英国兰卡斯特大学旅游管理dissertation (Lancaster University)：简述京都文化旅游行业中的外部环境与可持续性发展

SUMMARY
摘要

This chapter has addressed the problem of understanding culture tourist motives, especially as they stimulate travel, and the related topic of behaviour at cultural-related motives. Increased theoretical knowledge and market research in these areas will undoubtedly aid tourist organizations to better cater to the needs and preferences of their target audiences, and should improve the tourism attractiveness of culture and historic sector. Further discussions about this matter will be explored in the chapter of Discussions and Recommendations.

本章已经解决了了解文化旅游动机的问题，尤其是当他们刺激旅游，文化相关的动机和相关主题的行为。提高理论知识和市场在这些领域的研究无疑将有助于旅游组织，以更好地满足他们的目标受众的需求和喜好，并应提高旅游吸引力，文化和历史悠久的部门。有关此事的进一步讨论将探讨的章节中讨论和建议。

External Environment with Sustainable Development
外部环境与可持续发展

Introduction
介绍

This section will critically evaluate some of the external environmental factors that profoundly influence the cultural tourism and cultural destination in Kyoto, including globalization and international economics, social, culture, and environmental impacts.
本节将审慎评估一些外部环境因素，这些因素的深刻影响京都的文化旅游和文化的目的地，包括全球化和国际经济，社会，文化和环境的影响。

In recent decades, environmental issues has been concern than ever, the status of tourism as essentially a resource-dependent industry is often highlighted, a new imperative for the tourism industry to achieve a sustainable position in terms of its interaction with the natural,http://ukthesis.org/lvgl/  cultural and human-made environments. The concept of sustainable tourism is now focused worldwide and its implementation and how to establish effective measures have become a global theme, an integrated approach to development is either in place or being put into place. Tourism industry has being the high valuable industry of Kyoto, realization of sustainable tourism is especially urgent, since ecological vulnerability is high in tourism city such as Kyoto. Natural environment, society, and culture are always easily affected by the impact of tourism related activities.
近几十年来，环境问题比以往任何时候都一直在关注，本质上是一个资源依赖型产业，旅游业的地位是经常强调，自然，文化和旅游业实现可持续发展的位置在其互动的一个新的当务之急人为的环境。现在正专注全球可持续旅游的概念及其实施，以及如何建立有效的措施，已成为一个全球性的主题，综合发展无论是在地方或投入到位。旅游产业已经成为京都的高价值产业，实现可持续的旅游业尤其是很急的，因为生态环境脆弱性高的旅游城市如京都。总是容易受到自然环境，社会和文化旅游相关活动的影响。#p#分页标题#e#
 

Sustainable tourism can be defined as tourism that meets the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Faulkner, 2000). Sustainable development is integrated by economic, environmental and social outcomes together. The tourism industry has been recognized as a resource industry, which mean its products and developments are utterly dependent on nature and society’s heritage. On the other hand, “tourism is an economic activity, which must be capable of making a profit in order to survive and benefit the community.” (Theobald, 2005, p.178)
可持续旅游业可以被定义为旅游，以满足当前一代的需求，又不损害后代的能力，以满足自己的需求（福克纳，2000年）。可持续发展是经济，环境和社会的成果集成在一起。旅游业已经认识到作为资源行业，这意味着其产品和发展完全依赖于自然和社会的文化遗产。另一方面，“旅游是一种经济活动，它必须是能够赚取利润，为了生存，造福于社会。”（Theobald，2005年，第178页）

Not only is the hedonistic philosophy still apparent in large numbers of tourists but that the combined pressures of demand and scarce resources also act as significant barriers to the eventual implementation of sustainable tourism. Since sustainable tourism in particular is associated with the characteristics of tourism activities (e.g. adjust and conform with the sustainability of resources, or to place-specific natural and socio-cultural characteristics), the use of resources or tourism consumption patterns (e.g. those that take into consideration and promote the cultural-educational character of tourism experience) and the modes of tourism development (e.g. local participation and involvement in the tourism development process is encouraged). Destination development is largely dependent upon a systematic and structured analysis of the broad environmental factors affecting tourism demand as an essential part. A number of issues have been and will increasingly affect the development of cultural and heritage attractions.

Globalization and International Economics
全球化与国际经济学

Globalization is a progress of international free trading movements, and “is a fundamental consideration for all tourism businesses.” (Cooper and Hall, 2008, p.274) It is a challenge but more importantly, it is an opportunity that tourism industry facing. People could get instant and large amounts of information from a wide range of sources such as the Internet and mass media, high technology, and faster transport which have given people the ability to travel abroad. The development of mass media also assists the destination to attract a global audience. The visitor will be more knowledge and have much more idea about the destination they are going to which will create their expectations. The destination needs to fully prepare to ensure that visitors’ expectations are satisfacted.#p#分页标题#e#
全球化是一个国际自由贸易运动的进展，所有旅游业务“是一个基本的考虑因素。”（Cooper和霍尔，2008，p.274）这是一个挑战，但更重要的是，这是旅游业面临的一个机会。从广泛的来源，如互联网和大众媒体，科技含量高，能更快地传输给了人们出国旅行的能力，人们可以得到即时和大量的信息。大众传播媒介的发展，也有助于吸引了全球观众的目标。游客将更多的知识和更知道他们打算将创建自己的期望目标。目标，需要做好充分的准备，以确保游客的期望令人满意。

On the other hand, globalization means a crisis which occurs in one nation will rapidly spread all around the world, as we experience, the financial crisis which is cause by the American credit crunch and has already badly effected the global economy, the stock market is in slump since 2007. Pressures of a global economic slowdown or even a recession in many nations, has severely damaged many of the world’s major industries, the tourism industry in particular, has to cope to survive at this crucial time, as Cooper et al. (2005, p.665) point out that “Tourism is vulnerable to natural and man-made crises, unexpected events that affect traveler confidence in a destination.”

Kyoto, as a historic destination, cultures are resources for tourism, it may not generate much tourist revenue directly, but they are packaged into products that draw people to a place. Culture tourism products benefit other sectors in the tourism industry. Ten percent of Kyoto's economy is based on tourism and it is one of the biggest employers in city. The cultural tourism in Kyoto has been badly affected by this economical turmoil. From August to October this year, the number of oversea visitors has continually decreased, it was –2.0% in August, -6.9% in September and –5.9% in October. (Japan National Tourist Organization, 2008) Such setbacks have seldom or never happened before in Kyoto tourism history. In recent years, the Japanese currency exchange rate has kept rising dramatically, in March 2008, it was 220 JPY: 1 GBP, now it is 130.36 JPY: 1 GBP (XE, Live rates at 31.8.2010) as well as with all other major currencies.
京都，作为一个历史悠久的目的地，文化旅游资源，它可能不会直接产生大量的旅游收入，但它们被打包成产品，吸引人们到一个地方。文化旅游产品，有利于旅游产业的其他行业。百分之十的“京都议定书”的经济以旅游业，它是在城市最大的雇主之一。京都文化旅游这场经济风暴已严重影响。从8月到今年10月，海外观众数量的不断减少，这是8月的-2.0％，-6.9％，9月和10月份的-5.9％。 （日本国家旅游局，2008）很少或从来没有发生过这样的挫折，以前在京都观光景点的历史。近年来，日本的货币汇率急剧上升，在2008年3月，一直是220日元：1英镑，现在是130.36日圆：1英镑（XE，活率在2010年8月31日），以及与所有其他主要货币。#p#分页标题#e#

In one hand, the tourist destination were “conserved and valued because they had avoided the depredations of modernist forms of development” (Meethan, 2001, p.36); on another hand, there is no evidence that the globalization will stop or slowdown; the international economy will continuously impact in the tourism market in many ways. The destination needs to take speedy action, and adjust management manners such as marketing strategies and destination branding to get over it, later, author will explore some discussion about this issues in the Chapter of DISSCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Buhalis and Costa (2006a, p.138) point out:

“Globalization in relation to tourism is pervasive in that it involves demand, supply and mediation aspects. Tourism in the twenty-first century needs organizations and managers who understand how to operate on a global stage. It implies managers who open their minds and coordinate processes to overcome local differences and forge a global operational management standard for sustainable, high quality results.”
“旅游业的全球化是很普遍的，因为它涉及的需求，供给和调解方面。在二十一世纪的旅游需要了解如何在全球舞台上的组织和管理。这意味着经理们打开他们的头脑和协调流程，以克服地方的差异，建立全球运营管理标准，可持续，高品质的成果。“