英国巴斯大学\University of Bath民事dissertation指导：Demands of the new generation of migrant workers blocked urbanizatio

Urbanization is today the world's most important social and economic phenomena. Although the international academic research on urbanization for several decades, but because of different disciplines on urbanization different understanding about the variety of definitions of urbanization there is a more significant formulation is : population to cities is the urbanization process . In the process of concentration of population to the cities , the rural-to- urban migration , agricultural population into a non- agricultural population is a reflection of the most prominent of urbanization . However, in the historical process of urbanization in China , due to the lack of a gradual process, when massive, sudden rural population to the cities , it will surely bring many unexpected , unanticipated problems . Yet in the city prepare for the time when migrant workers in particular, have a strong desire to urbanization, the urbanization of the new generation of migrant workers in cities to meet capacity demands and intensified conflicts between the new generation of migrant workers to become blocked urbanization demands generation of migrant workers a major cause of crime .
城市化是当今日底下关紧的社会形态、经济现象之一。尽管国际学术界对城市化的研讨已有数十年的历史，但因为不一样的学科对城市化的了解不一样，在关于城市化五花八门的定义中有一种较为主要的提法是：人口向城市集中的过程即为城市化。在人口向城市集中的过程中，农家人口向城市转移、农业人口转变为非农业人口是城市化最冒尖的反映。A new generation of migrant workers urbanization demands

Rural to urban migration almost never carry household , though they have migrated to the cities , but does not mark the completion of its urbanization process . Although they lived for years in the city, in the city working, living, it is still not citizen, farmer identity . For them, truly become the people moving into the city , is the key to the process of urbanization , but also the new generation of migrant workers to complete the process of urbanization is an important symbol. China's current generation of migrant workers in a total of approximately 100 million people. This indicates that the new generation of migrant workers in the country 230 million ( 225 million in 2008 ) workers , it has been accounted for nearly half , they are in the process of urbanization in a critical stage of transformation to the public . Generation of migrant workers , compared with the first generation of migrant workers , they have a strong desire to urbanization , has really integrate into the city , in the city 's aspirations to pursue interests in equality .
向城市搬迁的农家人口几乎都不带着户籍，它们的人固然已经搬迁到城市但并不微记着其城市化过程的完成。它们固然常年寓居在城市，在城市办公、生存，但还是是农夫身分而非城市居民身分。对它们来说，真正变成迁入城市的城市居民,才是城市化过程的关键存在的地方，也是新生界农夫间劳动力完成城市化过程的关健标记。

( A ) the identity of the aspirations of the city
National Federation of the new generation of migrant workers Task Force "on the new generation of migrant workers research report" the new generation of migrant workers is defined as : Born in the 20th century, 80 years later, aged 16 or more, in different places to farm employment -based agricultural household population . Its characteristics , residence in rural areas but as long as their parents or living alone in the city, living in rural areas and rural areas does not understand , do not like living in rural areas and rural areas , eager to become a real city people urban been excluded . According to statistics, 89.4 percent of the new generation of migrant workers basic does farm work, 37.9 percent of the new generation of migrant workers without workers experience .

Generation of migrant workers not only in the socio-economic characteristics and the individual features, and the first generation of migrant workers there are many differences between the groups , but also the most vulnerable members of the public wishes and Citizens of the groups. As the new generation of migrant workers living in small cities and rural living conditions compared to their more familiar with the urban living environment , to adapt. The new generation of migrant workers , 69.9 % of people tend to think " they are in a city ", " people should be equal and the city 's social status ," For the new generation of migrant workers "By working to fight to stay in the city life " (42.4%) , " do not want to return home to do farm work , city people thought the days of "accounted for 15.2%. Generation of migrant workers the reasons why people want to be based primarily on urban high income, high standard of living , a rich cultural life and education for their children to consider other factors. The reality of the household registration system makes them dilemma embarrassment , being in urban and rural areas on the edge of frustration in their own rural and urban identities do not agree to them .

( Two ) in the city to settle the demands of buyers
The first generation of migrant workers in the city to earn money is to go back to rural areas, " to build a house , marry a wife , a child ," and the new generation of migrant workers working in the city 's motives and objectives are no longer like their parents , they expect their and their children from the city 's passing can be able to stabilize the workers who settle in cities . China Youth Research Center released study shows that the new generation of migrant workers : the new generation of migrant workers, there are 55.9% of people are prepared in the future " in the work of the city to buy a house to settle ." But the reality is : The long-term stability in the life of workers to strong demand in the industry with their income and economically developed areas of the gap between the high prices have become increasingly prominent , many people live in the city buyers dream vanish into thin air .

( Three ) interest in the fair demands
Interest in the fair about the most straightforward interpretation is this: no matter who is in town or rural areas , whether they are local or foreign person , as long as their citizens , they should enjoy the same rights , bear the same obligations. It goes without saying , in the urbanization process, the new generation of migrant workers and urban citizens should enjoy the same employment , education , social security and other opportunities.

1 education benefits aspirations. Education, means that citizens are legally entitled to require the State to actively provide equal conditions and opportunities for education , by learning to develop their personality, talents and mental and physical abilities , to obtain equal opportunities for survival and development of the fundamental rights . Elements of modern technology in the context of productivity , a simple physical model of skilled labor workforce gradually being replaced , the only constant on the new generation of migrant workers in the education and training to improve the new generation of migrant vocational technical level, in order to meet demand continuously improve the level of modern labor market needs .

Compared with the older generation of migrant workers , the new generation of farmers have a higher cultural level tools for jobs have higher expectations , they have to accept higher education and skills training more subjective aspirations. 2010 , according to the National Federation of Trade Unions on the new generation of migrant workers study survey showed that: the new generation of migrant workers in 69.7% of people said that the urgent need to understand the professional skills and knowledge , 54.7% of people expressed a need to learn legal knowledge, 47.8% who expressed the wish to enhance the cultural knowledge . But in reality, the new generation of migrant workers due to the labor-intensive, long working hours, training costs higher objective conditions , can not make the new generation of migrant workers enjoy equal educational opportunities and conditions.

(2) the demands of labor rights . Compared with the older generation of migrant workers , the new generation of migrant workers a high level of education , participation in social activities , and access to outside information to understand the ways and means to more self-protection awareness , fighting for the rights of consciousness , consciousness than to protect their interests strong, equal access to employment rights , labor rights, etc. have a more intense aspirations. Once their rights can not be guaranteed , not like the older generation of migrant workers as submissive , choosing instead to " fried squid boss , or even seeking social , legal help to safeguard their legitimate rights and labor rights .

3 Social security interests demand. In the process of urbanization , living in the city , and the desire to become the city 's new generation of migrant workers, with the city , like the city has a strong demand for social protection . Alternative land to social security protection , rural urbanization is an indispensable basic conditions. For the new generation of migrant workers , based on the demands of urban identity , urban settlement demands , the demands of steady work in the city under the premise of the demands of social security rights and interests are also essential demands of urbanization . Their aspirations for urban social security at least in three aspects: First, to address old age, illness and other worries endowment insurance and medical insurance ; second is to solve the unemployment problems in life after temporary unemployment insurance ; three is to maintain a basic living minimum living guarantee.

Second, the new generation of migrant workers blocked the demands of urbanization , crime induced generation of migrant workers

Today, the increasingly sophisticated social division of labor , the new generation of migrant workers has become an indispensable social and economic development. On the one hand , for the city secondary and tertiary industry development has provided cheap labor , and promote urban and rural economic and social development ; On the other hand , the strong urbanization demands are not implemented as a predisposing factor in crime .

( A ) urban identity aspirations blocked
For a long time in the city to work, live , the new generation of migrant workers gradually lost its original identity of rural communities , their dreams become a city person , but not accepted by the city , painful alienation between urban and rural areas , urban identity aspirations blocked induce the occurrence of crime .

1 aspirations blocked by the city identity . On cities, objectively , due to the long presence of urban and rural social structure, in the accounts of social public goods and the implementation of the social security system and other aspects of urban and rural people treated differently ; Subjectively, urban residents inherent the pressure of employment and living conditions improved pressure, so that the existence of urban residents in the psychological rural people with their breadwinner , contention concerns a house to live , so there is for urbanization psychological resistance and the presence of rural populations the nature of exclusion. Resulting in a new generation of non-rural status of migrant workers from the city 's aspirations by a variety of subjective and objective conditions, so that they can not really integrate into the urban mainstream society into a real city person .

(2) Since the urban identity aspirations blocked. On the new generation of farm workers , life in the city since the new generation of migrant workers by their education, professional skills, industrial structure influence their lack of competitiveness , as well as the participation of urban social life inadequate , resulting in their objective requirements of urban identity identity, subjective in vocational skills training, improving the quality of other aspects of their lack of effort , they become fetters of urbanization .

Generation of migrant workers a strong identity as urbanization desire was to combat social reality , they are an opportunity to realize their dreams become slim or hopeless , some people will fall into the pain , blame , hatred, revenge being , along with their lack of fathers working spirit , the ability to deal with combat , indolent , doing nothing , waiting for an opportunity to retaliate and breed crime .

( Two ) the demands of urban settlers blocked
With the first generation of migrant workers " to go out to earn money - to return home to build a house ," the " city passing the" psychological different , there is a strong generation of migrant workers in the city to buy a house , into the city life wishes. While living in the city, but due to account restrictions , coupled with the limited level of education , the majority of people engaged in the industry can only be limited to some, such as services, construction , repair industry and so on. Although some of them have some expertise , it is only limited to manual labor and manual labor skills , their meager wages , it is only able to sustain life only. Survey shows that monthly income of 800 yuan accounted for 12.5% ​​, 42.3% of the new generation of migrant workers monthly income of 1,000 yuan , 28.1 percent of the new generation of migrant workers' wages in the 1000-2000 yuan , 11.6 percent of freshmen generation of migrant workers' wages in dollars between 2000-3000 , only 5.5 percent of the person's monthly income over 3,000 yuan , the new generation of migrant workers , the average wage is only 1,402 yuan . Only from the revenue, with wages for urban workers is similar , but the point of view of their living expenses , their per capita monthly consumption expenditure of about 1,092 yuan , while the monthly food expenditures reached 571 yuan , accounting for 52.3% of total consumer spending , and the difference is that urban residents become their rent spending a small fortune . In the face of the city's high prices , most people in the city to settle the demands of buyers vanish into thin air .

Most generation of migrant workers most want to own their own homes in the city , but the reality of high prices and the gap between their low-income individuals to become their subjective insurmountable gap , only to rent cheap room to survive. The result was the high-rise buildings for the city built a luxury villa in the city of people who did not get their own habitat, over time, this psychological gap and dreams of the new generation of migrant workers in urban housing intensified psychological slant , some people in order to change the status quo , to realize their dreams , resort to criminal means to fill the gully between aspirations and reality . ( Three ) interest in the fair demands of disruption。

Urban population with access to the same generation of migrant workers rights protection is also an important aspect of urbanization . Because of their inherent status as farmers "tag" , became lie between them and the city an insurmountable barrier , but also to those occupying the city's new generation of migrant workers in the city 's interest in the fair demands of various blocked.

1 education benefits blocked. According to the " new generation of migrant workers' protection and crime prevention research" task survey: 48.9% of the new generation of migrant workers criminals before the crime did not participate in any training , leading them in education, vocational skills and other aspects can not be improved, or skills due to the lack of employment difficulties faced by the threat of unemployment at any time , thereby inducing crimes .

(2) Labor Rights blocked. Labor rights but also the challenges facing the new generation of migrant workers , in real life , some companies a lot of tricks , such as the form of settlement through piecework wages , etc. extend working hours , would like to make money on much overtime, weekends and statutory holidays had not guaranteed ; some enterprises with obsolete equipment , security risk , resulting in a high incidence of occupational generation of migrant workers , accidents often occur ; unpaid wages , labor contract rate and other basic labor rights protection problems plaguing this young group . If Survey: 63.1% of the new generation of migrant workers criminals before the crime average daily working time more than 8 hours , 74.9% of the new generation of migrant workers average monthly criminals before the crime is less than four days of rest or no rest time . Existence of such acts , in violation of the "Labor Law" Article 36 , Article 41 working hours of workers , and to extend the provisions of the conditions of working time , which over many years, ultra-long high-intensity labor , serious damage to the the health of the new generation of migrant workers , while reducing the generation of migrant workers and lower self-learning and self-improvement of the time and desire to breed discontent , this sentiment once tempted by external adverse factors , some people will lose personal judgment and blind obedience , took the road of crime .

3 Social security interests blocked. According to the National Federation of the new generation of migrant workers Task Force survey, the current generation of migrant workers , and enjoys pension, health care , unemployment insurance rates were 21.3% , 34.8% and 8.5 %, while the urban minimum living security object for the local with urban household registration population , migrant workers do not enjoy such protection is basically right . As urban development can not be missing power generation of migrant workers , due to the impact of rural household registration , the city should not enjoy social security , coupled with the instability of their work , work intensity is high, poor working environment , dragging salary wages and other issues, further deterioration of the living environment , face greater threat of unemployment or illness that is inherently more difficult lives into distress situation . This is to some extent increased the frustration of the new generation of migrant workers , prone to social discontent , thus the formation of anti-social psychology, in order to carry out criminal acts to take revenge on society .

Third, the focus of the new generation of migrant workers demands of urbanization , crime prevention generation of migrant workers

China's urbanization process Companion - the new generation of migrant workers in recent years, crime has become a social hot issues . Attention and solve the new generation of migrant workers urbanization demands of our country's traditional urban-rural dual structure, the household registration system , ideas , the rural population 's awareness and attitudes urbanization challenges and impact ; attention and solve new generation of migrant workers urbanization demands , the process of urbanization is an unavoidable problem ; attention and solve the new generation of migrant workers urbanization demands are effectively suppress generation of migrant workers and the prevention of crime is the key.

( A ) generation of migrant workers gradually solve the demands of urban identity issues
In the process of urbanization in the urban and rural environment, the existing urban-rural dual structure of the household registration system, the household registration system reform is imperative. As China's current low level of urbanization and the high cost of farmers urbanization , China's urban economic conditions currently exist , living conditions, social security conditions are not ripe , perfect condition, there is not enough capacity large area , a full range of meet the needs of migrant workers in the city . Taking into account the reality of urbanization in China carrying capacity , urbanization and the objective reality of the high cost of the new generation of migrant workers from the subjective strength of urbanization and other issues , the new generation of migrant workers is not an overnight urban identity issues can be resolved it should be a gradual process. In the household registration system reform , we should lower the threshold of urban identity , according to strength , carrying capacity of the reality of the city , in the urbanization process from low to high gradually absorb the rural population , for example, according to the new generation of migrant workers living in the city , working time , education, acquired skills levels, no criminal record , etc., as a prerequisite to attract migrant workers , to develop appropriate policies to attract migrant workers household , the aim is to achieve the new generation of migrant workers to urban identity gradual transition , the second is to encourage those who do not meet the policy conditions of the new generation of migrant workers through conscious learning, and constantly improve their own quality and competitiveness in the city to complete the self- urbanization .

( Two ) the new generation of migrant workers gradually solve the demands of urban living issues

Generation of migrant workers are employed in the economically developed cities , and developed cities with high rates of low-income among the new generation of migrant workers formed a strong contrast. And with the city's economic development, urban land available to reduce urban floating population increases, this conflict will become more prominent. To solve the new generation of migrant workers in the city to buy a house is also more difficult to settle the issue , but for every citizen in terms of " home " is the " music industry " premise , "nothing ," but also a " non- student " premise . To stabilize the city public security , prevention of those because of no fixed abode , crime idle generation of migrant workers , in order to enable them to live in the city stable , eliminating the urban social order problems, the city has the responsibility to solve the housing problems of the new generation of migrant workers into urban construction and development outline .

Based on urban prices are too high , while the purchasing power of the new generation of migrant workers to the serious shortage problem, only multi-channel , multi-channel generation of migrant workers to gradually meet the demands of urban living . Specific practices are: First, the development of public rental housing, apartment building migrant workers ; second is based on the new generation of migrant workers living in the city residence , labor skills are mastered , especially with no criminal record and other urban workers enjoy equal economic affordable housing, rewarding them with momentum, in order to encourage qualified cities will have a stable job and income of migrant workers into the urban housing security system gradually 。

( Three ) the gradual resolution of the new generation of migrant workers in the city 's interest in the fair demands of the problem
And the city shall enjoy the same right to education , labor rights , the right to social security is the new generation of migrant workers necessary element of urbanization . For the prevention and containment generation of migrant workers blocked due interest in the fair demands of criminal acts resulting in the process of urbanization , we must pay attention and gradually solve the farmers' interest in the fair demands of the new generation . Specific practices are: First, the new generation of migrant workers to be innovative training mechanisms to encourage and support employers targeted job skills for this unit needs pre , post in the training , with different levels of expertise to enjoy different levels of wage treatment , thereby increasing generation of migrant receive professional skills training and education initiative for enterprises to bring better economic benefits ; two is to implement the "Labor Contract Law " the relevant provisions , during the vocational skills training to join the relevant legal training , when the newborn to encounter illegal migrant workers extend working hours , wages were unreasonably unfair treatment due to deduction , can use legal weapons to protect their legitimate rights and interests of labor ; Third generation of migrant workers to form and improve the basic pension, basic medical and unemployment , work injury and maternity insurance system , according to the new generation of migrant workers in the cities they live , work time , their education, their acquired skills levels, no criminal record conditions gradually bring migrant workers into the cities and towns of newborn pension, health care , unemployment insurance and guaranteeing social security systems.

In short, the process of urbanization is one from lower to higher gradual process , during which there are always various contradictions and problems emerging, face and attention to these problems and continue the process of solving these problems is an integral part of the process of urbanization . Rural-to- urban migration , identity farmers since the transition to the public identity as an important symbol of urbanization , the new generation of migrant workers face and attention to the demands of urbanization , and gradually solve the problem of the demands of the new generation of migrant workers , in order to effectively prevent and reduce newborn crime on behalf of migrant workers , as urbanization create a good social security environment.