跨文化交际意识和能力的培养Native Culture and Foreign Culture, Cultural Awareness
近年来，语言和文化的关系已然成为英语教学中的重要课题之一。语言中包含有丰富的文化内涵。英语学习中，需要了解英语国家的历史、地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范、价值观念等。接触和了解英语过节的文化有利于对英语的理解，有利于加深对本国文化的理解与认识，有利于培养世界意识，有利于形成跨文化交际能力。因此，了解英语文化对于学习英语来说是至关重要的。教师要根据学生的年龄特点和认知能力，逐步扩展文化知识的内容和范围。在其实阶段要使学生对英语文化以及中外文化的异同有个粗略的了解。在教学中涉及的有关英语国家的文化知识应与学生的日常生活、只是结构和认知水平等密切相关，而且能激发学生学习英语文化的兴趣。要扩大学生接触异国文化的范围，帮助学生扩展视野，发展跨文化交际的意识和能力。
In recent years, the relationship between language and culture has become one of the important subject in English teaching. Language contains rich cultural connotation. In learning English, need to understand the English national history, geography, local customs and practices, traditions and customs, way of life, literature and art, code of conduct, values, etc.. Contact and understand the English festival culture is conducive to the understanding of the English language, is conducive to enhance mutual understanding and knowledge of their own culture, to cultivate the consciousness of the world, is conducive to the formation of intercultural communicative competence. Therefore, to understand the English culture is crucial for learning english. The teacher according to the age characteristic and the cognitive ability of the students, and gradually expand the cultural knowledge of the content and scope. In its stage to make students on English culture and the similarities and differences between Chinese and foreign cultures have a rough understanding. The English speaking countries involved in the teaching of cultural knowledge should be closely related to students' daily life, simply structure and cognitive level, but also to stimulate students interest in learning English culture. To expand the scope of students access to an exotic culture, help students to expand the field of vision, awareness and ability of cross culture communication.#p#分页标题#e#
初中英语的教学不仅要帮助学生了解英语国家的文化，也要引领学生更深入地了解中国文化，使他们提高对中外文化异同的敏感性和鉴别力，为发展跨文化交际能力打下良好的基础。
Junior middle school English teaching is not only to help students understand the culture of English speaking countries, to lead the students to deeply understand Chinese culture, to improve their cultural similarities and differences of sensitivity and discrimination, for the development of intercultural communicative competence and lay a good foundation.
那么教师应该如何引导启发学生扩展文化视野，发展跨文化意识和交际的能力呢？
So teachers should guide students to broaden the cultural vision, development of cross cultural awareness and communicative competence?
要正确理解本国文化和外国文化，培养文化意识。
must have a correct understanding of native culture and foreign culture, cultural awareness.
有人认为外语学习和本国文化学习没有什么关系。其实二者关系很密切。新课标所说的“文化意识”指对社会文化的认识，尤其是对西方文化的认识，包括文化知识、文化理解以及跨文化交际意识和能力。
Some people think that foreign language learning and cultural learning is not what relation. In fact, the relationship between the two is very close. The new curriculum that "cultural consciousness" refers to the understanding of the social culture, especially the knowledge of western culture, including cultural knowledge, cultural understanding and intercultural communicative awareness and competence.
由于中国传统教育模式的影响，英语教育往往重成绩轻能力。因此而导致了文化冲突、文化休克，而交际失误也时常出现。
Due to the influence of traditional education mode China, English education often heavy result light ability. It leads to the cultural conflict, cultural shock, and the communication failure is often.
在日常教学中，要让学生充分理解本国文化和外国文化，尤其要深刻准确地认识两种文化的异同。
In the daily teaching, to enable students to fully understand their own culture and foreign culture, especially to deeply recognize the similarities and differences between the two cultures.
教学中培养学生跨文化交际意识的能力和方法：
To cultivate the ability and methods of students' intercultural communicative awareness in teaching:
要培养学生的跨文化交际意识。
First of all, to cultivate the students' awareness of cross-cultural communication.
"Intercultural Communication" English name is "cross-cultural communication (or inter-cultural communication)". It refers to between native speakers and non-native speakers communicative, also refers to any people have differences in language and culture background of communication. If you are popular with foreigners (due to the differences in language and culture background), what problem should note, should be appropriate to communicate.#p#分页标题#e#
The English culture is full of respect for privacy. For example: with English speaking foreigners, should try to avoid such as age, occupation, income, religion, marital status and other related to personal privacy, because Chinese and English speakers attitude to privacy differences. In China, asking about age, marriage, income, body weight did not seem to what is wrong, but in the Anglo American countries, these are "personal privacy" problem, this problem should not intervene, otherwise it is impolite. Moreover Chinese habits greeting "stem what go to?" (What are you going to do?) And "what are you doing?" (What are you doing?) In English will become spying on the privacy of others questioned the words of others, will make each other feel resentment and even anger. Therefore, communicate with people in English culture, it is necessary to understand the scope of personal privacy and understanding of their culture, do not involve violations of privacy in communication.
Politeness principle in English speaking countries and China have very big difference. In English speaking countries such as: please, thank you, sorry (please, thank you, sorry) is the use of several words with highest frequency. The Anglo Americans to accept help from others, say thank you, even among family members would like to. In China, close people always say thank you will seem strange, frequency of use of these words is not high. Chinese culture stresses humility, tactful and implicit, Anglo American culture which advocates individuality, frank and honest. For example, Chinese holiday gift will help yourself, not to open the gift. British and American people received a holiday gift will face open, and said: "praise and thanks to Very beautiful! Wow!", "What a wonderful gift it is!", "Thank you for your present.," for instance, modest is a traditional virtue of the Chinese, Chinese in compliments, although the heart is very identity also very happy, but still want to praise a negative or humility. The English people will use "Thank you" to accept the praise and encouragement, let others share is praised in happiness.
English teachers can demonstrate culture in vocabulary teaching. For example: if two people have different traditional views on the dog. Chinese generally dislike despise this animal, often use dogs to describe and figurative bad people and bad things, such as "gouzhangrenshi, dog, look down upon everybody else bottom" etc.. But the British people are fond of the dog, that dog is a loyal and reliable friend. Therefore, there are many dog idioms in English, such as lucky dog (lucky dog), a metaphor of "lucky man"; big dog (dog), signifying "hum, to people, the bodyguard"; love me, love my dog (love) etc..
English teachers can penetrate culture in the teaching of reading. For example: in the study of food, the teacher can a Western diet, diet culture appropriate comparison; in terms of Christmas, can use the cyber source, collecting a lot of pictures, comparative study of Chinese and western festivals, improve students' learning interest in the culture.#p#分页标题#e#
English teachers can enhance the students' intercultural awareness in English grammar teaching. For example: the Chinese say "a loaf of bread," said a piece of bread and English noun plural, although no change in Chinese, but in the concept of "bread" is a countable noun. In western countries, people use bread as the staple food, eating the bread cut into several pieces, sometimes with butter on the bread, and then served with fried egg or a glass of milk, and in the bread in English is an uncountable noun.
English teachers can enrich students' extracurricular activities of English culture. For example: the teachers can organize the students to take part in the English corner, regularly hold English speech contest, to cultivate students' ability to speak. Such as the use of English corner, on Christmas day in the classroom to put the Christmas tree, and in the windows, doors are pasted on Merry Christmas greetings, create a festive atmosphere; let students used to decorate Christmas trees, lights and other stars, and in a tree on the use of long socks, tell students it. The teacher plays Father Christmas, give students send gifts and greetings of the season. At the same time, the teacher to the students Father the origin of Christmas and the English speaking people observe christmas.
In a word, English teachers should be in the daily teaching process, using various methods of infiltration to the students the cultural differences between Chinese and English, let the students are learning the language at the same time, learn about foreign cultures.
