金融paper代写范文：Executives Inside Debt on Risk Management and Investment Decisions
本文是金融专业的paper范例，题目是“Executives Inside Debt on Risk Management and Investment Decisions（高管内部债务的风险管理和投资决策）”，本文的目的是研究负债内部高管(CEO和CFO)之间的关系，以套期保值为风险管理代表，研发支出为投资决策代表。在过去的文献中，有限的研究被用来理解内部债务对企业风险管理和企业投资策略的影响。由于内部债务数据的可用性，2006 - 2016年美国行业样本从2006年开始，将其带入固定效应面板回归模型，我预计会发现，内部债务高于股权薪酬除以债务权益比的首席执行官和首席财务官更有可能使用衍生品进行对冲，但在研发方面的投资更少。
其背后的原因是，由于CEO和CFO都是债券持有人，债务内部的高管可以降低与债权人之间的代理成本。然而，这种内部债务导致高管更倾向于规避风险和保守，以减少风险，避免在研发等高风险项目中承担风险，这可能会为企业带来长期盈利。我将扩展我的研究，检查并期望发现CFO和CEO内部债务对公司决策的影响不同。此外，不同类型的内部债务取决于其性质，如养老金和递延薪酬或有担保和无担保的影响不同。
Abstract摘要
The aim of this paper is to study the relationship between executives inside debt (CEO and CFO) with hedging as representative for risk management and R&D expenditure as representative for investment decision. Limited studies in past literature has been conducted to understand the inside debt effect to firm risk management and firm investing strategy. The sample of US industries from 2006 to 2016 due to availability of inside debt data start from 2006, bring this into fixed effect panel regression model, I expect to find that CEO and CFO with higher inside debt over equity compensation divided by debt to equity ratio are more likely to hedge with derivatives but invest less in research and development(R&D). The reason behind this is this executive inside debt could reduce agency cost between to debtholder, as CEO and CFO being one of the debtholders. However, this inside debt results in this executive being more risk averse and conservative to mitigate risk and avoid taking risk in high risk project such as R&D which could potentially lead to long term profitability for firm. I will extend my study to check and expect to find that CFO and CEO inside debt effect the firm decision differently. Also, different type of inside debt depend on its nature such as pension and deferred compensation or secured and unsecured would effect the result differently.
Introduction
When managers involve in risky activities that benefit shareholders but exploit from debt holders at their expense, the agency conflict of interest arises between managers and debtholders.
Jensen and Meckling (1976) showed that there will be an optimal combination of similar to equity nature and similar to debt nature compensations to solve conflict of interest within the firm.
Incentive of management level has large implication toward a firm’s risk management and investing decisions. To reduce the conflicts of interest among counterparties (managers and shareholders), previous paper has studied the effect of using firm’s equity as the compensations such as providing stocks and stock options (Coles, Daniel, & Naveen, 2006; Amstrong, Gow, & Larcker, 2013).
管理层激励对企业的风险管理和投资决策具有重要意义。为了减少交易对手(经理和股东)之间的利益冲突，之前的dissertation研究了使用公司股权作为补偿的效果，如提供股票和股票期权(Coles, Daniel， & Naveen, 2006;Amstrong, Gow， & Larcker, 2013)。
An executive compensation generally consists of base salary, yearly bonus, provided stocks, stock options, deferred compensations and pensions fund (Han and Pan, 2016). Inside debt is the benefit that postpone receiving to the future after retiring from firms which consists of deferred compensations and pensions and it becomes broadly available in compensation for top management. This reimbursement signifies as unreceived and unsecured debt that firms has obligation to executives, inferring these top executives to the risk of default in the same way with what confronted by debtholder from outside (Edmans and Liu, 2011; Sundaram and Yermack, 2007).
Extensive theoretical literatures research on top management compensation role and the suggestion of these researches originates the conflict of interests between principle and agent that could explains from agency cost theory. In the corporation, agent problems happen from different in objective of principle such as shareholders and debtholders and agent such as managements. According to this, executive compensations are considered to mitigate the agency cost existing because of misbehave such as management personal interest.
大量的理dissertation献对高管薪酬作用进行了研究，这些研究的建议源于委托人与代理人之间的利益冲突，可以从代理成本理论中加以解释。在公司中，代理问题的产生是由于股东、债权人等主体与管理层等代理人的原则目标不同而产生的。据此认为，高管薪酬是为了减轻因管理层个人利益等不当行为而存在的代理成本。
Previous researches on executive compensation mostly pay attention to base on equity compensation that primarily focus on using provided stock and stock option. Lately, the study of Sundaram and Yermack (2007) start to investigate CEO debt-based compensation (Inside debt) role and up until now stream of literatures in this area is still small but continue to grow deeper and wider.
The executive debt-like compensation states as the inside debt that is frequently used to include CEO incentives within debtholders characteristic. Childs, Mauer, and Ott (2005) propose that the overinvestment possibly will potentially shift wealth from debtholder to equity holders.
Both regulators and academics gain more attention to Chief Financial Officers (CFO) roles in firm as their roles being more important and came with high responsibility. Over the recent of decades CFOs have turned out to be main role and crucial in corporate decision making such future strategic plan and risk management. In the paper, I will test how different CEO and CFO inside debt incentive relate to firm value in term of firm hedging and R&D decision. Level of different in both position inside debt could affect corporate action differently. I expected that executive who hold higher inside debt tend to make decision that likely to use derivative tool in higher level for hedging as they turn out to be more risk averse from their payable roles. On the other hand, they will invest less in R&D which the result is in long term profitability and seem to be high risk decision, even it can possibly create extreme positive wealth and cash flow for the firm. Other conflict of interest may arise.
随着首席财务官(CFO)在企业中扮演的角色越来越重要，承担的责任也越来越高，监管机构和学术界对CFO的关注也越来越多。近几十年来，首席财务官在企业决策、未来战略规划和风险管理方面发挥了重要作用。在本文中，我将测试不同的CEO和CFO内部债务激励与公司价值的关系，从公司对冲和研发决策。两者内部债务水平的不同可能会对公司行为产生不同的影响。我预期持有较高内部债务的高管往往会做出可能使用较高水平衍生工具进行对冲的决定，因为他们对自己的可支付角色更倾向于规避风险。另一方面，他们会减少对研发的投资，结果是长期盈利，似乎是高风险的决策，甚至可能为公司创造极端正的财富和现金流。可能产生其他利益冲突。
Research question
The main research question that this paper will address is whether CFO and CEO inside debt related to risk management (hedging decision) and investment decision (R&D)
Motivation动机
Motivation for this paper is very few literatures examine the debt role in executive compensation. In previous papers on compensation for executive primarily pay attention on the usage of cash and equity in order to maximize value of shareholder. Also, based on my knowledge, even in the topic of inside debt for executive, the studies are very limited. In this paper, I will study whether CEO and CFO inside debt relate to the misbehave of strategic decisions in firm. According to this, it could avoid the prosperity shift from debtholders to equity holders.
本文的动机是很少有文献研究债务在高管薪酬中的作用。在以往的高管薪酬研究中，主要关注的是为了实现股东价值最大化而对现金和股权的使用。而且，根据我的了解，即使在高管内部债务的话题上，研究也非常有限。在本文中，我将研究CEO和CFO内部债务是否与公司战略决策的不当行为有关。据此，它可以避免繁荣从债券持有人向股票持有人转移。
Therefore, I expect that my paper could fill in the gap in the papers by examining the relationship between CEO inside debt and risk management test with hedging decision and investment decision measured by R&D investment decision.
Literature and contribution文学和贡献
Literature emphasis on the compensation for executive that come with nature of debt which is called “Inside debt” is very new topic in finance. Jensen and Meckling(1976) claim that agency cost could be potential mitigate by inside debt. This inside debt is obligation liability to executive management to hold a slice of the debt within firm, so as manager motivation to transfer the wealth between debtholder and shareholder will reduce.
文献强调了伴随债务性质而来的高管薪酬问题，被称为“内部债务”，是金融学的一个新课题。Jensen和Meckling(1976)认为代理成本可以通过内部债务潜在地减轻。这种内部债务是企业管理层持有公司部分债务的义务责任，因此管理者在债权人和股东之间转移财富的动机将减少。
Edmans and Liu (2011) demonstrate that inside debt is could solve agency issue better when compare with salary and bonus since debt-like compensation is sensitive to likelihood of default and the liquidation cost.
Sundaram and Yermack (2007) suggest that to reduce chance debt to default, managers with great pension holdings seem to be more conservative in management.
As more papers and literature on inside debt have been conduct, to my understanding, no study been published on investigate relationship of executive inside debt both CEO compare with CFO together in one paper as most literature focus on mostly CEO and either one of them. Hoyt and Lee (1999) found that rather than CEOs, most risk managers direct service to CFOs. When CFO is main person involved in financial decision, I would expect that CFO of higher inside debt has more motivation to make decision in risk averse ways. This paper will examine how these two executives (CEO and CFO) act differently in these making decision such as they are potentially more likely to use derivatives instrument to hedge.
随着越来越多的关于内部债务的dissertation和文献的开展，据我所知，没有研究发表在一篇dissertation中同时比较CEO和CFO的内部债务关系，因为大多数的文献主要关注CEO和他们中的任何一个。Hoyt和Lee(1999)发现，大多数风险经理直接为cfo服务，而不是ceo。当首席财务官是财务决策的主要参与者时，我认为内部负债较高的首席财务官更有动机以风险厌恶的方式进行决策。本文将研究这两位高管(CEO和CFO)在这些决策中如何采取不同的行为，比如他们更有可能使用衍生品工具进行对冲。
This proposed paper should contribute to previous papers in following ways. First, this will create novel vision regarding inside debt topic which is part of executive compensations which has gain limited attention and scarce study while most research focus on equity holding components.
This paper will contribute to the agency cost theory which will be the beginning of this paper’s hypothesis development. Importantly, high level executive inside debt holdings persuade CEO to behave as representative for both counterparties (shareholder and debtholder).
My study could provide evidence that this component of executive compensation “inside debt” could affect to firm performance and value maximization significantly though the activities such as level of hedging and investing decision. Although there are growing number of paper on CEO inside debt, previous papers mostly study on relation of CEO inside debt and performance of a firm (Wei and Yermack, 2011). Moreover, due to availability of the data, the reliability of executive compensation number report is limited which result in reliability of the result.
Hypothesis Development假设开发
According to the research question and prior literature reviews supports the idea that executive compensation inside debt tend to make more value-destroying decision. I expect that CEO inside debt and CFO inside debt with relate to higher risk management level but underinvesting decision as they will being more conservative and risk averse. Also, these two position CEO and CFO will act differently. Given this, the main hypotheses are as follows:
根据研究问题和之前的文献综述支持的观点，高管薪酬内部债务倾向于做出更多的价值破坏决策。我预计负债的首席执行官和负债的首席财务官与更高的风险管理水平有关，但投资决策不足，因为他们将更加保守和厌恶风险。此外，这两个职位的CEO和CFO的行为也会有所不同。基于此，主要假设如下:
HA: CFOs and CEO with higher level of inside debt holdings tend to use to hedge risks more.
HB: CFOs and CEO with higher level of inside debt holdings likely to invest in R&D less.
Above hypotheses are under assumption that CFO and CEO with higher inside debt holding positively correlate with higher hedging level but negatively correlate with R&D investment
To extent the study, another test will be conduct under assumption that both executive (CFO and CEO) will act differently toward the firm differently according to their knowledge and experience.
HC: CFO are more risk averse than CFO as they have more knowledge of financial result of company.
Data and Sample Selection数据和样本选择
Main data in my paper include U.S. S&P1000 Firms for the period 2006-2016. Our first data for sample starts from 2006 because numbers of deferred compensation and pension available just from this year onward. This is the result from the Securities exchange commission (SEC) had announced that they put requirement for firm to disclose executive compensation in proxy statements, this rule solved to unavailable data issue on this topic area. I obtained data from Wharton on Computstat for executive compensation database (Annual Compensation Table), hedging data, R&D expenditure data and other necessary financial data information.
我dissertation中的主要数据包括2006-2016年期间的美国S&P1000公司。我们的第一批样本数据是从2006年开始的，因为递延薪酬和养老金的数量仅从今年开始。这是由于美国证券交易委员会(SEC)宣布要求公司在委托书中披露高管薪酬，这一规定解决了该主题领域数据不可用的问题。我从沃顿的Computstat上获取了高管薪酬数据库(Annual compensation Table)、套期保值数据、研发支出数据等必要的财务数据信息。
To cleaned data, I will remove firm with no derivatives instrument hedging, low R&D industry or no inside debt record.
For hedging level, I obtain data on derivative instrument usage from 2006 to 2016. I will collect how many times the firms use derivatives tool for hedging such as look for the words Interest rate swap (IRS), Cross currency swap (CCS), Commodity hedging, and other exotic derivative hedging product. This will show the likelihood and percentage of hedging.
Empirical Method
I will use balanced panel of sample S&P1000 companies in US period between 2006 and 2016. I will conduct fixed-effects panel regression model to test the hypotheses:
Hedging leveli,t=αi,t+β1CFO/CEO inside debti,t +∑βjControli,t+ εi,t. [1]
RD expensei,t=αi,t+β1CFO/CEO inside debti,t +∑βjControli,t+ εi,t. [2]
There is an advantage of using panel structure data analysis on fixed-effects panel regression model. This will provide benefit of analysis when data consist of both cross-sectional and time series mixed. I will mitigate extreme values the influence of extreme value in the same way as other previous research by winsorized all variables at the 1% and 99%. Statistically significant will derive by using robust standard errors technique.
Control variable控制变量
There are some control variables that I will enters into equation in order to remove their effects from the regression analysis. These factors are found to be highly associated with Hedging level and R&D expenditure.
我将在方程中加入一些控制变量，以便从回归分析中去除它们的影响。这些因素与套期保值水平和研发支出高度相关。
First, leverage has many effects toward investment decision of firm in future. Jensen and Meckling (1976) suggest that firm investing strategy might adjust according to risk of leverage and debt in firm. Furthermore, in order to reduce the default risk, debtholders prefer company to invest in less risky investment. Singh and Faircloth (2005) showed that high level of leverage is the cause that effect lower R&D expenditure. I will use ratio of debt that consist of current liabilities and long term debt and divided by equity (share multiplied share price) to represent the leverage.
Next, I will control for tax which will also have multidimension effect to the dependent variables. There is the different in taxation when compare high level of R&D company with low level of R&D company. When comparing firm age, younger firm tend to make investment in R&D at high level but in contrast, firm with lower R&D expenditure tend to be more mature (Scholes and Wolfson, 1990). Tax implication and firms tax status will have an effect R&D decision. Therefore, I will control for tax in this study.
接下来，我将控制税收，这也将对因变量有多维度的影响。高水平研发企业与低水平研发企业在税收上存在差异。当比较企业年龄时，较年轻的企业倾向于在高水平上进行研发投资，而研发支出较低的企业则倾向于更加成熟(Scholes and Wolfson, 1990)。税收含义和企业税收状况对研发决策有影响。因此，在本次研究中，我将对税收进行控制。
There are other control variables that could consider regarding the effect to firm risk management and investing decision. I will control liquidity constraint, firm size (total asset), firm age (number of years) or firm growth (firm market value/firm book value) which controlling for all of these above could lead to improve the result in regression panel analysis.
Univariate Analysis
Comparing the mean and median: In this univariate analysis test, I will check the mean and the median difference of each variables: dependent, independent and control variables. First, I will compare between high hedging level firm and Low hedging level firm and then I will compare high level of R&D company and low level of R&D company. It is expected that the mean and the median of executive inside debt of higher hedging level firm will be higher and the inside debt should be lower for lower R&D firm.
Multivariate Analysis
By looking at the fixed effect regressions panel from the nominated testing model which will provide the table for both independent and control variables and come up with the main result to check the following effect:
Note: testing at 5% and 10% significant level and conclude the result to check the consistency with proposed hypothesis.
Additional analysis and robustness tests额外的分析和稳健性测试
In general, CFO has main responsibility for firm’s finance including financial planning, risk management, reporting and analysis which CFO will directly report to CEO who is the top executive in the firm. However, as these two executives are play most important roles in company and to extent to the past literature, another test will be conduct under assumption that both executive (CFO and CEO) will act differently toward the firm differently according to their knowledge and experience. It is expected that CFO are more risk averse than CEO as they have more knowledge of financial result of company.
一般来说，CFO主要负责公司的财务，包括财务规划，风险管理，报告和分析，CFO将直接向CEO汇报，CEO是公司的最高执行官。然而，由于这两名高管在公司中扮演着最重要的角色，根据过去的文献，我们将进行另一项测试，假设这两名高管(CFO和CEO)根据他们的知识和经验对公司采取不同的行动。由于CFO对公司的财务业绩了解较多，因此其风险规避能力较CEO强。
Two side sample T-test
The two-sample t-test (Snedecor and Cochran, 1989) will be conducted to check whether sample means of two group are equal. I will separate level of risk management and investing decision nominated by hedging decision and R&D expenditure accordingly into the 3 level groups tranches, and check test the hypotheses whether mean for CEO and CFO are the same.
Robustness test健壮性测试
A limitation to our study is that although inside debt tend to make executive become risk averse at higher level, this is hard to claim that this positive relation may cause by executive with higher level inside debt have higher likelihood to push company at risk in speculative strategy and separately manage to diversify their individual portfolios.
我们研究的一个局限是，尽管内部债务倾向于使高管在更高水平上变得厌恶风险，很难断言这种正向关系可能是因为内部债务水平较高的高管更有可能在投机策略中将公司推向风险，并分别设法分散其个人投资组合。
Inside the inside debt consists of two main parts, pension and deferred compensation, so I would like to further check the effect which one is more influence to explain the dependent variable in above hypothesis test (hedging level and R&D decision)
Next, the inside debt of executive also could be separate in other ways such as into secured and unsecured portion. Different natures of the inside debt are expected to have an effect on the result in different way. In my opinion, I believed unsecured inside debt will make executive become more risk averse. This variable will be include in the model for further investigation.
Further study进一步的研究
Further study could be helpful to mitigate endogeneity issue of inside debt effect to risk management and investing decision such as using two stage least square method to check effect to model. From our main analysis we made assumption that inside debt is exogenous, this proposed method will provide the results that expect to be consistent with our main result.
进一步的研究，如采用两阶段最小二乘法对模型进行检验，有助于缓解内部债务效应对风险管理和投资决策的内生性问题。在我们的主要分析中，我们假设内部债务是外生的，提出的方法将提供预期与我们的主要结果一致的结果。
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