经济时代之中就业理论:一个广义虚拟作为经济的视角的研究

Generalized virtual economy is simultaneously meet people's physical needs and psychological needs and to meet the psychological needs-driven, and it will only meet the psychological needs of the economy collectively (Lin Zuo Ming, 2010). Human society has from the traditional materials of the economy has entered a generalized virtual human economic times. Generalized virtual economy as a new economic way forward, its development impact of a country's economic transformation and structural adjustment, and then act on the job. Employment is the people's livelihood, the question of national politics, the economy and society at all levels, employment has also been the focus of attention of the wider issues. Therefore, at this stage, at the conclusion on the basis of the existing employment theory, combined with the rapid economic development of the generalized virtual background, propose new economic era theory of employment, for ease of difficult employment, employment imbalance has a good guide .

广义虚拟经济是同时满足人的生理需求和心理需求并以满足心理需求为主导，以及只满足人的心理需求的经济的统称（林左鸣，2010）。人类社会已经由传统的物本经济时代进入了广义虚拟的人本经济时代。广义虚拟经济作为新经济前进的方向，它的发展影响一国经济的转型和结构调整，进而作用于就业。就业是民生之本，关乎国家政治、经济和社会的各个层面，就业问题也一直是社会各界广泛关注的焦点问题之一。因此，现阶段，在总结现有就业理论的基础上，结合广义虚拟经济快速发展的时代背景，提出新经济时代的就业理论，对于缓解我国就业难、就业不均衡的现象具有很好的指导意义。 

A Western theoretical development of employment

一、西方就业理论发展

Throughout the Western economic theory research on employment, mostly concentrated on the supply and demand from the point of view of the number of employment effects, fewer scholars on employment structure and quality in depth.

纵观西方经济学关于就业理论的研究，大多集中于从供给与需求的角度分析就业的数量效应，较少学者对就业的结构和质量进行深入探讨。

Theories about the number of jobs, including Say's Law, Keynes's theory of employment, the Phillips curve, monetarist view of employment, supply-side employment point of view. Where: Say's law states that the supply itself generate demand; Keynesian employment theory is that to achieve full employment, we must abandon the traditional laissez-faire policy, the government must use aggressive fiscal and monetary policies; Phillips curve that the unemployment rate and inflation exists between the rate of change in the opposite direction of the relationship; monetarist view that employment to reduce the natural rate of unemployment, we must give full play to the labor market and commodity markets the positive role of free competition; supply-side perspective denied employment Keynes' lack of effective demand. " The basic argument in favor of the supply side approach seeks to achieve full employment.#p#分页标题#e#

Theories about the structure of employment is mainly Petty - Clark theorem and Kuznets research. Petty - Clark theorem states that, along with economic development, and increasing levels of per capita income, the three industries the proportion of national output and labor will continue to change, as the upgrading of industrial structure that will guide the employment from the first and second two industrial flow tertiary industry, and promote increased proportion of tertiary industry employment structure; Kuznets the three industries into "agricultural sector", "industry" and "service sector", with economic development, the agricultural sector's share The percentage of the GDP and employment, the proportion tends to decrease, while the industrial sector and the service sector's share of output and employment, the proportion of gravity tends to rise.

In the field of labor economics abroad for employment quality research first began in the United States. 1970s, the United States first appeared, "the quality of work life" concept (Delamotte, Y, Takezawa, S, 1984), but the quality of its research work focuses on the impact on quality of life, rather than the work itself, until it was made. " Decent Work "(derived from the International Labour Organization)," quality of work "(derived from the European Commission)," quality employment "(Schroeder, FK, 2007) the concept of research focuses on the quality of work before turning the impact of the work itself.

Second, the domestic employment theoretical development

The number of domestic research on employment are more ZhouTianYong (1995) affirmed the interactive relationship between economic development and employment that sustained economic growth can bring increased employment levels and can eventually eliminate unemployment; Zhao Jianguo (2003) through to Employment Point elasticity studies, China's rapid economic growth reached a good stimulating employment; CASS Institute of Population and Labor Economics Cai Fang (2007) in the demonstration of the relationship between economic development and employment obtained when the rate of economic development Unemployment is no significant relationship between changes in the empirical results.

Studies on the structure of employment, Jiang fishery prepared by the "China Employment Structure Research" (1986) is the earliest studies on the structure of employment writings, the book describes the early 1980s, the structure of China's employment status, characteristics and causes of and a brief analysis of future changes in the structure of employment trends; Yuan Zhigang, Gong Yuquan (2001) through empirical analysis shows that the development of tertiary industry can effectively absorb the first and second industrial surplus labor; Zhou Jianan (2006) pointed out, industrial structure and employment structure and its evolution determines changes in the industrial structure corresponds to what kind of employment structure; Cai Fang (2007) from the flow of rural labor transfer and analyzes the structure of employment in China since reform and opening up the development of that industry restructuring of China's rural surplus labor to non-agricultural industries to create positive conditions.#p#分页标题#e#

Nations on the quality of employment began in the late twentieth century, but until now, domestic scholars still not too much systematic research on the quality of employment, most of the main stay on the connotation and evaluation of employment quality basic research stage. Wealthy countries (2005) began to focus on the quality of employment is an earlier meaning of domestic scholars, she were made on the domestic and foreign concepts related to the quality of employment were systematically combing; Li Junfeng (2003) presents the nine elements of the quality of employment theory; LIU Su-hua (2005) proposed four dimensions of 17 indicators evaluation system, and in 2007 from the perspective of economic globalization, elaborated globalization on the impact of the quality of employment.

Third, under the Generalized Virtual Economy Employment Theory

Above whether foreign or domestic scholars and scholars of employment theory only applies to a certain stage of economic development, certain economic structure. At present, the rapid development of generalized virtual economy, and occupy an important part of the overall economy, employment in the generalized theory of the virtual economy has important strategic value and far-reaching practical significance. This article from the number of generalized virtual economy employment effect, structure effect, mass effect and generalized virtual economy and other related industrial relations perspective to analyze generalized virtual economy and employment relations.

1, the number of generalized virtual economy employment effects

The traditional economic times material, labor, capital and technology is a major factor driving economic growth, however, as the economy continues to develop, continuously improve the efficiency of labor, capital and technology to replace labor, which generates employment and crowding out of alternative , which led to the "rapid economic development under the Employment zero growth" phenomenon. To change the capital and technology for labor in this alternative relationship, you have to further adjust our economic structure, change the mode of economic growth. The traditional "objects of the economy" is to meet the physical needs of people-oriented, there is a demand supply bottlenecks and resource constraints, the production of certain circumstances, based on rational economic man assumptions and profit-maximizing choice, the manufacturer will usually Choose a large machine with high efficiency to replace the labor force, and this behavior can not free themselves from the technological progress to improve labor productivity and employment decreased substitutes. And in order to meet people's psychological and spiritual needs as the core of the generalized virtual economy is "people of the economy", follow the value of the non-conservation principle, the virtual value of having a non-marginalized characteristics (Lin Zuo Ming, 2011), there is no demand constraint and yield limiting factors of production high intelligence, multi-knowledge, information-rich human capital-based (Huyan Jie, Zhou Ning, 2011), and its labor productivity higher than the general machinery and equipment, manufacturers do not need to select the device will not replace the human capital of capital, thus fundamentally get rid of the traditional technical progress and the vicious cycle of employment traps, to achieve positive interaction between the two, harmonious development. 2, generalized virtual economy employment structure effect #p#分页标题#e# http://www.ukthesis.org/HRM

Generalized Virtual Economy economic activity primarily to meet the psychological needs of economic activity. The psychological needs of a wide range, including wealth, entertainment, health, culture, etc., and to meet the psychological needs of these products or services industries are mostly concentrated in the tertiary industry and the broader cultural industries. Therefore, in accordance with the first Clark theorem, generalized virtual economy with the development of the structure of employment will also continue to be optimized and upgraded. In recent decades, with advances in technology, human society has been greatly improved productivity, material products constantly enrich people's needs are to meet their physiological needs from physical products mainly shifted to meet their psychological and spiritual needs of virtual product based. At the same time, the overall economic situation is also moving away from the traditional form of physical domination of the economy into a generalized virtual economy era dominated era. When people's physical needs (physical needs) to get basically meet until the great satisfaction when psychological needs (spiritual needs) will emerge and gradually occupy an important position. While the people's material and spiritual changes in product demand shift will cause the former declining income elasticity of demand, diminishing returns and the latter income elasticity of demand is rising, increasing marginal returns, making products from traditional physical department released a continuing flow of the working population generalized virtual virtual production sectors of the economy, its large injection of labor resources, and to further promote their development and growth, the formation of industrial upgrading and structural optimization of employment interaction pattern.

3, generalized virtual economy employment Mass Effect

Labor market segmentation theory to the labor market is divided into primary and secondary labor market, labor market, which is also known as "dual labor market theory." Among them, the primary labor market with high wages, good working conditions, employment stability, security, and management process specification, promotion opportunities and other features, better quality jobs; jobs provided secondary market is just the opposite: low wages, working poor conditions, employment instability, management system is not standardized, there is no opportunity for advancement, employment of poor quality. Primary labor market equilibrium wage level is generally higher than the level of competition is insufficient; secondary labor market, wage levels are generally close to the equilibrium level, the competition is strong. Generalized virtual economy is mainly to meet the psychological needs of the economy, because of its special nature involving industry, its workforce require a higher quality. Generalized Virtual Economy factor inputs are able to create virtual value of human capital, providing the core competitiveness of a certain "non-discriminatory labor", that human economic activity can not be simply to pay for time to pass by and measure approximately that kind of wisdom activity (Lin Zuo Ming, 2010).#p#分页标题#e#

Since the existence of labor market segmentation, with the upgrading of industrial structure surplus labor force unleashed want to enter the industry employment generalized virtual economy, we must make the appropriate training and learning to master the knowledge of these industries to cross this threshold, enter labor conditions better economic sectors. Workers from the traditional materials of the economy continue to flow into emerging secondary labor market generalized virtual economy senior labor market, and promote the overall quality of labor and income levels increase, the entire quality of employment as well as social welfare has a significant positive progress.