United Nation peacekeeping-关于维和部队在联合国授权下的定义界定

Since the established of The United Nation peacekeeping, as the feature of peace keeping constantly change according to the international environment, which made it’s difficult to define peacekeeping .Therefore, not only in academia but also in the practice, have been unable to find a satisfactory definition of peacekeeping. The United Nation peacekeeping operation has no theories foundation from the start, but rather an offspring, which during the Cold War; The United Nation’s collective security can not be smoothly functioning. As peacekeeping operation established under Security Council authorization, there is no certain standard can be followed and all depending on Security Council authorized content.
自创办的联合国维和行动,作为和平的特点不断变化保持根据国际环境,这使得很难定义和平部队。因此,不仅在学术界还在实践中,一直未能找到一份称心如意的定义的维和。联合国维持和平行动没有的理论基础,从一开始,而是一个后代,冷战时期,联合国集体安全不能顺利地运作。作为安理会维和行动的授权下成立的,没有一定的标准可循的,所有取决于安理会授权的内容。

Peacebuilding is to rebuild the damaged environment of peace, including the ability of security reconstruction, legal order reconstruction, administrative structure reconstruction, infrastructure reconstruction. Larger projects as a nation-building such as section conducted in Kosovo and East Timor. Small ones, such as establish security police force in Haiti. In addition, the peacebuilding the operation period is a very time-consuming, Haiti for the Example, in order to establish the Haitian national security personal, since the year began in 1993 continued into the convenience Inland established five operations, from UNMIH, UNSMIH , UNTMIH, MIPONUH to MINUSTAH. More than 10 years engaged in Haiti, but the Haitian National Police still have been unable to establish. Besides Haiti's own security situation has not affected progress of turbulence, but also can see "Rebuilding Peace" is very time and effort consuming project.

"Agenda for Peace" covers all types of international assistance, in accordance with The United Nation's mandate and the consent of a comprehensive peace agreement, the project has made to assist parties to conflict to disarm, restructuring forces, confiscated or destroyed weapons, to monitor elections, to send civilian police, repatriation of refugees and so on, its objectives in the reconstruction order, promoting the protection of human rights, reforming or strengthening governmental institutions and promoting formal and informal political participation and processes.

Elizabeth M. Cousens along with other two academicians, in their book “Peacebuilding as Politics” defined Peacebuilding as during the post-Cold War the United Nation resolve conflict situations and peace operation, including in Haiti, Somali, Cambodia, Bosnia and El Salvador. Because they believe that the "peacebuilding" is defined as any wide to catch all forms of the international community for social assistance in armed conflict, so they introduced two approaches to "peacebuilding" into, one is "deductive", the other is the "inductive". “Deductive approaches " come from the mandate of international organizations and based on the definition in "Agenda for Peace". This approach consider peacebuilding as post-conflict peacebuilding, which commonly known as the international community's contribution is mainly aimed at the post-war reconstruction efforts and long-term recovery, in this peacebuilding is regarded as is a straight line type of development, that is in the preventive diplomacy failed, peacemaking has been created a negotiated solution to the structure, as well as the "peacekeeping" has been monitoring a cease-fire agreement and can contribute to the peace reconstruction implementation. "Inductive approach” is a comprehensive analysis of a particular armed conflict, political, social and economic factors, pointed out that the problems lie and how to resolve, it focus on the individual reasons for each case. The approach directly analyzes the long-term causes of conflict and to assist local residents and the new government to remedy them. Thus Inductive approach has a quite close connection with Statebuilding.#p#分页标题#e#

In article “promoting democracy after conflict: the difficult choices”, Marina Ottaway examines two model for post-conflicts democracy reconstruction ,and she found out that most of which don’t have satisfactory results, and there are various reasons to each case. From 1992 till now, among all the peacebuilding operations, we could see the professional growth of peacekeeping, but the effectiveness after their peacebuilding should not be neglected. For example, the peacebuilding in Angola and Cambodia. Although the whole process until the election finished, to some extend so called successful, after that both countries was trapped into civil war again, which destroyed all the previous efforts on pecebuilding. Ottaway explain the reason for these: “Disaster was narrowly averted by a tacit international decision to allow the former ruling party to elbow its way in to government through a highly unusual and unstable two-prime-minister system (Brown, 1998). It was a recognition of the fact that elections could not transfer power away from the most powerful group-a fact confirmed later when Hun Sen unceremoniously grabbed power in a coup d’etat.”Paris and Sisk identified several dilemmas in post-conflict statebuding process, in order to managing the dilemmas; they introduced a dilemma analysis, which consists of five questions. Under the “Duration Dilemmas”, they explained:” Elections can be held quickly, but the political institutions to which public officials are elected take much longer to consolidate.”

Now maybe is the high time for we to rethink of the democratic approach to post-conflict peacebuilding, tough the approach has been mentioned many time in the articles above and been describe as the “best guarantee for lasting peace”(Ottaway 2003), but in fact ,certain donor has their own interest in promoting democracy .After Iraq War, US Attempt to transplant the democratic institution from Iraq to the entire Middle East region, in order to improve the United States security environment from the source .but this is only wishful thinking of the United States. Right now in Iraq is like a bottomless pit, which swallowing a lot of manpower, material and financial resources. So far, more than 2,000 U.S. soldiers killed in Iraq. Attacks in Iraq and suicide bombers come and go; political reconstruction is full of variables, such as the United States wished could become a "model" purely unknown, while the Iraqi people have paid a huge, tragic cost of lives and property. A democratic institution must be consistent with national conditions, foreign soldiers under the bayonets of democracy is not convincing. In addition, in support of the other country's "democratic revolution" should avoid the double standards: acknowledged the election results when it in line with their own interests and wishes; If the election results dose not meet their requirement, then agitates to overthrow until the elected leaders be the one that they can accept, such an approach also made suspected: support for democracy is a sham and the truth is cultivate their own client states.#p#分页标题#e#社会政治领域，国际关系，世界和平相关的维和dissertation-United Nation peacekeeping-关于维和部队在联合国授权下的定义界定-"Agenda for Peace"
英国dissertation网of its success, post-war Germany from reconstruction to development, to rise to the unification process, indeed attracted worldwide attention, but it is a complete failure in Somalia, Kosovo and Iraq, only a limited success, so seems to democratic peace theory has its limitations, the first of its concept of democracy is very uncertain, the United States and Israel accused the PLO as a terrorist organization , blaming Arafat is a dictator, the results of the Palestinian people had a Hamas came to power through elections, supposedly democratic enough, but the U.S. is not done, we can see that democracy is first to comply with the requirements of American Civilization, such as belong to Christian and the scope of the West of Germany, so the West was made clash of civilizations that the contradictions in the world today is because of several major civilizations and religions, due to incompatibility, it is difficult to reconcile the room, but not entirely right, France is a very inclusive strong country to live in, where there are several millions of Muslims, and Christians that they would get along very well, the basic no conflict, but in the Middle East can not.
Respect the autonomy of the parties is a fundamental essence for post-conflict peace-building. Post-conflict peace-building primary task is to restore the parties to the administrative functions of national institutions. All political parties should be the leaders of the country and national interests, to comply with and effectively implement the peace agreement, through political dialogue and consultation to resolve their differences, commitment to national reconciliation, democracy-building and economic and social recovery and development. The international community in post-conflict peace-building, the parties should carefully listen to the views of the Government and people, with full respect for the local political, cultural, legal and religious traditions. International aid strategies to adapt to the specific circumstances of the parties, and fully take into account the parties to determine their own development priorities. Peace-building there can be no uniform standard, according to the different situation of the countries concerned to develop different strategies. In the implementation process, the parties should focus on strengthening capacity building and training of personnel, consideration should be given play to the parties of existing human resources and experts. Integrated and coordinated post-conflict peacebuilding activities of the various phases of the parties to the inevitable requirement to achieve a lasting peace. The growing conflict in the world today presents complex and diverse characteristics. To achieve the goal of post-conflict peace-building requires a comprehensive, systematic strategy. From the beginning of peace-building, it is necessary to consider the issue of peace-building. Only as soon as possible a stable post-war security situation in the establishment of a broadly representative government, promote national reconciliation, in order for the development of economic recovery and create the necessary climate for peace. Only as soon as possible to achieve economic recovery and reconstruction, so that the people enjoy the dividends of peace, the peace process in order to have a solid political foundation. Establishment of justice and the rule of law in post-conflict regions or countries to achieve stability and development of the necessary conditions, but without development, justice and the rule of law can only be a castle in the air. Deal with impunity, but also in line with the promotion of political dialogue and national reconciliation to speed up the overall needs.#p#分页标题#e#社会政治领域，国际关系，世界和平相关的维和dissertation-United Nation peacekeeping-关于维和部队在联合国授权下的定义界定-"Agenda for Peace" 自创办的联合国维和行动,作为和平的特点不断变化保持根据国际环境,这使得很难定义和平部队。因此,不仅在学术界还在实践中,一直未能找到一份称心如意的定义的维和。联合国维持和平行动没有的理论基础,从一开始,而是一个后代,冷战时期,联合国集体安全不能顺利地运作。作为安理会维和行动的授权下成立的,没有一定的标准可循的,所有取决于安理会授权的内容。