纽卡斯尔大学（Newcastle University）社会学dissertation范文：当下中国养老制度可行性分析

The “one child” policy in China has effectively controlled the high speed of population growth, but also brought a series problems. Especially it has brought enormous aging problem to society.在中国的“独生子女”政策，有效地控制了人口增长速度，但同时也带来了一系列问题。特别是它带来了巨大的社会老化问题。

According to the traditional standards of the United Nations, a regional has more than 10 per cent population of over 60 years old people is called aging society. New standard is more than 7 per cent population of over 65 years old people.按照联合国传统标准，一个地区有超过10％的人口超过60岁的人被称为老龄化社会。新标准是65岁以上的老人超过7％的人口。

An aging process normally took decades or even hundreds years, for example, French took 115 years, UK took 80 years, but China only took 18 years to enter aging society. Even depends on new standard, China already had more than 7 per cent population of over 65 years old people from 2000.正常老化过程花了几十年甚至百年，例如，法国花了115年，英国花了80年，但是中国只花了18年进入老龄化社会。甚至依赖于新的标准，中国已经有超过7％的人口从2000年的超过65岁的人。

China has not yet set up an appropriate pension system, and aging problem makes it more difficult.中国还没有成立相应的养老保险制度，老化的问题更加困难。

In fact, pension is a foreign object to Chinese. The traditional approach let family to commit this responsibility. Children will support elderly and their children will support them. It is a sustainable approach as a result of China was a long history agricultural country. Modern society is no longer requiring people stay with lands, and the fetters of family is no longer as strong as in the past. People have increasingly demand of distance and privacy. According to National Social Security Bureau survey, more than more young people do not accept the traditional concept of cares for the aged. More than 90 per cent people still agree with pay their parents’ elderly life needs, but when taking about their elderly life, younger people represent different thoughts.

事实上，养老是中国的一个外物。传统的方法让家人来提交这个责任。孩子们会支持老人和他们的子女会支持他们。由于中国是一个历史悠久的农业大国，这是一种可持续的方法。现代社会不再需要人留与土地，家庭的羁绊已不再是强如在过去。人们已越来越多地要求的距离和隐私。根据国家社会保障局调查，不接受超过更多的年轻人关心老年的传统观念。超过90％的人仍然同意支付他们的父母的老年生活需求，但他们的老年生活时，年轻人代表着不同的想法.  More and more young people concerned about their privacy, and no longer willing to live with their children after retirement. Meanwhile, many people only have the national mandatory basic pension insurance to be the retirement income. 越来越多的年轻人关注自己的隐私，并不再愿意退休后与子女同住。同时，很多人不仅有国家强制性的基本养老保险成为退休后的收入。#p#分页标题#e#

Because of China’s special history and national conditions, when foreign objects come into China, there have been barely social debates.  Many people do not really think through why we need state pension insurance.  Because the principle of Chinese Economic Opening is “trial and error”, “no matter black or white, clutching the mouse is a good cat”. Once something looks good in other countries, we normally copy and use it immediately. Pension insurance has been recognised as one of the most important social responsibility of modern country, thus once government copy a pension system from outside, which looks right as it always be, people just naturally accepted it.由于中国特殊的历史和国情，当异物进入中国时，已经几乎没有社会辩论。许多人并不真正思考我们为什么需要国有养老保险。由于中国经济开放的原则是“尝试错误法”，“没有不管黑猫白猫，抓着耗子就是好猫”。一旦某样东西看起来不错，在其他国家，我们通常复制，并立即使用它。养老保险已确认为现代国家最重要的社会责任之一，因此养老金制度从外面看起来是对的，这样一旦政府从外面复制一个养老金制度，如通常看起来是正确的，人们就自然接受。

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Since the founding of China only have 60 years, and only 30 years from Economic Opening. The state pension system was established in a rash way. Now the pension system is facing great challenges due to economic and demographic problems. Under such situations, government has been implementing a series of pension reforms. Whether these reforms are running on a right direction and whether it will bring tangible benefits to average people, this article will discuss it.

In fact, Friedman (1962) discussed whether governments have to establish mandatory pension system to everyone. Friedman indicated the only advantage of mandatory pension system is preventing some irresponsible people who did not plan their retirement plan to become a burden on government and charity.事实上，弗里德曼（1962）讨论政府是否建立强制性的养老保险制度给大家。弗里德曼表示，强制性养老金制度的唯一的好处是防止一些不负责任的人，谁没有计划自己的退休计划，以政府和慈善成为一种负担。

This advantage only existed when there were a big number of such irresponsible people.  However, if the number was small, set up mandatory pension system was only damaging the right of freedom of disposable income of majority people.这种优势只存在这种不负责任的人当有一个大数目。但是，如果数量很小，设立强制性的养老保险制度只损害多数人的可支配收入的自由权。

He also indicated there was no needs to establishing mandatory pension system. http://ukthesis.org/shxGovernment could ask individual pay a contribution, or buy pensions from private company, or buy certain amount of pensions. Briefly, government could provide several pension plans and compete in a capital market. It is the best way to satisfy different kind of needs of different person, and very effective.他还表示，有没有需要建立强制性的养老保险制度。政府可能会问个人支付了贡献，或从私人公司购买养老金，或购买一定数额的养老金。简单地说，政府可以提供一些退休金计划和资本市场的竞争。这是最好的方式，以满足不同人的需求，不同种类的和非常有效的。#p#分页标题#e#

A significant point of Friedman’s opinion is capital market. However, during the past 30 years, China was always attempting to establish a safety, effective, and fair capital market, but still mission uncompleted, especially the weak regulation system.  In a bad economic environment, opening social insurance market to private competition is not wise.  However, after 30 years economic opening with great economic success, maybe now is a good timing to consider this choice.Friedman的观点是资本市场重要的一点。然而，在过去的30年中，中国一直在试图建立一个安全，有效，公平的资本市场，但仍然未完成的使命，尤其是弱调节系统。在糟糕的经济环境，社会保险市场开放给私人竞争是不明智的。然而，经过30多年的经济开放的经济成就，也许现在是一个很好的时机考虑这个选择。 

This article will analyse details of present state pension system, pension reform performance, and compare with international experiences. Finally, we will discuss some expert mainstreams of pension reform.本文将分析当前状态的养老制度，养老制度改革的性能的详细信息，并与国际经验比较。最后，我们将讨论一些专家的养老制度改革的主流。