社会学英语dissertation:论马克思生产力理论中的自然力向度

In Marx's theory of productive forces, the forces of nature has an extremely important position and role, "everything comes down to productive forces of nature," highlights the ecological dimension of Marx's theory of productive forces. However, has long been neglected in the Marxist theory of productive forces of nature study ideas, ignoring all sorts of Marx issued a warning to mankind. Human development productivity while excessive use of the forces of nature, misuse and vandalism elemental forces of nature, resulting in global ecological crisis, has been a serious threat to the sustainable development of productive forces. Therefore, to solve the ecological crisis, save the environment is imminent, to this end, the party's 18 report proposes new initiatives ecological civilization construction. Report states: "Faced with tight resource constraints, environmental pollution, ecosystem degradation grim situation, we must foster respect for nature, harmony with nature, protecting the natural concept of ecological civilization, ecological civilization construction put in a prominent position, into economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction, and all aspects of the whole process. " Therefore, the productivity of contemporary Marxist theory reaffirm ideological forces of nature, for the formation of resource conservation and environmental protection industrial structure and production methods, conservation and intensive use of resources, and promote fundamental change in use of resources, and building a socialist ecological civilization has important guiding significance.  http://www.ukthesis.org/shx

在马克思的生产力理论中，自然力有着极其重要的地位和作用，“一切生产力都归结为自然力，”凸显了马克思生产力理论的生态维度。但是，长期以来人们忽视了对马克思生产力理论中自然力思想的研究，漠视了马克思给人类发出的种种警告。人类在发展生产力的同时，过度使用自然力、滥用自然力以及人为破坏自然力，造成全球性的生态危机，已经严重地威胁到生产力的可持续发展。

First, the "Das Kapital" elemental concept research

一、《资本论》中自然力概念的考证 

Marx's "Das Kapital" and manuscripts from different perspectives define the concept of natural forces.

马克思在《资本论》及其手稿中从不同视角界定了自然力概念。 

1. "Purely natural forces." Marx pointed out that "purely natural forces - such as water, wind, steam, electricity," and "waterfall", "rich mine", "fish-rich waters," "position favorable building lots" and so on. Therefore, the "purely natural forces" refers to forces of nature or human nature surrounding natural forces are present in a variety of other human society, the sum of the forces of nature, both hydro, wind, electricity, steam, solar and other natural material force, also includes animal, fertile land extent, mining and other natural resources, the richness of the material energy.#p#分页标题#e#

1.“单纯的自然力”。马克思指出，“单纯的自然力——如水、风、蒸汽、电”，以及“瀑布”、“富饶的矿山”、“盛产鱼类的水域”、“位置有利的建筑地段”等。因此，“单纯的自然力”是指自然界的自然力或人周围的自然力，是存在于人类社会以外的各种自然力量的总和，既包括水力、风力、电力、蒸汽、太阳能等自然环境的物质力量，也包括畜力、土地的富饶程度、矿山的丰富程度等自然资源的物质能量。 

(2) the body's natural forces. Human body's natural forces is the sum of physical and mental, is a human life, the body's instinct to show, is human labor. Marx pointed out that the natural man as a living being, "man endowed with natural forces, vitality, these forces as endowments and capabilities, as the presence of lust in him." Development in order to survive through labor occupies natural substances, and labor is the use of labor or consumption, that is the body's natural forces - arms and legs, head and hands in motion acting on a natural substance they formed a productive labor. Thus, the body's natural forces are the basic elements of productivity.

Three. "Social labor forces of nature." Marx derived from collaborative division of labor and population growth elemental forces of nature referred to as the natural forces of social labor, Marx pointed out: "generated by the collaboration and division of labor productivity, capital does not cost a penny and it is social labor forces of nature." Marx believed that collaboration and division of labor not only improve personal productivity, but also created a new productivity - a collective force, which is the isolated individual labor productivity can not be achieved, the capitalists do not charge a penny, because the capitalists pay compensation only to the individual labor, thereby resulting collaboration and division of labor productivity to become a force of nature. In addition, Marx believed that "population growth is not required to pay compensation for the labor force of nature." Natural population growth comes from the production of human beings, that kind of reproduction, that does not cost a penny capitalists can get abundant labor supply. Therefore, from this sense, population growth gained the elemental significance.

4. "Dynamic labor forces of nature." "Labor's dynamic performance of the forces of nature lies in its use of consumable materials and tools, in order to preserve them in some form, thus bringing the labor materialized in them, their exchange value is also preserved; ...... labor The forces of nature is the power of capital, rather than labor force, therefore, is not to give it the capital of remuneration. "Thus," Labor's dynamic forces of nature "is the labor force of nature. Marx's labor was given concrete labor and abstract labor dual nature: on the one hand, the abstract labor to create a new value, on the other hand, the specific transfer of raw materials and labor in the production of machinery and equipment wear and tear of old values. Save the old value of labor does not cost a penny capitalists functions, and thus, by Marx as the forces of nature.#p#分页标题#e#

5. "Dead force of nature." "Dead force of nature" concept is Marx 'machines. The forces of nature and the application of science, "a book made, refers to the machine's natural forces. He said: "to die of natural forces that have some kind of iron bodies and uniform speed and rhythm of the movements of tireless work with." Marx pointed out when it comes to natural forces machine, if the machine for production of goods for 15 years year, then only 1/15 of the annual amount of product added value, but it is in the labor process as 15/15 functioning; including 14/15 does not need to spend what price. In other words, the machines are involved in the production process as a whole, but according to the useful life of the successive transfer to the new wear value commodities. Therefore, the useful life of the machine, there is always a part of the production of services free of charge, which is the machine's natural forces.

6 natural forces of science and technology. Marxism is a science and technology has always advocated the forces of nature, "Science as a social development in general spiritual products ...... manifested as forces of nature itself, the performance of social labor forces of nature itself." Science and technology as a force of nature as follows: When the "current scope needle deviation within the law, or the current through the winding iron law of one of the ferromagnetic leaving once discovered, do not charge a penny. "Once people the discoveries and inventions of scientific principles and techniques used in the production process, science and technology will be free of charge for production services.

From the above discussion of Marx's concept of the forces of nature, we can define as the forces of nature: the forces of nature is derived from one or from the nature or society can be free of charge applied to the production process and to generate additional revenue factor of production. This paper discusses the natural forces mainly refers to the natural forces of nature.

Second, the forces of nature is "no extra cost" productivity

Marxist classical writers that the material productive forces are involved in the production process and the production of material goods of the various elements of the force, is the natural elements, the main elements and social elements of the composite power system. Their natural forces in the development of productive forces in the status and role, done a lot of, a systematic exposition, called the forces of nature is "no extra cost" productivity, they think, "hydro, steam power, manpower, horsepower, all of which are 'productivity', "" untapped natural resources and forces of nature "is also" free productivity. " 1. The forces of nature is the natural basis of productivity. Productivity directly aimed for mankind to create material wealth and an ideal living environment, while the realization of this goal is inseparable from the nature of the forces of nature. "Das Kapital" and other writings, Marx productive forces of nature as a natural basis, he said: the forces of nature "is a particularly high labor productivity in the natural basis." First of all, nature is the natural basis of human labor and prerequisites. Marx's theory from the perspective of the origin of matter, that the forces of nature in the sense of ontological priority of the endogenous and require the forces of nature is the source of development of productive forces of material conditions. "There is no nature, no sensuous external world, workers can not create anything." Secondly, differences in the natural environment is the formation of the natural basis of social division of labor, it is not only qualitative, restricts the layout of the production sector and productivity, but also from the amount of impact on the ability of the size of the development of productive forces. "The same can be materialized labor in the harvest of two bushels of wheat, might only have materialized during the lean years of a bushel of wheat in here, because of the poor or the rich natural conditions determines limited by natural conditions of labor productivity is really special." Finally, proliferation of natural forces is the value of the natural basis. "Excess profits is not a source of natural forces, but only a natural foundation excess profits." Marx, while emphasizing the forces of nature itself is of no value, but once into the production process, it will reduce the value of individual commodities, sold pressing social value, can reap excessive profits. So, Marx believed that differential rent is higher by the exclusive nature of labor productivity, land prices are lower than the product of individual production rates of social production obtained transformed from excess profits.#p#分页标题#e#

(2) the forces of nature is an intrinsic element of productivity and ecological source. Marx believed that productivity has a dual attributes: natural and social properties. The traditional theory of the productive forces of social productivity Productivity is only equivalent to the one-sided emphasis on productive social attributes, ignoring the nature of productive forces, the forces of nature as the external conditions for the development of productive forces, the forces of nature is denied an intrinsic element of productivity, which is the theory of Marxism-productivity misinterpretation. Chinese scholars Kezong Rui called it "half productivity theory", "disability theory of productive forces." In fact the forces of nature as an integral element of productivity, productivity has long been incorporated into the system of Marx. He said: "If the natural characteristics of different people and their production skills on the difference aside aside, then labor productivity should primarily depend on: (a) the natural conditions of labor, such as fertile land, rich mines degree etc.; (2) the labor Kuchimasu social forces improvement, this improvement is caused by the following factors, that large-scale production, the concentration of capital, labor union, division of labor, machines, improvement of production methods, chemical applications, and other natural factors. "This shows that Marx's productive forces of nature contains, productivity and social forces are the forces of nature combine. Based on the ecological dimension perspective, the forces of nature is not only an important factor in productivity, but also a source of productive ecosystems.