Marx's "accumulation of knowledge" and Its Contemporary Value-关于马克思的“知识积累”理论及其当代价值

"Accumulation of knowledge" can be said to be a new topic, because in the past and even now, people of "Das Kapital" to study the accumulation of capital or mostly discuss about the accumulation of wealth, but rarely involve "the accumulation of knowledge," this issue. This can not be said that the study of Marxist economics a pity. However, this is not Marx's fault, but the lack of research we have today caused regret. In fact, if we dig deeper and discussion can be found in Marx's "Das Kapital" and a series of manuscripts already left us in this regard many valuable ideas worth learning, in-depth study.

“知识积累”，可以说是一个崭新的话题，因为以往乃至现在，人们研究《资本论》，研究积累，大都是探讨关于资本或财富的积累，却很少涉及“知识积累”这一问题。这不能不说是马克思主义经济学研究的一大憾事。然而，这并不是马克思的过错，而是我们今天研究的不足而造成的遗憾。其实，只要我们深入挖掘与探讨，就能发现，马克思在《资本论》及其一系列手稿中早就给我们留下了关于这方面的许多宝贵思想，值得我们认真学习、深入研究。 

First, Marx's "accumulation of knowledge" Several Basic Problems

一、马克思关于“知识积累"几个基本问题的阐释 

In "Das Kapital" and a series of documents and data, Marx first of the "accumulation of knowledge" some of the major aspects and basic issues and interpretation of the provisions were made for us to understand and study the problem accurately laid the foundation.

在《资本论》及其一系列文献资料中，马克思首先对“知识积累”的一些主要范畴和基本问题作了规定和阐释，为我们准确理解和研究这一问题奠定了基础。 

1. "Accumulation of knowledge" the basic meaning of

Marx said, "accumulation of knowledge" itself is an exclusive area of ​​academic fields of economics, has a special meaning. As for people's daily life called "accumulation of knowledge" is similar to the "knowledge base" or "knowledge-savings" concept, for example, teachers ask students to pay attention to writing or other subjects accumulation of knowledge and skills, or leadership requirements subordinate to seriously practice, hard work experience, and so on. Here the "accumulation of knowledge" is different from the economic sense of the "accumulation of knowledge", and its concept and content are completely different. This is Marx addressed to the "accumulation" and "accumulation of knowledge" issue specifically emphasize the point. He said: "This should prevent two views: (1) to prevent the accumulation of savings and confused; (2) to prevent the process of capital accumulation and storage of pure formed when a currency accumulation confused."#p#分页标题#e#

As a field of science of economics "accumulation of knowledge" is the corresponding capital accumulation, mainly refers to the amount of knowledge growth and quality of sublimation, and structural optimization. The accumulation of capital refers to the part of surplus value or profit as capital to use, so that production in the expanding scale repeated. Marx pointed out: "This new creation, and the capital value of the same nature again into production processes ...... have greater value as capital play a role in increasing the size ...... now began to re-start the same process of capital planning a circle, as the main body of the circle enlarged, and it is such paddled expanding circle, forming a spiral. "similar to the accumulation of capital," the accumulation of knowledge "as a real sport, but also" spiral "cycle, but it is the people's knowledge, wisdom, ability, skills, etc. "spiral" campaign.

Capital accumulation and the "accumulation of knowledge" is a form of capitalist society, or even all civilized society the accumulation of wealth in two forms. In both forms, Marx is the most valued most emphasized "the accumulation of knowledge." Because it is directly related to the whole society and every member of society's own scientific and cultural level, which is what constitutes the primary factor of social productive forces, is to promote the growth and accumulation of social wealth decisive condition. Marx pointed out: people speak only know that the accumulation of this form of social wealth accumulation, however, there is an accumulation have been neglected. This accumulation, it is the social "primary accumulation ratio and carried it together and it just reflects the kind of accumulation, that this accumulation activities existing objective conditions of accumulation, is much more important, and these objective conditions will continue to re-produce and re-spending, but nominally be accumulated. "He also pointed out:" The whole objective world, 'material wealth the world', but here are engaged in social production as the human factor, but as a person engaged in social production is disappearing but constantly regenerated practice and relegated to secondary status. "Therefore," the accumulation of knowledge "is the accumulation of capital than the average wealth or even more important than an accumulation. Capitalist society has been able to develop in their 100 years of history to create a human society than ever before all the productive forces of social wealth, is enough to make people believe that this truth.

2. "Accumulation of knowledge" of the basic form

Marx's "Das Kapital" and that "the accumulation of knowledge" There are two basic forms: First, the "wisdom of the general productivity of social accumulation" or "social accumulation of knowledge and the entire productive" (hereinafter referred to as "social accumulation of knowledge" - - the author note); second is the "workers' own skills and knowledge (scientific strength) accumulation" (hereinafter referred to as "personal knowledge accumulation" - the author note). The so-called "social accumulation of knowledge" refers to the entire community or national science and technology in a higher form of sublimation, which embodies the whole society or nation in scientific theories, scientific spirit (truth, democracy, innovation, etc.), scientific thinking and development strategy, transformation mechanism and management system and other ideology and institutional aspects. As a "personal knowledge accumulation" refers to the person's labor in the advanced form of production and reproduction, it is the workers to obtain new scientific knowledge, the improvement of scientific thinking, scientific innovation capability, enhance scientific behavior and Lifestyle develop scientific and other aspects of development. For workers, this is a quality of its labor force huge leap.#p#分页标题#e#

In the "accumulation of knowledge" in both forms, Marx more attention to "personal knowledge accumulation." This is so, first by the special nature of Marxist economics with a special mission of the decision. As we all know, is based on Marxist economics reveal interpersonal social relations of production in real terms for the purpose, in order to achieve people, especially the working class emancipation and development for the purpose of scientific system. Thus, in Marx's economics presentation is full of humane care for the working class, the situation of the working class and its destiny care and attention. So, in Marx's study "accumulation of knowledge" issue, the first thought is that it's natural relationship with the working class, and the relationship between the fate of the working class.

Secondly, the "personal knowledge accumulation" than "social accumulation of knowledge" more initiative and creativity. "Personal knowledge accumulation" in the knowledge contained already a personification of knowledge, long into the human flesh, bones and brain, into the wisdom, ability and skill, creativity is a living, as long as the combination of certain objective conditions can become great physical strength and the reality of material wealth. The "social accumulation of knowledge" in the knowledge contained, but is mostly an abstract ideology, dead knowledge, no one's role, only deep in the vast sea of ​​books, books with mildew and insects, can not form forever productivity, never fail to make material wealth. Finally, the "personal knowledge accumulation," or to achieve "social accumulation of knowledge," the foundation or prerequisite. "Social accumulation of knowledge" as an ideology, something that is an abstraction. Logically, it is with anything else, extracted from the numerous concrete and abstract out, therefore, there is no specific "personal knowledge accumulation," there is no abstract "social accumulation of knowledge." In addition, individual or social factors constitute only all members of society to achieve a "personal knowledge accumulation" in order to form a "social accumulation of knowledge." Therefore, "the accumulation of knowledge society" must be "personal knowledge accumulation" basis or premise. Only when all members of society (at least the majority of the members) "personal knowledge accumulation" have progressed developed, will have a "social accumulation of knowledge," the progress and development. Otherwise, the "social accumulation of knowledge" becomes a passive water or without trees.

Three. "Accumulation of knowledge" and the social relations of production

"Accumulation of knowledge" as a spiritual person spiritual wealth of activities and social production and reproduction, it is bound to be a certain production relations and social mainstream of the dominant ideology and constraints, and thus has a certain specific nature of society. Marx contact the reality of capitalist society clearly states: "With the social knowledge from the machine and the entire system of accumulation and development of productive forces, the representative of the general social labor is not labor, but capital productivity of society is measured by fixed capital It exists in the form of objects in fixed capital, on the other hand, capital productivity has been capitalized with the free possession of this universal progress to develop. ...... in the machine system, the workers, knowledge representation as an outward alien thing, and is an independent living labor from taking effect materialized labor. "" the accumulation of knowledge and skills, social intelligence in general productivity of accumulation, on the same labor as opposed to being absorbed in the capital of which is, thus demonstrating as capital property, more specifically some say, the performance of fixed capital property, as long as the fixed capital is as true of production to join the production process. "However, once the capitalist mode of production is eliminated, things will become another scene, that workers will become the true subject of the labor process, as those who grasp their own destiny, people will consciously applied in labor knowledge, wisdom, ability and skills to become part of labor. Then "accumulation of knowledge" can obtain a new social attributes.

Second, Marx capitalism "accumulation of knowledge" of the typical analysis and critique

As mentioned earlier, in the "accumulation of knowledge" issue, Marx and more emphasis on "personal knowledge accumulation," the form, and thus, in the huge theoretical literature, he is the most studied of this natural form of "accumulation of knowledge" . However, in the era of Marx that capitalism is still in the early stages of development. This period of social, arguably the most unfavorable production and reproduction of the labor force, and therefore, also the most favorable "accumulation of knowledge" in. Thus, Marx's "Das Kapital" been a series of in-depth analysis and critique.

1 The existence of capitalist private workers lost the basis for survival and human dignity. Marx pointed out: "an addition to their labor without any other outside person whose property in any social and cultural state, have had to labor for the possession of the material conditions of the others as slaves. Others he had only been allowed to work, therefore only be allowed to others in order to survive. "at the time under capitalism, workers that capitalists slaves. As slaves, capitalists did not look at them as people, just the "deemed mentally and physically impersonal beings," even when the person is to them, but also a "people as commodities, as with commodities specified person. "as slaves, workers from the one invisible line, that this relationship wage labor system in the hands of the bourgeoisie, the bourgeoisie was firmly nailed on the pillars in the capital and drove with them for life generation of employment. Thus, making the workers lost the basis for survival and human dignity, and even the nature of man, which also lost in the "personal knowledge accumulation" in any possible.  

2 capitalist wage labor system exists so that workers lost achieve "personal knowledge accumulation," the necessary conditions. Unemployment and poverty are chronic capitalist economy, especially in the capitalist mode of production in the early stages of development is more serious. Capitalists in order to grab more surplus value, is bound to flood outside the factory, the existence of unemployed workers as a bargaining chip to strengthen the exploitation of workers in the industry. The presence of a large number of unemployed workers is again the capitalist mode of production inherent nature of the decision. With the development of productivity, improvement of the organic composition of capital in the industry, machine workers constantly being squeezed and become unemployed; Meanwhile, the big capitalist machine reduces the production of human use of physical, mental and even within a certain range requirements, resulting in a large number of children and women are also into the workforce, and workers compete for jobs in the industry. This allows a large number of the working population is unemployed and semi-long-term unemployed. While unemployment will inevitably bring further deepening impoverishment of workers, if not their jobs, often in a poor state. While in theory, workers' wages are determined by the production and reproduction of the labor costs of the decision, but this is only a theory exists and social reality is the wages of workers often suffer capitalists artificially depressed. Marx pointed out: "Capital trying to cheat the necessary labor, and to pay down the criteria to be determined by the body and by a certain criteria to be determined under the social situation, which in practice is both a general trend, there are also like that in the real wage under the direct practices to raise prices. "Therefore, the already low wages becomes lower, the final state is bound to make workers into poverty. This impoverishment of state workers will be accelerated with the accumulation of capital becomes more and more serious. Marx pointed out: "All the way at the same time producing surplus value is the accumulation of approach, and the accumulation of every expansion of the development of these methods in turn become a means shows that no matter how high or low paid workers, the situation of workers with the necessary capital accumulation of deteriorating. Finally, the relative surplus population or industrial reserve army with the accumulated balance of size and http://www.ukthesis.org/shx capacity of the law remain nailed to the capital on the workers, ...... this law restricts compatible with the accumulation of capital accumulation poverty " that "poverty, labor torture, slavery, ignorance, Shaggy and the accumulation of moral depravity." Thus, with the accumulation of capital accumulation accelerated and poverty deepens, workers can only be at the same level or even lower levels of productivity on the production and reproduction, but can not achieve personal "knowledge accumulation.