always the most appropriate or useful approach to analyzing qualitative data.
拼图比喻的一个普遍的问题是，它假定的最佳方式是通过密集的和包容性的数据编码。它假定分析发现直接从编码然后分类，筛选编码数据过程中得来。
Examples of Noticing, Collecting, Thinking
The general process of Noticing, Collecting, and Thinking about things is reflected in many works which describe and discuss the practice of analyzing qualitative data. Four examples are presented below. In each example I have "coded" the text by breaking it up and inserting the terms Noticing, Collecting and Thinking into the text. This is one way of creating a “topographic” map of the text. While the fits are not always perfect, each statement is consistent with the model.
在每个例子中，我已经通过打乱文章，对文字进行编码，并且在文中插入注意，收集和思考字样。这是一种创造了“地形”地图文字的方式，虽然拟合并不总是完美的，但每个语句都是与模型一致。#p#分页标题#e#
Example 1
The first example comes from a description of QDA by Danny Jorgenson (1989). While this example repeats a previously quoted passage, this time I specifically identify the parts of the quote that correspond to the parts of the QDA process.
Noticing: Analysis is a breaking up, separating, or disassembling of research materials into pieces, parts, elements, or units.
Collecting: With facts broken down into manageable pieces, the researcher sorts and sifts them,
Thinking: searching for types, classes, sequences, processes, patterns, or wholes.
The aim of this process is to assemble or reconstruct the data in meaningful or comprehensible fashion (Jorgenson, 1989: 107, my emphasis).
这个过程的目的是组装或重建有意义的数据或理解的时尚。
Example 2
Another example comes from a discussion of grounded theory by Corbin and Strauss (1990).
Noticing/Collecting: Open Coding is the part of analysis that pertains specifically to the naming and categorizing of phenomena through close examination of the data. ...During open coding the data are broken down into discrete parts,
Thinking: closely examined, compared for similarities and differences, and questions are asked about the phenomena as reflected in the data (Corbin and Strauss, 1990: 62, my emphasis).
Example 3
A more concrete description of the process is provided by Schneider and Conrad (1983). They describe the analysis of interviews they had collected in an interview study of epilepsy. In this example the codes emerged from the data.
在这个例子中，数据中出现的代码。
Noticing: We began coding the interviews by reading carefully a sample of the transcripts to develop substantive and general topic codes....We then photocopied the original transcripts, marked each appropriate line or section with the code in the margin,
Collecting: and cut up and filed the pieces of paper according to the codes....
Thinking: Fairly early in our project it became apparent that the medical perspective on epilepsy did very little to describe our respondents' experience (Schneider and Conrad, 1983:242, my emphasis).
Example 4
Finally, Spradley (1979) sketches the traditional process of anthropological field work. In this example, the noticing process is presented both on the general level of gathering data, and on the particular level of examining the data. “Sorting through field notes” implies noticing something that can then be collected.
最后，Spradley（1979年）勾画出传统工艺的人类学田野工作。在这个例子中，注意到过程上收集数据的一般水平，并检查数据的特定水平。通过实地笔记“排序”意味注意到的东西，然后可以收集。
Noticing: And so the ethnographer started hanging around, watching, listening, and writing things down...In a few months, the stack of field notes about what people said and did grew quite large....#p#分页标题#e#
Noticing/
Collecting: The field work period drew to a close and the ethnographer http://ukthesis.org/ygsslwdx/ returned home with notebooks filled with observations and interpretations. Sorting through field notes in the months that followed....
Thinking: the ethnographer compared, contrasted, analyzed, synthesized, and wrote (Spradley, 1979: 227, my emphasis).
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