美国dissertation-国家社会学研究理论dissertation-Modernization Theory and Dependency Theory-

Modernization Theory and Dependency Theory现代化理论、依附理论
Table of contents
1. Introduction
2. Similarities between Modernization theory and Dependency theory
3. Differences between Modernization theory and Dependency theory
4. Conclusion
5. Works cited

目录

1。介绍

2。现代化理论之间的相似性和依赖理论

3。现代化理论与依赖的差异理论

4。结论

5。作品引用

介绍

如今的迅速发展和日益一体化词的国家几乎不影响发展的新理论试图解释国与国之间的关系及存在的差距与发达国家的第三世界国家。在这方面,它可能是指现代化理论、依附理论,是完全不同的,还是有一定的相似之处,但其现代世界的看法,发达国家和发展中国家之间的关系。

它值得提到这种比较这些理论,将有助于更好的了解当前的趋势,在国际关系和未来前景的世界。同时,这一理论有助于评估现状及发展和不发达国家之间的关系更客观存在的差异,由于这两个理论。

现代化理论之间的相似性和依赖理论

首先,应该说,是发展依赖理论回应现代化理论纯粹出于批评理论,后者的依赖理论的支持者。当然,这个事实确定这些理论之间最主要的差别,但是,尽管如此,仍有一定的相似之处和依赖现代化理论。

谈到有相似之处,但它主要是必要的,指出这两种理论付出很多的关注与发达国家存在的差距和不发达国家的,属于第三世界。把它更精确、现代化、依附理论站在地面上,西方国家,世界的领导者们由于他们的更高层次的发展,影响实际生活的各个领域,包括经济、政治、社会和文化生活,甚至(钥匙丢了,210)。作为一个结果,存在一种强烈的联系发达国家和发展中国家。

而且这两种理论状态,发达国家的经验,紧随其后的是发展中国家和不发达国家国家,其主要发展方向是一致的,但他们还是不发达国家,抓住后者留在后卫世界发展。与之形成鲜明对比,发达国家发挥关键作用,在整个世界的发展,整合世界所有国家在世界经济的一个主要方式的发达国家和发展中国家之间的交互作用,对于两个理论都同意本互动不断增加。

同时,现代化和依赖理论强调发达国家和发展中国家之间的关系是不同的,并且存在一种依赖发展中国家在发达国家,虽然这依赖的看法有很大差别。不过,这两种理论的主导地位的强调西方国家在现代世界,离开小房间的可选择的方式开发而西方的,都被视为是唯一途径,未来世界的发展,在全球经济的脉络下。

它值得提到这两种理论都被ethnocentric,因为他们几乎忽略了可能的发展,但发展中国家的选择,相反,他们坚持认为,西部大开发的国家将发展中国家的例子,心甘情愿与否,将遵循,而与此同时,他们真的不承认的可选择的方式发展的第三世界国家(普雷斯顿,137)。然而,它值得提到的例子,中国经济发展迅速,但其发展的道路相差很大,从地位的西方方式,但这国家不符合任何基本假设的理论。#p#分页标题#e#

现代化理论与依赖的差异理论

尽管存在相似之处的现代化理论、依附理论、它们之间的差异,更实质性的,它甚至还可以估计这些学说是对立的在看法上世界的发展,国际关系,特别是在发达国家和发展中国家之间的关系。事实上,差异和依赖理论结果现代化理论的起源要从依附理论,因为它已经提到的,研制了针对现代化理论。

在分析现有两种理论之间的差异,首先,必须强调的是现代化理论观点世界的发展和发达国家和发展中国家之间的关系作为潜在的平等关系国家正处在一个不同的发展阶段的时候。把它更准确的说,现代化理论站在地面上,西方国家成熟的和西部发展的道路都被视为是最成功的角度和在那里几乎没有其他选择这样的发展。这就是为什么这个理论的支持者坚持发展合作的必要性,发达国家与发展中国家之间为了使后者更接近前者。什么是这里的事实是现代化理论强调借鉴其经验的必要性,西方国家的发展中国家第三世界(斯科特196)。基本上,发展中国家应该盲从的例子,这更多的西方发达国家能给他们带来的经济、社会和文化的繁荣。

当然,要实现这一目标,发展中国家应该发展他们的合作在生活的各个领域,包括经济、政治、文化、教育、社会关系,与西方国家的,而后者是更先进的相比,发展中国家应该帮助他们达到最高水平的发展通过教育、技术支持、专家咨询等方式,对第三世界国家的。这样,这个理论观点和政治生活的现代化的社会经济发展中国家的基础上,西方国家的例子是唯一可能的解决这个问题,因为西方的落后贫穷国家发展的道路,根据现代化理论,是唯一正确的繁荣。

形成鲜明对比,现代化理论、依附理论突显出,发展中国家和发达国家之间的关系为基础的日益增多的合作不依赖他们而是在发展中国家对发达国家。把它更准确地说,依赖理论的支持者站在地面上,西方各国真的是比发展中国家更先进但后者效尤并不仅仅因为他们愿意这么做,不是因为他们真的相信西方发展的道路是真的变的更好,但相比之下,他们被迫选择同样的方法发展了西方国家已为了成为世界的一部分社区,避免孤立的国家,或者更糟的是,即使在他们的西方国家干预政策。在这方面,有必要强调依赖理论的支持者认为,西方国家政治和它们的规则强加给它们迫使他们对发展中国家接受西方的标准和规范,而任何人不服从的部分发展中国家的经济制裁的威胁甚至军事干预,从发达国家的部分(Schelkle,231)。

这样一来,与现代化理论、依附理论不会把选择支持西部发展的道路从所有问题的万灵丹或一种有意识的选择,这确实是支持的人口与发展中国家的少数精英提供但这样的西化被看作是一个发展中国家对发达国家的暴力干扰生活中的第三世界。当然,这一政策导致发展中国家越来越依赖于发达国家,因此,使社会经济的突破可能。相比之下,在其可能性现代化理论认为由于经济发展与政治生活的现代化发展中国家和发达国家的进一步合作,这应该是一个有意识的行为,而发展中国家寻求繁荣。#p#分页标题#e#

结论

因此,考虑到所有上面提到的,它可能会得出这样的结论:现代化理论、依附理论在看法上是相似的现代社会。把它更准确的说,对于两个理论都承认西方国家和他们的领导目前主导地位在现代世界,虽然落后国家社会经济和政治具有落后。与此同时,两种理论认为和西方国家之间的合作不断增长的发展中国家,导致他们的整合。

然而,有必要强调的是现代化理论观点这样的协作与整合和自愿行为作为一个有意识的发展中国家的一部分,而西方风格的现代化是唯一的方法,以克服现有的落后,而依赖理论的支持者指出这种协作与整合,发展中国家实施更先进的西方国家,仅仅是为了受益于他们的合作与发展中国家的西化,就会建立控制和增长的发展中国家依赖于发达国家。

不管怎样,彼此间存在的一些分歧,这两种理论却提高了一个非常重要的问题,发达国家和发展中国家之间的关系和占主导地位的西方国家和西方文明在现代世界。

Introduction
Nowadays the rapid development of the word and the growing integration of countries can hardly fail to affect the development of new theories which attempt to explain the relationship between countries and the existing inequality between developed countries and countries of the third world. In this respect, it is possible to refer to Modernization theory and Dependency theory which, being quite different, still have certain similarities in their views on the modern world and relationships between developed and developing countries.
It is worthy of mention that the comparison of these theories will help better understand the current trends in international relations and the future perspectives of the world. At the same time, this theories help assess the current situation and relationships between developed and undeveloped countries more objectively due to existing differences between the two theories.
Similarities between Modernization theory and Dependency theory
First of all, it should be said that Dependency theory was developed in response to Modernization theory out of sheer criticism of the latter theory by the supporters of Dependency theory. Naturally, this fact determined the principal difference between these theories, but, nevertheless, there are still certain similarities between Modernization and Dependency theories.
Speaking about the similarities, it is primarily necessary to point out that both theories pay a lot of attention to the gap existing between developed countries and undeveloped ones belonging to the third world. To put it more precisely, Modernization and Dependency theory stand on the ground that Western countries are the world leaders due to their higher level of development, which affects practically all spheres of life, including economic, political, social, and even cultural life (Leys, 210). As a result, there exist a strong link between developed and developing countries.#p#分页标题#e#
Furthermore both theories state that the experience of developed countries is followed by developing and undeveloped countries, which basically develop in the same direction as developed countries but still they cannot catch the latter up and remain in the rearguard of the world development. In stark contrast, developed countries play the key role in the development of the entire world and the integration of all countries of the world in the global economy is one of the major ways of interaction between developed and developing countries and both theories agrees that this interaction constantly increases.
At the same time, both Modernization and Dependency theories underline that the relationships between developed and developing countries is unequal and there exist a kind of dependence of developing countries on developed ones, though the views on this dependence vary considerably. Nevertheless, both theories underline the dominant position of Western countries in the modern world and leave little room for the alternative ways of the development but the western one, which is viewed as the only way of the development of the future world in the context of the global economy.
It is worthy of mention that both theories are ethnocentric in a way because they practically ignore the possibility of the alternative development of developing countries but, instead they insist that the development of western countries will be the example developing countries, willingly or not, will follow, while, at the same time, they do not really admit the alternative ways of development of countries of the Third world (Preston, 137). However, it is worthy of mention the example of China which economy is progressing rapidly but its way of development differs considerably from the dominant western way, but this country does not meet to the basic assumptions of either of the theories.

Difference between Modernization theory and Dependency theory
In spite of existing similarities between Modernization theory and Dependency theory, differences between them are much more substantial and it is even possible to estimate that these theories are antagonistic in their views on the development of the world and international relationships, especially on the relationship between developed and developing countries. In fact, differences between Modernization theory and Dependency theory result from the origin of Dependency theory which, as it has been already mentioned above, was developed in response to Modernization theory.
On analyzing existing differences between the two theories, first of all, it is necessary to underline that Modernization theory views the development of the world and relationships between developed and developing countries as the relationships of potentially equal countries which are just at a different stage of development at the moment. To put it more precisely, Modernization theory stands on the ground that western countries are well-developed and western way of development is viewed as the most successful and perspective while there is practically no other alternatives to this way of the development. This is why the supporters of this theory insist on the necessity to develop the cooperation between developed and developing countries in order to make the latter closer to the former. What is meant here is the fact that Modernization theory underlines the necessity of borrowing the experience of western countries by developing countries of the Third world (Scott 196). Basically, developing countries should follow blindly the example of more developed western countries and this will bring them economic, social, and cultural prosperity.#p#分页标题#e#
Naturally, to achieve this goal, developing countries should develop their cooperation in all spheres of life, including economy, politics, culture, education, and social relations, with western countries, while the latter, being more advanced compared to developing countries should help them achieve the highest level of development through education, technological assistance and consulting of countries of the Third world. In such a way, this theory views modernization of socio-economic and political life of developing countries on the basis of the example of western countries as the only possible solution of the problem of backwardness of poor countries since western way of development is, according to Modernization theory, is the only correct way to prosperity.
In stark contrast to Modernization theory, Dependency theory underlines that relationships between developing and developed countries are based not on the growing cooperation between them but rather on the dependence of developing countries on developed ones. To put it more precisely, supporters of Dependency theory stand on the ground that western countries are really more advanced than developing countries but the latter follow their example not just because they are willing to do so nor because they really believe that western way of development is really better but, in contrast, they are forced to choose the same way of development as western countries have already made in order to become a part of the world community and avoid the isolation of the country or, what is more, even the intervention of western countries in their policy. In this respect, it is necessary to underline that supporters of Dependency theory argue that western countries impose their politics and their rules to developing countries forcing them to accept western standards and norms, while any disobedience from the part of developing countries threatens by economic sanctions or even military intervention from the part of developed countries (Schelkle, 231).
In such a way, unlike Modernization theory, Dependency theory does not view the choice in favor of western way of development as the panacea from all problems or as a conscious choice that is really supported by the population and elite of developing countries but such westernization of developing countries is viewed as a violent interference of developed countries in the life of the Third world. Naturally, such a policy leads to the growing dependence of developing countries on developed ones and, therefore, makes the socio-economic breakthrough impossible. In contrast, Modernization theory believes in its possibility due to the modernization of socio-economic and political life of developing countries and their closer cooperation with developed countries, which is supposed to be a conscious and willing act of developing countries looking for ways to prosperity.

Conclusion
Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that Modernization theory and Dependency theory are similar in their views on the modern world. To put it more precisely, both theories admit the leadership of western countries and their currently dominant position in the modern world, while undeveloped countries are characterized by socio-economic and political backwardness. At the same time, the two theories agree that the cooperation between western countries and developing countries is constantly growing and leads to their integration.#p#分页标题#e#
However, it is necessary to underline that Modernization theory views such cooperation and integration as a conscious and voluntary act from the part of developing countries, for which modernization in the western style is the only way to overcome the existing backwardness, while supporters of Dependency theory argue that such cooperation and integration is imposed to developing countries by more advanced western countries, which simply attempt to benefit from their cooperation with developing countries and their westernization becomes a way of the establishment of control over and growing dependence of developing countries on developed ones.
Regardless, the existing differences, both theories still raise a very important problem of relationships between developed and developing countries and the dominance of western countries and western civilization in the modern world.

Works cited:

美国dissertation范文Gilman, N. Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
Leys, C. The rise & fall of development theory. Indiana University Press, 1996.
Preston, P.W. Development theory: an introduction. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1996.
Schelkle, W. (et al.) Paradigms of social change: Modernization, development, transformation, evolution. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.
Scott, Catherine V. Gender and development: Rethinking modernization and dependency theory. Rienner Publishers, Boulder, 1995.