美国MBA留学生dissertation写作需求：GLOBAL THINKING— A C

GLOBAL THINKING— A Call for Reinvestment in Sacred Values—
byStephen Nachmanovitch & Abdul Aziz Said
©1987 by Stephen Nachmanovitch and Abdul Aziz Said.
All rights reserved.
This article was first published in
THE ACORN, A Gandhian Review,
Department of Philosophy, Eastern Illinois University,
Charleston, Ill. 61920
For additional copies write to P.O. Box 265,
Pacific Palisades, California 90272
www.freeplay.com
STEPHEN NACHMANOVITCH, Ph.D., is a musician, author,computer artist, teacher and consultant. Educated at Harvard and theUniversity of California, he has taught and lectured widely in the
留学生dissertation网United States and in Europe, in the arts, the humanities, the social sciences,and particularly on the spiritual underpinnings of art. As a musicianand multimedia artist he has performed his own works internationally.He has written on topics ranging from protozoology to religion;and is the author of a book on the creative process, Free Play:Improvisation in Life and Art (Tarcher, 1990).
ABDUL AZIZ SAID, Ph.D., is Professor at the School of InternationalService, The American University, Washington, D.C., and has writtennumerous books and articles on global politics. He is the coauthor
(with Charles O. Lerche, Jr.) of Concepts of International Politics(Prentice-Hall). He has served in various capacities in national and internationalorganizations concerned with global issues. He is Chairpersonof the Center for Cooperative Global Development and Presidentof the Center for Mediterranean Studies. Professor Said has been anactive participant in Arab-Israeli peace dialogues.
GLOBAL THINKING— A Call for Reinvestment in Sacred Values—
Stephen Nachmanovitch and Abdul Aziz Said
1. We live in a time when we risk making our world uninhabitable.threat, to look for “causes.” But in the situation we face today, wemust look inward as well as outward. We are coming to realizethat our whole approach to Earth’s problems needs to be altered:even the best-informed and best-intentioned attempts to improvethings often end up making them worse. The worldwide ecological
crisis, of which the nuclear weapons threat is only the mostobvious of many interrelated facets, is fundamentally a crisis ofmind and spirit.
Our technological abilities are advancing exponentially withtime. Our moral and spiritual abilities are not. In the course ofevolution human beings have become the custodians of life onearth; but we threaten the very existence of life unless we can correctour own lopsided development. We might wish that we couldpress a magical button that would eliminate all weapons of massdestruction from this planet. But if we can not change our owndeeply ingrained habits of thinking, feeling, sensing, and acting that
gave birth to those weapons in the first place, the weapons wouldbe recreated in short order. By habit we think of national securityin terms of military forces and capabilities. By habit we think that#p#分页标题#e#
one people’s interests can only be served at the expense of another.Such habits of thought become deeply embedded in our everydaylife as what we call “common sense.” Our whole way of thinking
and seeing such matters needs to be renovated from the inside out.We ask here: What are the hidden, addictive patterns that wemust confront?v
2. Every person, every culture, operates a (usually unconscious)
epistemology, which predisposes us to emphasize certain kinds ofperception, learning, and action, and predisposes us to ignoreothers. Each of us is hypnotized from infancy on into perceiving
the world in accordance with suggestions we have absorbed fromthe surrounding culture. At the core of any culture are tacitunderstandings about the nature of human aspirations, relationships
to one another and to the universe, the source of ultimateauthority, which are largely unspoken, untaught, and unquestioninglyassumed. In industrial society these include somethinglike the following:
· http://www.ukthesis.org/dissertation_sample/liuxueshengMBAlunwenxiezuoxuqi/Ultimate authority resides in the testimony of the physicalsenses and the reasoning analytical mind.
· What is real (or at least what is important) is what is measurable.
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· Knowledge is primarily an instrument of power and dominationover unpredictable and sinister forces of nature, and,ultimately, over social forces as well.
· As individual persons we are separate and autonomous, predominantlyseeking goals that relate to our physical wellbeingand self-gratification.
These elements of our epistemology, as well as other, related,tacit understandings:
· have been responsible for the great gains in material standardof living and the technological achievements of Westernindustrial society;
· are now at the very root of the global dilemmas that have recentlybecome apparent;
· are now, because our survival is at stake, in the process ofchange.
“Epistemology” is usually defined as the theory of knowledge: itdeals with questions like: how do we know? what do we know?how do we sort our perceptual input into categories like
“knowledge,” “opinion,” “trivia,” “nonsense,” “hallucination,” and soforth? In the 1940’s Gregory Bateson and Warren McCullochtransplanted this word into biology, because they realized that evena rat in a learning experiment “has” an epistemology, an internalizedtheory of knowledge that calibrates its perceptual biases.
Epistemology thus becomes greatly extended in meaning to include,for example, the neural filtering that sensitizes a frog’s eye tosmall moving dots that are likely to be flies1 — or the cultural
filtering that sensitizes a person to believe or disbelieve in miracles,or in economic determinism.#p#分页标题#e#
We typically underestimate the power of belief and knowledge.Ideas such as “Christian love,” “holy war,” “the Aryan master race,”
“manifest destiny,” “the chosen people,” “the white man’s burden,”have shaped history. Belief in a now outmoded theory of evolutionthat stressed “struggle for existence” and “survival of the fittest”gave economic and political thinking in this century the moralimperatives of “social Darwinism.” The use of physical science to
generate new technologies has fundamentally impacted on our livesin ways so numerous and familiar as to scarcely require mention.
People from cultures that embody differing epistemologies willsee reality differently. “The Sun’s light when He unfolds it,” wrote
Blake, “Depends on the organ that beholds it.”2 Epistemology is thesieve through which we pass reality to decide3 which realities aremore real than the others.Epistemology in action: A psychologist in the 1940’s, using atachistoscope (a projector that flashes images on a screen for only a
tiny fraction of a second) shows American city dwellers a subwayscene in which a well-dressed black man is attacked by a shabbilydressedwhite man. The subjects report seeing a well-dressed
white man being attacked by a shabbily-dressed black man4.1 Pitts and McCulloch, “What the frog’s eye tells the frog’s brain.”
In Warren McCulloch, Embodiments of Mind.2 William Blake, “Auguries of Innocence”
3 DECIDE, from Latin de-cidere, to cut apart.
4 Gordon Allport. Becoming.
7Epistemology in action: A President of the United States is toldby his advisors that to base his foreign policy on human rightsconsiderations is “unrealistic.”
2. The strength inherent in our rational, materialistic epistemologyis the speed and efficiency with which we are able tomaster special-purpose technologies. The weakness inherent inthat same epistemology is that we tend to ignore context and thelong-term consequences of our acts. We create magnificentamenities to improve our lives and are then surprised to discoverthe harmful “side-effects”: pollution, exhaustion of resources, starvation,and war.
In New York City in 1906 the horses were daily depositing60,000 gallons of urine and 2,000,000 pounds of manure on the
city streets. The invention brought in to clean up this pollutionwas: the internal combustion engine!
Jacques Prévert wrote: “The road to Hell is paved with good inventions.”5Governments characteristically try to buy national security with
weaponry: they arm themselves and cement “friendships” by armingother governments. The cause of armament (we leave out the
profit motive for the time being!) is a desire for security. The effectof armament is greater insecurity, which leads to more and
more armament.This vicious circle of runaway feedback is the classical pattern ofaddiction. The addict is hungry for some intangible, like love orcontentment; somehow a material thing like heroin or chocolate5 Jacques Prévert, Paroles. (1949).#p#分页标题#e#
bars or money has becomes falsely identified in the addict’s unconscious
epistemology as a substitute. So he consumes more andmore substances whilst his real needs are progressively less and lesssatisfied.
Love, safety, contentment, and national security are contexts.Heroin, chocolate bars, money, and missiles are things. Contexts
and things are two different levels of reality. One level cannotsubstitute for another: this is the basic rule of epistemology established
by Korzybski when he said “The map is not the territory.”
Bateson applied this rule to psychiatry and to the psychological
roots of the ecological crisis when he showed that madness, in one
form or another, is the likely result when we try to substitute one
level of reality for another.6
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4. The thought-forms normative in academia, in governmentsand courts of law, in the press, in social planning, are modeled on
Aristotelian logic. What we need instead are thought-forms thatare structured in the same way that our world is structured.
And what sort of structure is that? Take a look at one of thosecharts of the body’s metabolic pathways that are always tacked upon the walls of biochemistry labs. What we see is an immenselycomplex network of loops which represent interconnected, interdependentchemical reactions whose products all feed back upon
6 Gregory Bateson, “The pattern of an armaments race — an anthropologicalapproach” (1946); “Toward a theory ofschizophrenia” (1954); “Form, substance, and difference” (1968);“Roots of the ecological crisis” (1970). In Steps to An Ecology ofMind.
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each other. Homeostatic circuits. There are no straight lines in
such a chart, and to think in terms of “causes” and “effects” makes
sense only if we cut out a portion of a circuit and treat it as though
it were a whole entity.
We complicate problems of international relations due to our
inability to perceive context and long-range consequences. Our
information is always incomplete; natural, biological systems are
always more complex and circuitous than our ideas about them.7
Using lineal, cause-and-effect thinking to map a world that is an
interconnected, interdependent network of feedback circuits inevitably
leads to inappropriate actions that return to plague the inventors.
Such thinking leads us to falsely regard the world as an
object that can be manipulated rather than a home that must be
lived in and with.
It is conventional now to think that ecological values are somehow
in conflict with economic values, and that we are faced with
an either/or choice between taking care of our environment vs.
taking care of ourselves. But this is nonsense. The words “ecology”
and “economy” are identical: they mean “study of the house” in#p#分页标题#e#
Greek. Housekeeping. The physiology of the human body, the
complexities of family life, the network of global trade, and the
infinitely varied and delicate interdependencies of the totality of
life on earth, are alike in structure. There exists in Buddhist
mythology something called “Indra’s net” — an immense, multiplyinterconnected
latticework of jewels each of which reflects all the
others at once — what we now call a hologram.
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7 Gödel’s Proof (1929) showed that any system of logic can be
either consistent or complete, but not both.
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5. In Darwin’s theory of evolution, the unit that evolves is the
organism or species. In Bateson’s theory of evolution, the unit that
evolves is organism-plus-environment. The horse does not evolve,
the grass does not evolve; rather the system horse-plus-grass coevolves.
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We try to maximize our national “interests” and then wonder
why our policies backfire or produce the opposite of the intended
effects. The reason is that we are thinking in terms of an incorrect
unit of analysis. A correct unit is nation-plus-environment, interest-
group-plus-environment.
The equivalent (epistemologically false) unit of analysis at the
level of daily life is the individual “me” or “ego.”
Perhaps the main factor that gave rise to the dilemmas of modern
civilization was the myth of body/mind dualism, matter/spirit
dualism, and the associated concept of the person as an individual
surrounded by skin, with a distinct inside and outside. In other
civilizations, “progress” had been associated more with the perfection
of the human soul within the wholeness of society and the
universe. Early Christianity saw the individual as being born for
immortality, born to go beyond himself, for as St. Augustine stated,
to be human is to be more than merely human. This also implies
that to seek to be merely human, to maximize narrowly concerned
human interests, is to fall below the human to the subhuman level,
as the history of the modern world amply demonstrates.
Viable units of evolution are always expressed in terms that involve
wholeness, context, community. Self + other, me + environment,
yield the big-self or true-self of Jungian psychology or of
the various mystical traditions in Vedantism, Kabbalah, Christianity,
Buddhism, and Sufism. Schools of mystical training or self-
8 Bateson, Mind and Nature.
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development the world over invariably involve a process of dissolving
excessive identification with the little-self.
The world community is now threatened by the very mechanisms
which, in the past, have served an evolutionary purpose, and,
because humans did not until recently possess the technology to#p#分页标题#e#
render their environment lethal, were at least evolutionarily tolerable.
But now we have run out of room. The competitive
mechanisms that are still taught as the subject matter of
international relations cannot serve us well in a finite, spherical,
homeostatically interconnected world. We have moved into a new
context for humanity as a whole. We need to be committed to a
world which includes everyone. This idea is alien or at best seems
like a pipe dream to present-day national leaders who continue to
look at the world in terms of a competitive epistemology.
Whether this ideal is regarded as “impossible” or not is itself a
matter of epistemology. We know it is possible in practice because
that is the way Earth’s biosphere has been functioning for some
hundreds of millions of years.
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6. Since rational, materialistic epistemology came to define the
direction of Western culture in post-Renaissance times (with roots
going far back into antiquity) we have progressively denied the
reality of those processes that relate (re-ligio) us to context and
environment: namely art, dreams, religion, and other roads to the
unconscious.9
9 See Bateson, “Style, grace, and information in primitive art,” in
Steps to an Ecology of Mind.
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Meanwhile, the conquest of the New World, Africa and Asia
was bringing great wealth into Europe and creating a new mercantile
society which saw in its power to manipulate the world the
possibility of perfecting it in a material and economic sense.
Parallel with this development, the role of the messiah in rejuvenating
the Kingdom of God on Earth became converted into that
of the revolutionary bringing about the perfect social order through
revolutionary and violent means. Marxism, for example, is a
Western religion based on the idea of inevitable material progress
and merging messianic ideas with utopianism. However, such attempts
at social change usually backfire, due to the inevitable narrowness
of outlook. As Blake wrote during the Napoleonic Wars:
The hand of Vengeance found the Bed
To which the purple Tyrant fled;
The iron hand crushed the tyrant’s head
And became a tyrant in his stead.10
Both Marxism and Capitalism (which are two sides of the same
coin) tend to become exclusively preoccupied with material wellbeing,
committing the epistemological error of mistaking the part
for the whole. Both spiritual and esthetic matters are dismissed in
these systems as archaic or disreputable or irrelevant.
However, just as we find that the naive materialism of the post-
Renaissance centuries is not working out in the long run, things
have begun to change in the direction of a more inclusive epistemology.
With the rediscovery of depth psychology at the turn of#p#分页标题#e#
the century (thanks to Dostoyevsky, Freud, Jung, and others) we
have come to recognize the reality of the unconscious. We have
begun to recover some of the material that was lost from industrial
10 William Blake, “The Pickering Manuscript”
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culture. Now, towards the end of the twentieth century, we are
discovering11 that the deeper we delve into the fundamentals of
science, the closer they approach the fundamentals of many of the
traditional mythologies and mysticisms. We are now coming to
recognize the reality of the sacred.
Concurrently, biologists, historians, and other scholars are developing
http://www.ukthesis.org/dissertation_sample/liuxueshengMBAlunwenxiezuoxuqi/an increasingly substantial foundation for the Gaia hypothesis,
12 which recognizes that the Earth itself is in fact a single
living organism.
Perhaps no finding in the social and psychological sciences is so
well established as the discovery (more accurately, rediscovery)
that the greater portion of our mental activity goes on outside of
conscious awareness. We believe, choose, and know unconsciously
as well as consciously. Yet we typically live, think, and behave
without taking seriously the implications of that finding. Our lives
are probably more affected by the beliefs we hold unconsciously
than by our conscious beliefs. The conscious beliefs (e.g. that the
earth travels around the sun) may be changed by rather
straightforward educational processes. More deeply held, partially
conscious beliefs (e.g. that I am basically inadequate or unworthy)
are not so easily changed, and their reexamination in psychotherapy
often entails considerable inner struggle. Still more deeply held
unconscious premises (e.g. about the basic nature of myself and my
relationship to the universe) may be formed early in life and remain
11 See works by Erwin Schrodinger (What is life?), Fritjof Capra
(The Tao of Physics), and Willis Harman (An Incomplete Guide
to the Future and Higher Creativity).
12 James Lovelock, Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth, Oxford,
1979. Ages of Gaia, 1988.
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essentially unchanged throughout life; if they are altered it is likely
to be in the context of a life trauma of major proportion.
We believe unconsciously; therefore we choose unconsciously.
The unconscious choices are often in conflict with the conscious
ones. The Freudian superego, an authoritarian inner parent,
chooses certain behaviors and goals and punishes deviations with
guilt feelings. Another part of the self, some sort of deep intuition,
knows the directions of wholesome growth and development and
gently guides these directions. Unless the various fragments of the
self can be induced to align their choosing in the same direction,#p#分页标题#e#
inner conflict is unavoidable. The person in whom an integration
of the inner fragments is more or less accomplished we recognize as
a person of integrity.
Research in biofeedback training discloses that we know unconsciously
how to relax muscle tensions, change brain waves, alter
heartbeat or blood pressure, change flow of blood and skin temperature
— but we don’t know we know without the feedback signal
to instruct us.
We now find ourselves, as individuals, as nation-states, and as a
species, involved in a period of intense and often bewildering
transformation. The systems of government, production, culture,
thought, perception, to which we have become accustomed and
which have functioned for so long are not working. This presents
us with a challenge: shall we cling to that which is passing, or has
already passed, or can we remain accessible to, can we even surrender
to, the creative process without insisting that we know in
advance the ultimate outcome for us, our institutions, our planet?
To accept this challenge is to cherish freedom, to embrace life, and
to find meaning.
Freedom of the individual is not the ability to manipulate life.
It is the ability to experience life as it is. The experience of exis15
tence is a reflection of Being which is beauty and consciousness.
Freedom is that which makes this experience accessible to the individual.
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7. Our current research into the fundamentals of science shows
increasingly the common ground on which science, religion, art,
and philosophy stand. Our current discoveries of the tenuous nature
of Earth’s ecology and human stewardship of this world show
the vital necessity of recognizing and reorienting ourselves to that
common ground, reinvesting the sacred into our daily activity and
reinvesting ourselves in the sacred.
Scientists of an earlier generation were guilty of over-claiming
when they dismissed religion as pre-scientific theorizing about
matters on which scientists would eventually have a later word, if
not the last. To be sure, the religionists were myopic and vulnerable
to criticism when they insisted that characteristics of the
physical world, such as the relative positions of the earth and sun,
should be established by holy writ rather than empirical observation.
But the scientists, on the other hand, were equally narrowminded
in insisting that all the religious traditions of the world
were based in illusion since the realm of human experience they
took as central was not empirically verifiable.
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8. In this discussion, “the sacred” is defined as any process that
explicitly links us back to the largest possible context to which we
belong.
Among the Sufis, the most important daily practice or litany is
called the zikr, which means “remembrance.” This is not a bad#p#分页标题#e#
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name for the issue that here confronts us: remembering where we
come from; remembering what we are, remembering what we are
part of. Unity is never absent from us, but seldom realized.
The role of the prophet (in all of us) is then not the simpleminded
notion of someone who can foretell the future, but rather
someone who reminds us of what has always been there, bringing
rejuvenation to the world around.
The zikr invokes a state of mind called tawhid, which means
unity of existence, the direct personal experience of Reality, the
grasping of our relation to the absolute, and maintenance of harmony
with the universe. Invoking this unity does not deny the apparent
existence of a multiplicity of created things. Multiplicity is
due to single reality being filtered through differing points of view
rather than to the intrinsic nature of things. The world is more
than a collection of persons and things.
The same phenomenon appears in the Buddhist tradition. This
is why in the Zen sutras it says that there is no attainment, and
nothing to be attained. They make a declaration, a personal stand,
in the Four Great Vows of Buddhism:
Sentient beings are numberless: I vow to save them.
Delusions are inexhaustible: I vow to put an end to them.
The Dharmas are boundless: I vow to master them.
The Buddha way is unsurpassable: I vow to attain it.
(Dharma, like tawhid, refers us to the overall harmony and
patterning of the universe, to Natural Law in the broadest possible
sense, or to the place and fittingness and obligation of each individual
human being in support of that pattern. Gregory Bateson,
when once asked to define “sacrament,” said, “recognition of the
pattern which connects.” “Buddha,” which translates literally as
“the one who woke up,” refers not just to a historical personage but
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to any human being in the state of mind of full awareness which
means a person is dedicated to the support of the total patterning
and harmony of our world).
Divine will functions in all phases of human history and in all
aspects of human life. It is not relegated to the beginnings of
creation as in 18th and 19th century Deism, but is eternally present
and eternally integrated with human responsibility.
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9. We need to cultivate a vision for the development of our
identity as a planetary species that is whole and cooperative. Cooperative
global development means a multiplication of all possible
dimensions of human life. A developed country is one where
obstacles to human freedom, community, and creativity have been
eliminated, or better yet, absorbed and transcended.
Individual and societal growth are one and the same; each person
is part of this open-ended process. Development is conscious,#p#分页标题#e#
participatory, self-managed, cooperative, and seeks the full humanization
of the person. Culture is a resource. Culture can be a
unifying force for cooperative global politics. Creation, in the arts,
science, technology, and daily life, is essentially a communal
process, a primary source of human realization. Creativity can
replace conformity as the primary mode of political action.
We need a profoundly healing vision of cooperative global
politics. The distinction between First, Second, and Third Worlds
is a dangerous illusion; there is only one interdependent world, and
this is it. Oppressor and oppressed unite in their mutually addictive
pattern, whether they know it or not. This is the only planet
we have.
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The material and spiritual worlds are one. We need to redefine
freedom away from a purely individualistic doing of one’s own
thing, both for people and societies. The individual can no longer
be seen as the victim of society. The goal of freedom, and of development,
is human creativity, the enhancement and elaboration
of life. Creativity always involves a certain amount of discipline,
self-restraint, and self-sacrifice. Planning and spontaneity become
one. Reason And intuition become two faces of truth. Propositional
留学生MBAdissertationknowledge and anecdotal knowledge become the two faces
of storytelling.
We envision a cooperative global economics based on love,
sacrifice, and cooperation, supporting individual and communal
self-reliance, fair distribution of the earth’s resources, caring for the
planet, and control of human destructiveness. In such a world
global and personal concerns inevitably fuse.
Reinvestment of the sacred means the humanizing of the sacred:
the destruction of idols, which are delusive belief systems. It also
refers to the consecration of the human, the recognition that sacred
activity is not separate from immediate, personal, interpersonal
experience. Our being together on this planet becomes, then, a
sacred day-to-day reality, and what we call God becomes human.
This seemingly impossible process of transformation has already
begun, though it is often hard to see the signs. The signs are
waiting to be created by us, here, today.
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