金融paper范文翻译：A Review of Ethical Viewpoints During Financial Crisi
本文是金融专业的paper范例，题目是“A Review of Ethical Viewpoints During Financial Crisi（金融危机中的伦理观点述评）”，悲剧发生在2007年中期，当时金融危机袭击了美国经济，最重要的是，任何目前参与房地产市场的人都受到了打击。企业界人士都知道，这场危机是一个关键时刻，美国陷入了一场漫长而严重的金融衰退，看不到尽头。随之而来的是巨大的影响，这些影响被认真对待，导致了长期的失业激增和国内生产总值(gdp)的大幅下降。一直被忽视的失业，导致了工作岗位的下降，在2008年初一直持续到接下来的一两年。失业率降至7.8%或更高(TFCIC, 2017)，这是几十年来从未见过的。
Financial Crisis of the Housing Market房地产市场的金融危机
Tragedy struck in mid-2007 when the financial crisis struck the United States economy and most importantly, anyone who was currently involved with the housing market. This crisis is known to anyone involved in the corporate world as the crucial point where the country plunged into a long and very deep financial recession with no end in sight. What followed was massive effects that were taken seriously and impacted a lengthy unemployment surge, and major declines in the gross domestic product. Unemployment which had always been overlooked, resulted in a decline of jobs which struct early 2008 and lasted through the next year or two. Unemployment rates trickled to 7.8% or higher (TFCIC, 2017), which was something not witnessed for decades.
Many individuals have identified the source of the crisis to be poor risk controls, high leverage, and a blind eye from corporate fools avoiding the housing market when trying to find ways to turn a profit. In all reality, it was the unethical behavior of these individuals that led to the crisis, almost as if they had drunk the expired Kool-Aid when they should have checked the expiration date. On the flipside, it is easy to point out those reasons as the cause for the financial crisis on the housing market, but the picture was much broader. It was the collapse of ethical behavior that fell first before the housing market. Once the financial industry realized there was no turning back, they were now free to behave in whatever manner they wanted to. From there, top executives disregarded short-term interest and pretended that the longer-term impact would not hurt their customers. It was at this point that they simply showed no remorse for the damage made on the American economy, their firms employees, or the many Americans who simply were living the ‘American Dream.’ In order to fully understand the beginning, middle, end and the future of the economy and housing market, an in-depth look must be conducted not so much towards financial entities, but to the unethical behavior displayed throughout the crisis. This will be analyzed through a 5-dimension analysis examining elements during the financial crisis such as the personal ethics of the financial crisis, organizational ethics, social ethics, moving forward post-crisis, and lessons learned from the financial and housing crisis.
Personal Ethics of the Financial Crisis金融危机中的个人道德规范
Throughout the years since the financial crisis and the downfall of the housing market, it has been repeatedly said that greed was the root cause for the monumental event. A selfish and excessive desire for money that was needed was one of few traits that executives were displaying. When someone wants to increase the input of cash flow within a corporation or major player in the financial market, they’ll do whatever it takes to achieve that. It is then when decisions are flawed, and tunnel vision becomes active. Other unethical behaviors such as the ability to restrain the desire for success, cowardice, unprofessional conduct, and lack of strength were clearly visible. For example, managers who can plainly see what was going on, refused to stand up and say something or evaded any much-needed decision making that could possibly risk their careers or the life of the company they are working for. All of this led to various situations of injustice such as: “withholding of important information, unlawful advertising, unethical operations to generate higher commissions, manipulation of corporate stock options” (Arbogast, 2013).
自金融危机和房地产市场崩溃以来的这些年里，人们一再说贪婪是这一重大事件的根源。对金钱的自私和过度的渴望是高管们展示的为数不多的特点之一。当有人想要增加公司或金融市场主要参与者的现金流投入时，他们会不惜一切代价来实现这一目标。正是在这个时候，决策出现了缺陷，狭隘的视野变得活跃起来。其他不道德的行为，如抑制成功欲望的能力、懦弱、不专业的行为和缺乏力量都是很明显的。例如，那些清楚地知道发生了什么事情的经理，拒绝站出来说些什么，或者回避任何可能危及他们的职业生涯或公司生命的急需的决策。所有这些都导致了各种不公正的情况，如:“隐瞒重要信息，非法广告，不道德的操作产生更高的佣金，操纵公司股票期权”(Arbogast, 2013)。
When considering various virtues of the common banker during the crisis, one virtue sticks out like a sore thumb, prudence. Prudence became difficult to conduct during this time due to the environment surrounding the individual, leaning more towards high-growth, low interest rates, and many opportunities to turn a profit. All of these elements then contribute to the most perfect environment surrounded with poor management and poor decision-making. This was not just the thinking of one banker, but practically every banker as they tried to take advantage of what was occurring around them. Realistically in the mindset of a banker when there is so little to lose and so much to gain, selfishness and a potential ‘cash-out’ before the storm then becomes a goal that needs to be achieved. Being careless with that kind of attitude is what initially caused many financial institutes to suddenly go from looking highly successful, to paddling for dear life hoping that the crisis would go away overnight.
Greed as mentioned is just one of many unethical virtues that surrounded individuals during this time, but according to human activity studies conducted by Spencer (2010), greed is a natural virtue that every human feels at all times. So, if greed is always present, then why did it take so long for it to present itself at the initial phase of the crisis and not previously in the United States or other countries? There could be an argument made that all of the pieces of the puzzle aligned which made it easier for individuals to seize the opportunity, therefore creating an environment filled with bankers with greed as their motive to act unethically. Between the social, legal and institutional changes that were occurring, perhaps created a shift in society’s values, and resulted in the mindset of ‘greed is good’. It could also be that during this time, prior to the crisis social issues such as a relaxed legal system, constant economy values, and a stable housing market all but ensured that these individuals, executives, higher management and financial figures knew they could act unethically only because that was what was expected of them during those circumstances.
Organizational Ethics of the Financial Crisis《金融危机中的组织伦理》
While it is easy to point the finger at certain individuals acting unethically during the financial crisis, it is much easier to point the finger at organizations and corporations on a grander scale. There are two reasons why these directors, senior managers, and analysts within these organizations failed not only the economy but the nation as a whole, and they are bad governance and a serious lack of professional competence. Bad governance manifested itself in risk analysis, which according to Jin (2013) means that key management representing these organizations began to start making major risks, knowing that they are below sea level during a time where a loss was unacceptable. Prior to the first phase of the crisis, these executives entrusted young and unexperienced professionals to handle financials, top-level decisions, and risk assessments. Not paying so much attention to what was going on underneath their noses, they simply checked off tasks as they saw them without even thinking about possible risks and outcomes. The correct definition of a manager is “a person who controls the activities, business dealings, and other aspects of a company or organization” (Cohan, 2012). So why was it that these managers and executives at the organizational level, just assume that their subordinates and unexperienced individuals were doing what was billed ‘correct business practices?’
在金融危机期间，人们很容易指责某些人的不道德行为，但在更大的范围内指责组织和公司要容易得多。这些机构的董事、高级管理人员和分析师不仅辜负了经济，而且辜负了整个国家，原因有二，他们是糟糕的管理和严重缺乏专业能力。糟糕的治理表现在风险分析中，根据Jin(2013)，这意味着代表这些组织的关键管理人员开始制造重大风险，因为他们知道在一段时间内损失是不可接受的。在危机的第一阶段之前，这些高管委托年轻和缺乏经验的专业人士处理财务、高层决策和风险评估。他们对自己鼻子底下发生的事情没有太多的关注，他们只是看到任务就检查，甚至没有考虑可能的风险和结果。对经理的正确定义是“控制公司或组织的活动、业务往来和其他方面的人”(Cohan, 2012)。那么，为什么这些组织层面的经理和高管会想当然地认为他们的下属和没有经验的人在做所谓的“正确的业务实践”呢?”
Secondly, lack of professional competence was also a major contributor to the unethical actions conducted by organizations nationwide. Professionals in the financial sector are tasked with providing an effective and top-end service in order to efficiently coordinate all transactions that occur within a company. This in turn allows the company to retain business and maintain the trust and confidence of all clients pertaining to the business. This was a major contributing factor that led to the demise of the financial market and most importantly to the housing market. These top-level executives have an ethical obligation to everyone beneath them to include clients, employees, and most importantly stakeholders who rely on the company to provide returns and safe business practices. This is not possible of course when financial holdings such as Lehman Brothers Holdings provides incorrect financial data based on incorrect calculations. Lehman Brothers at the time were one of the major players in the financial spectrum and this was displayed prior to the firm filing for chapter 7 bankruptcy. In a conference call occurring on March 14th, 2007, per Green (2013) Lehman’s chief financial officer said, “that the risks posed by rising home delinquencies were well contained and would have little impact on the firm’s earnings”. He also said that he did not foresee problems in the subprime market spreading to the rest of the housing market or hurting the U.S. economy. This of course was not accurate and forecasted incorrectly, the direct result of not having the competence to underscore the junior associates and effectively operate a financial corporation with all risks accounted for and due diligence. This was the beginning to the end for Lehman Brothers holding as on September 15th, 2008, they had filed for bankruptcy and was considered to be the “the largest bankruptcy filing in history, as its assets far surpassed those of previous bankrupt giants such as WorldCom and Enron” (Green, 2013). Lehman Brothers Holdings is just one example as to how unethical decision making at the executive level led to the biggest financial crisis since the great depression.
Social Ethics of the Financial Crisis金融危机中的社会伦理
As mentioned earlier, ethical lapses from the unexperienced young financial professionals who knew they were knee deep in the water and tried to find a way out cleanly contributed to one piece of the puzzle for what became the financial crisis of 2008. Such behavior impeded the proper functioning of legal, institutional and social mechanisms which in other mechanisms would have slowed the effects of those behaviors. Until this day, many financial experts and economists still deny that they had any part or role pertaining to the crisis. If that was the case then the crisis was ‘caused’ by the “fortuitist confluence of events such as credit expansion for a long period of time, and a failure in monitoring, preventing, and controlling such mechanisms that had been created” (Cohan, 2012). Therefore, if anyone was to ‘blame’ it should be the consumers, entrepreneurs, analysts and executives of financial institutions who simply did not act ethically. It comes down to being selfish, trying to keep incorrect financial data from key players and providing false results. Sadly, these actions led to giving poor people access to the housing market, and quite possibly the suppression of certain financial regulations that shouldn’t have been approved to begin with. All of this was being done in an attempt to recover silently and pretend that all was well, when it really wasn’t.
正如前面提到的，那些没有经验的年轻金融专业人士的道德失误，正是导致2008年金融危机的一个原因。他们知道自己已深陷水深之中，并试图找到一条干净的出路。这种行为妨碍了法律、体制和社会机制的正常运作，而在其他机制中这些机制本可以减缓这些行为的影响。直到今天，许多金融专家和经济学家仍然否认他们在这场危机中扮演了任何角色。如果是这样的话，那么这场危机是由“偶然性事件的汇流，如长时间的信贷扩张，以及监测、预防和控制这些机制的失败”引起的(Cohan, 2012)。因此，如果有人要“责备”的话，那应该是消费者、企业家、分析师和金融机构的高管，他们的行为根本没有道德。这可以归结为自私，试图向关键参与者隐瞒不正确的财务数据，并提供错误的结果。可悲的是，这些举措让穷人有机会进入房地产市场，而且很可能压制了某些本不该被批准的金融法规。所有这一切都是为了安静地恢复，假装一切都很好，而实际上并非如此。
If that was what was really happening, then the actual cause of the ‘crisis’ would be that someone, either politicians, bankers, or experts, did not fulfill certain technical duties that become moral duties when giving back to the society. Giving back to the society was an obligation they owed which was then the welfare, safety, economic growth, and the assurance of safe financial practices that citizens of this nation demand. They simply thought for themselves, allowed for unethical decisions to be made and executed resulting in bluff loans and mortgages that society and its citizens could not simply afford. All of this lying and covering up led to many citizens being confused about what they were entitled to, what they owed, and what exactly was going on with the financial trust they had in those bankers and executives that assured them all was well. These same citizens were then now witnessing the rise and duration of unemployment, decreasing of job security, difficulties in maintaining economic stability and the uncertainty of keeping their housing and living conditions steady. All because of lies, unethical decision making, and numerous attempts to cover up mistakes done at the highest level in the financial food chain, the executives who failed to do their jobs properly.
Moving Forward Post-Crisis向前后危机时代
No one could have predicted excesses such as too much leverage, poor risk controls at the highest level, and improper business practices prior to the crisis itself. The same goes for any predictions made about how fast the economy and the housing market could recover after the dust settled. It is 2018 and the housing market is barely starting to look subtle, and that’s optimism at its finest. During the crisis, society had thought that these individuals, and executives, somehow on one early morning decided to take a stroll down Wall Street and somehow all inhaled some sort of disease that blocked any common sense or proper decision making. What they also attempted to figure out was how was it that the whole financial and housing market collapsed all at one, nearly every big-name firm such as Lehman Brothers Holdings was destroyed or badly crippled, and how the economy was unrecognizable all of a sudden. Regardless of the image that was portrayed towards those individuals, the nation needed to recover. The housing market needed to prosper in ways that it prospered prior to the crisis. Families who had lost their homes and jobs, needed to figure out how to regain stability in their lives. Young financial professionals needed to find a way to recover that positive image they once had and seek employment again. The ethical behavior across the whole financial industry was destructive and it was no secret.
在危机发生之前，没有人能够预测到过度的杠杆率、最高层风险控制不力以及不当的商业行为。任何有关尘埃落定后经济和房地产市场复苏速度的预测都是如此。现在是2018年，房地产市场几乎没有开始变得微妙，这是最乐观的情况。在危机期间，社会曾认为，这些个人，以及高管们，不知怎么的，在某个清晨决定在华尔街漫步，不知怎么的，他们都吸入了某种疾病，阻碍了任何常识或正确的决策。他们还试图弄清楚，整个金融和房地产市场是如何同时崩溃的，几乎每一个像雷曼兄弟控股这样的大公司都被摧毁或严重瘫痪，以及经济是如何突然变得面目全非的。不管这些人的形象如何，这个国家需要恢复。房地产市场需要以危机前的方式繁荣起来。那些失去家园和工作的家庭，需要弄清楚如何重新获得生活的稳定。年轻的金融专业人士需要找到一种方法来恢复他们曾经拥有的积极形象，并重新寻找工作。整个金融行业的道德行为都是破坏性的，这不是秘密。
What followed was the identification of solutions, created by the smart individuals who did not try to cover up mistakes, who played the game by the rules, and most importantly, attempted to properly fix the problem with well-thought out solutions when they were needed the most. The following are several ways that these ethical business men attempted to resolve an issue that many others simply could not fix:
The financial industry needed to adopt a laser-like focus on its customers and their welfare, in any event placing client interests far above the compensation interests of its executives. Of course, it was the least they could do for a society that was broken by unethical decisions.
The industry needed to eliminate its infamous conflicts of interest, and money-making processes.
The industry needed to demand ethical behavior across the board from its executives and employees, even if it is sometimes inconsistent with desired short-term profits, and this behavior needed to start from the very top.
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Lessons Learned多德-弗兰克华尔街改革和经验教训
In response to the crisis, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform (Dodd-Frank Act) was created in hopes that it could be a long-term solution and an avenue to correct the unethical conduct of major financial institutions who were conducting unsafe business practices. This act mandated that all taxpayer money never be used to ‘bail out’ financial institutions and minimizing the powers of the Federal Reserve to provide life into financial institutions that suffered from the crisis (Spencer, 2010). Additionally, the Dodd-Frank Act directs all regulatory agencies to issue a massive series of regulations, creates safe bureaucracies, and imposes costs to financial institutions in order to comply with all financial requirements (Spencer, 2010). This was simply the answer to the financial crisis that should have been passed prior to all of the lying, corruption and selfish acts that created the financial and housing market crisis.
为了应对危机，多德-弗兰克华尔街改革法案(Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform，简称Dodd-Frank Act)应运而生，希望它能成为一个长期的解决方案，并成为纠正主要金融机构从事不安全业务行为的不道德行为的途径。该法案规定，所有纳税人的钱都不能用于“救助”金融机构，并最大限度地减少美联储为遭受危机的金融机构提供生命的权力(斯宾塞，2010)。此外，多德-弗兰克法案要求所有监管机构发布大量的一系列监管，创建安全的官僚机构，并对金融机构施加成本，以遵守所有的金融要求(Spencer, 2010)。这只是金融危机的答案，在所有谎言、腐败和自私行为造成金融和房地产市场危机之前，应该通过金融危机。
If there is anything that should be taken seriously, are some of the lessons learned on the consumers side of the economy to ensure that there are safeguards in place in case slouchy executives or unethical financial institutions have not learned from the first time. Below are three lessons learned:
Your home isn’t always an investment: One of the biggest mistakes made by home buyers during the crisis was believing the value of their home would only go up, even in the short term. That kind of thinking led many homeowners to overborrow from banks in order to come out even in a sense. This was not the correct solution to the problem.
你的房子并不总是一种投资:在金融危机期间，购房者犯的最大错误之一就是认为他们的房子只会升值，即使是在短期内。这种想法导致许多房主从银行过度借贷，甚至在某种意义上是为了摆脱困境。这不是解决问题的正确方法。
Every homeowner should have an emergency fund: This should be a given either way, crisis or not. According to Arbogast (2013), most financial planners recommend that most homeowners have at least six months of expenses set aside in an easily accessible rainy-day account. Just in case something like the crisis occurs again, the homeowner’s family would be protected, and stable living conditions would be attained.
Buy what feels comfortable, not what you qualify for: Just because a mortgage broker tells you that you qualify to purchase a home for a certain amount doesn’t mean you have to spend that much. Banking lenders likely don’t know all of your financial priorities, or goals, and in the end it is your money and not theirs to an extent.
买让你感觉舒服的东西，而不是你符合条件的东西:仅仅因为一个抵押贷款经纪人告诉你，你有资格用一定的金额购买一套房子，并不意味着你就得花那么多钱。银行放贷者可能不知道你所有的财务优先事项或目标，最终这些钱是你的，在某种程度上不是他们的。
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