留学生dissertation：关于英国供电企业经济调度的管理
07-29, 2013
Economic operation of power transformers and power lines mainly include economic operation, is a practical method of saving. This power savings technology to ensure safe and economically reasonable conditions, make full use of existing equipment, components, do not spend spend very little investment or investment, through merit-select the best operation mode, adjust the load and improve the power factor or replace the transformer as well as power grids and other ways to achieve scientific management. In the case of the transport of electricity under the same in order to reduce the power line transformer and the total loss, improve the power economic efficiency.
电网经济运行主要包括变压器及其电力线路的经济运行，是一项实用性强的节电方法。这种节电方法在保证技术安全和经济合理的条件下，充分利用现有设备、元件，不花投资或花很少投资，通过择优选取最佳运行方式、调整负荷、提高功率因素或更换变压器以及电网改造等方式实现科学管理。在使输送相同电量的情况下，以达到减少变压器和电力线路的总损耗，提高电网经济效益的目的。
Based on the data estimates: from the power supply to the electricity grid in a variety of electrical equipment (including generators, transformers, power lines, motors, etc.) about all of the electricity supply power loss 2.5% to 3.5%. A company on an annual electricity supply is 2971400000 kw.h calculation in a year from 0.74 to 104 million kw.h power loss in electrical equipment running, indicating that energy-saving potential is very large. In the new century, in order to ensure rapid and stable development of the national economy, with less material required investment, relying on high-tech way of saving the scientific method can be of great significance.
根据有关资料的估算：从供电到用电，电网中的各种电气设备（包括发电机、变压器、电力线路、电动机等）全部的电能损耗约占供电量的2.5％～3.5％。某公司按全年供电量为29.714亿kw.h计算，一年就有0.74～1.04亿kw.h的电能损耗在运行的电气设备中，这说明节电潜力非常之大。在新世纪中为保证国民经济高速稳定的发展，要求以较少的物质投资，依靠高新科学方法就能节电的途径具有重大意义。
Transformers and economic operation factors http://www.ukthesis.org/dissertation_writing/Education/
变压器及经济运行因素
Transformer transformer economic operation in ensuring the safe operation and to meet the power supply and ensure the quality of power supply, based on the full use of existing equipment, through merit-based selection transformer best operation mode, adjust the load optimization, the best combination of transformers operating position and to improve transformer operating conditions and other technical measures, thereby minimizing power transformer losses and increase its power measured power factor, so the essence of economic operation of transformer transformer power-saving operation. For more than two and a transformer substation, the transformer there is a difference between the technical characteristics, as well as transformers and reactive power loss is the loss of a non-linear changes with the load. Therefore, the transformer operating mode selected technical parameters exists between good and best operation mode transformer problem. When the transformer economic operation of critical operating area determined later, dispatchers and substation requires close attention to changes in load on duty at any time to adjust the transformer operates. It should be noted that each transformer to control the number of operations to reduce frequent operation. Specifically: do not follow the instantaneous load transformer for switching operation, and the variation of the load should be observed, according to a regular arrangement longer load operation, the circuit breaker operating frequency controlled within 1 to 3 times daily. The transformer economic operation of critical operational areas, should be used to calculate the transformer economic operation of the software, thus minimizing power transformer losses and improve the power factor of the power measurement and thus conserve power.
变压器经济运行是在确保变压器安全运行及满足供电量和保证供电质量的基础上，充分利用现有设备，通过择优选取变压器最佳运行方式、负荷调整的优化、变压器运行位置最佳组合以及改善变压器运行条件等技术措施，从而最大限度地降低变压器的电能损失和提高其电源测的功率因素，所以变压器经济运行的实质就是变压器节电运行。对于有两台及以上变压器的变电站，由于变压器之间的技术特性存在差别，以及变压器的有功损耗和无功损耗是随着负荷成非线性变化的。因此在变压器运行方式之间就存在选取技术参数好的变压器和最佳运行方式的问题。当变压器经济运行的临界运行区确定下来以后，要求调度员和变电站值班人员密切注意负荷变化，随时调整变压器的运行方式。这里需要注意的是要控制每台变压器操作次数，减少频繁的操作。
Power quality factors
Beyond a certain range of voltage and frequency deviation or distortion of the waveform will be on the power users and network security, the economy and other adverse effects. Therefore, the operation of the grid to limit the deviation of these parameters within the allowable range, so as to ensure the economic security of power quality and grid operation.
2.1 transmission lines and transformers in conveying the same power ground conditions, the current size and operating voltage is inversely proportional to the low voltage power lines and transformers will run current increases. Transmission lines and transformer winding power loss and current proportional to the square. When the system is running at low voltage will cause a power loss and reactive power loss is greatly increased, which is increasing the cost of electricity.
2.2 System voltage is too high, will make all electrical equipment insulation damage. And transformers, motors and other core to saturate. Core saturation causes the core loss increases, the temperature increases, the life will be shortened, increasing the transformer losses.
2.3 reactive power of the system is also important to the economy. Transmission Line reactive power more long time, it will reduce the active power delivery. In particular the transport of reactive power transformer, the more the load power factor of the transformer is lower. This requires us to optimize the distribution of reactive power supply, which aims to reduce the active power loss in the network. Incremental transmission losses based on grid standards, do regular flow calculation, for repeatedly reactive power adjustment, in order to obtain the optimal reactive power distribution, to achieve local reactive balance, which improve the power factor of the energy-saving effect very significant.
System line loss factor
Grid economy is to ensure the regional grid (110kV and above) and the regional power grid (110kv less) the safe operation and to meet the power supply and ensure the quality of supply, based on the full use of the existing power grid transmission and distribution equipment, transformers and through preferred economic operation power lines and transformer load deployment and economic power lines running position with the optimal combination of other technical measures, thereby minimizing the transformer and transmission line power loss and reactive power loss, to reduce line loss as the goal of scheduling way. Since the grid is a knowledge-intensive economic dispatch and technology-intensive fields, so the grid scheduling is based on the economic operation of power system economic theory, economic operation according to the grid software and scheduling software quantitative economic calculation, the full implementation of the economic grid scheduling.
Power grids factors
I
n improving the quality of power supply grid power supply and ensure that the premise of full use of existing power grids of funds, the use of high technology to reduce the regional power grid and the regional power grid losses. Such as the old, the old become damaged transformer out of some big, new transformer and select few energy, according to the urban network and rural characteristics of load distribution, the transformation of a number of small diameter, line losses large transmission lines, adjust the position and power transmission transformer operation lines to achieve optimal combination. But also according to the grid in the distribution transformer and transmission lines, optimizing the economic load distribution and grid economic operation through power grids formed into a grid to achieve economic security saving wear and tear.
In short, the power industry is technology-intensive industries, in urban and rural power grids should implement the "science and education electricity" approach. Relying on technological progress and promotion of the main contents of the computer application of advanced technologies, to improve the economic power grid safety management level. In urban and rural power grid construction and transformation process to take advantage of power grids in power-saving technology software optimization and adjustment of urban and rural power grid construction and improve the technical content of the grid structure, the grid into a "safe economic power." For the power supply safety lay a good foundation in the power grid to minimize power line loss, and the developed countries to narrow the gap between the grid line losses contribute.
Optimize scheduling to reduce outage time
Production technology department and dispatch center in arranging maintenance plan, as far as possible with the line circuit breaker overhaul overhaul synchronization; substation power line circuit breakers and other equipment of the station maintenance, eliminating defects, cleaning and other work simultaneously; and medium-sized users to communicate with synchronize user equipment maintenance to avoid duplication blackout occurred. Enhance the quality of maintenance of the assessment, the more maintenance to avoid the more faulty electrical equipment of the phenomenon, to achieve more for less power loss.
Tariff factor
Price factor is the economic dispatch most intuitive and obvious factors. With the "two reform" work smoothly, urban Tongwangtongjia foregone conclusion. Power tariff in certain preconditions, leaving electricity power supply enterprise space has been stuck, but that does not mean at all levels in this part of the scheduling department would be no room to play. For the vast majority of power within the region, there are thermal power plants, hydropower or thermal power enterprises, their tariff certainly not the same. Through an integrated electricity and network loss is calculated after taking into account social factors and national policies under the premise scheduling department at all levels should be a reasonable adjustment grid operation mode, choose the best multi-unit low tariff electricity, especially hydropower, tariff Most lower than the thermal power plants in the wet period as full of hair, more hair, reduce power purchase tariff costs and improve economic efficiency. Of course, to determine the operating mode, you must meet the power system stability and reliability requirements, and to meet the electricity needs of the majority of users.
Grid potential economic and social benefits of dispatch
Given the current majority, supply transformer power units and power lines are run in a natural state, but rather has been mistaken view some traditional and customary practices affecting errors, coupled transformer capacity unreasonable tariff system constraints, resulting in a transformer is now running mostly not economic operation mode. Meanwhile, our country is in energy-saving transformer, cold rolled silicon steel sheet and hot rolled silicon steel transformer transformer alternating periods, namely the transformer technical characteristics vary widely, so carry out a comprehensive economic operation of transformer is of great significance. The social benefits of economic dispatch: save money, ie savings and reducing investment capacitor transformer investment; reducing transformer investment; reduce voltage loss, reactive
power loss, improve power quality, to further reduce line losses and improve the environment; conserve resources for the community benefit.
In summary, the economic dispatch is a point over a broad area of systems engineering, relevant to the needs collaboration of various departments, according to the grid structure changes, with the knowledge economy means to improve the operation of the scientific content of the grid to tap the potential loss of power saving .
电网经济运行主要包括变压器及其电力线路的经济运行，是一项实用性强的节电方法。这种节电方法在保证技术安全和经济合理的条件下，充分利用现有设备、元件，不花投资或花很少投资，通过择优选取最佳运行方式、调整负荷、提高功率因素或更换变压器以及电网改造等方式实现科学管理。在使输送相同电量的情况下，以达到减少变压器和电力线路的总损耗，提高电网经济效益的目的。
Based on the data estimates: from the power supply to the electricity grid in a variety of electrical equipment (including generators, transformers, power lines, motors, etc.) about all of the electricity supply power loss 2.5% to 3.5%. A company on an annual electricity supply is 2971400000 kw.h calculation in a year from 0.74 to 104 million kw.h power loss in electrical equipment running, indicating that energy-saving potential is very large. In the new century, in order to ensure rapid and stable development of the national economy, with less material required investment, relying on high-tech way of saving the scientific method can be of great significance.
根据有关资料的估算：从供电到用电，电网中的各种电气设备（包括发电机、变压器、电力线路、电动机等）全部的电能损耗约占供电量的2.5％～3.5％。某公司按全年供电量为29.714亿kw.h计算，一年就有0.74～1.04亿kw.h的电能损耗在运行的电气设备中，这说明节电潜力非常之大。在新世纪中为保证国民经济高速稳定的发展，要求以较少的物质投资，依靠高新科学方法就能节电的途径具有重大意义。
Transformers and economic operation factors http://www.ukthesis.org/dissertation_writing/Education/
变压器及经济运行因素
Transformer transformer economic operation in ensuring the safe operation and to meet the power supply and ensure the quality of power supply, based on the full use of existing equipment, through merit-based selection transformer best operation mode, adjust the load optimization, the best combination of transformers operating position and to improve transformer operating conditions and other technical measures, thereby minimizing power transformer losses and increase its power measured power factor, so the essence of economic operation of transformer transformer power-saving operation. For more than two and a transformer substation, the transformer there is a difference between the technical characteristics, as well as transformers and reactive power loss is the loss of a non-linear changes with the load. Therefore, the transformer operating mode selected technical parameters exists between good and best operation mode transformer problem. When the transformer economic operation of critical operating area determined later, dispatchers and substation requires close attention to changes in load on duty at any time to adjust the transformer operates. It should be noted that each transformer to control the number of operations to reduce frequent operation. Specifically: do not follow the instantaneous load transformer for switching operation, and the variation of the load should be observed, according to a regular arrangement longer load operation, the circuit breaker operating frequency controlled within 1 to 3 times daily. The transformer economic operation of critical operational areas, should be used to calculate the transformer economic operation of the software, thus minimizing power transformer losses and improve the power factor of the power measurement and thus conserve power.
变压器经济运行是在确保变压器安全运行及满足供电量和保证供电质量的基础上，充分利用现有设备，通过择优选取变压器最佳运行方式、负荷调整的优化、变压器运行位置最佳组合以及改善变压器运行条件等技术措施，从而最大限度地降低变压器的电能损失和提高其电源测的功率因素，所以变压器经济运行的实质就是变压器节电运行。对于有两台及以上变压器的变电站，由于变压器之间的技术特性存在差别，以及变压器的有功损耗和无功损耗是随着负荷成非线性变化的。因此在变压器运行方式之间就存在选取技术参数好的变压器和最佳运行方式的问题。当变压器经济运行的临界运行区确定下来以后，要求调度员和变电站值班人员密切注意负荷变化，随时调整变压器的运行方式。这里需要注意的是要控制每台变压器操作次数，减少频繁的操作。
Power quality factors
Beyond a certain range of voltage and frequency deviation or distortion of the waveform will be on the power users and network security, the economy and other adverse effects. Therefore, the operation of the grid to limit the deviation of these parameters within the allowable range, so as to ensure the economic security of power quality and grid operation.
2.1 transmission lines and transformers in conveying the same power ground conditions, the current size and operating voltage is inversely proportional to the low voltage power lines and transformers will run current increases. Transmission lines and transformer winding power loss and current proportional to the square. When the system is running at low voltage will cause a power loss and reactive power loss is greatly increased, which is increasing the cost of electricity.
2.2 System voltage is too high, will make all electrical equipment insulation damage. And transformers, motors and other core to saturate. Core saturation causes the core loss increases, the temperature increases, the life will be shortened, increasing the transformer losses.
2.3 reactive power of the system is also important to the economy. Transmission Line reactive power more long time, it will reduce the active power delivery. In particular the transport of reactive power transformer, the more the load power factor of the transformer is lower. This requires us to optimize the distribution of reactive power supply, which aims to reduce the active power loss in the network. Incremental transmission losses based on grid standards, do regular flow calculation, for repeatedly reactive power adjustment, in order to obtain the optimal reactive power distribution, to achieve local reactive balance, which improve the power factor of the energy-saving effect very significant.
System line loss factor
Grid economy is to ensure the regional grid (110kV and above) and the regional power grid (110kv less) the safe operation and to meet the power supply and ensure the quality of supply, based on the full use of the existing power grid transmission and distribution equipment, transformers and through preferred economic operation power lines and transformer load deployment and economic power lines running position with the optimal combination of other technical measures, thereby minimizing the transformer and transmission line power loss and reactive power loss, to reduce line loss as the goal of scheduling way. Since the grid is a knowledge-intensive economic dispatch and technology-intensive fields, so the grid scheduling is based on the economic operation of power system economic theory, economic operation according to the grid software and scheduling software quantitative economic calculation, the full implementation of the economic grid scheduling.
Power grids factors
I
n improving the quality of power supply grid power supply and ensure that the premise of full use of existing power grids of funds, the use of high technology to reduce the regional power grid and the regional power grid losses. Such as the old, the old become damaged transformer out of some big, new transformer and select few energy, according to the urban network and rural characteristics of load distribution, the transformation of a number of small diameter, line losses large transmission lines, adjust the position and power transmission transformer operation lines to achieve optimal combination. But also according to the grid in the distribution transformer and transmission lines, optimizing the economic load distribution and grid economic operation through power grids formed into a grid to achieve economic security saving wear and tear.
In short, the power industry is technology-intensive industries, in urban and rural power grids should implement the "science and education electricity" approach. Relying on technological progress and promotion of the main contents of the computer application of advanced technologies, to improve the economic power grid safety management level. In urban and rural power grid construction and transformation process to take advantage of power grids in power-saving technology software optimization and adjustment of urban and rural power grid construction and improve the technical content of the grid structure, the grid into a "safe economic power." For the power supply safety lay a good foundation in the power grid to minimize power line loss, and the developed countries to narrow the gap between the grid line losses contribute.
Optimize scheduling to reduce outage time
Production technology department and dispatch center in arranging maintenance plan, as far as possible with the line circuit breaker overhaul overhaul synchronization; substation power line circuit breakers and other equipment of the station maintenance, eliminating defects, cleaning and other work simultaneously; and medium-sized users to communicate with synchronize user equipment maintenance to avoid duplication blackout occurred. Enhance the quality of maintenance of the assessment, the more maintenance to avoid the more faulty electrical equipment of the phenomenon, to achieve more for less power loss.
Tariff factor
Price factor is the economic dispatch most intuitive and obvious factors. With the "two reform" work smoothly, urban Tongwangtongjia foregone conclusion. Power tariff in certain preconditions, leaving electricity power supply enterprise space has been stuck, but that does not mean at all levels in this part of the scheduling department would be no room to play. For the vast majority of power within the region, there are thermal power plants, hydropower or thermal power enterprises, their tariff certainly not the same. Through an integrated electricity and network loss is calculated after taking into account social factors and national policies under the premise scheduling department at all levels should be a reasonable adjustment grid operation mode, choose the best multi-unit low tariff electricity, especially hydropower, tariff Most lower than the thermal power plants in the wet period as full of hair, more hair, reduce power purchase tariff costs and improve economic efficiency. Of course, to determine the operating mode, you must meet the power system stability and reliability requirements, and to meet the electricity needs of the majority of users.
Grid potential economic and social benefits of dispatch
Given the current majority, supply transformer power units and power lines are run in a natural state, but rather has been mistaken view some traditional and customary practices affecting errors, coupled transformer capacity unreasonable tariff system constraints, resulting in a transformer is now running mostly not economic operation mode. Meanwhile, our country is in energy-saving transformer, cold rolled silicon steel sheet and hot rolled silicon steel transformer transformer alternating periods, namely the transformer technical characteristics vary widely, so carry out a comprehensive economic operation of transformer is of great significance. The social benefits of economic dispatch: save money, ie savings and reducing investment capacitor transformer investment; reducing transformer investment; reduce voltage loss, reactive
power loss, improve power quality, to further reduce line losses and improve the environment; conserve resources for the community benefit.
In summary, the economic dispatch is a point over a broad area of systems engineering, relevant to the needs collaboration of various departments, according to the grid structure changes, with the knowledge economy means to improve the operation of the scientific content of the grid to tap the potential loss of power saving .
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