英国留学生经济类课程作业范文：关于双边经济贸易中的热点分析＂Bilateral＂: new hot free trade
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From the 20 th century onwards, with the GATT / WTO multilateral trading system and the establishment of regional multilateral free trade , free trade in the form of this once neglected down . In recent years, increased resistance WTO multilateral trade negotiations and the large number of regional free trade schemes blocked, bilateral free trade with a new global free trade stance once again play a leading role , and has become the new century world economic field appears one of the most striking phenomena .
Why the renewed bilateral free trade globally prevalent ?
从20年下半叶着手，随着GATT／WTO多边商业活动体制和地区范围性多边自由商业活动区的树立，这种自由商业活动方式一度被冷降落来。近年来，因为WTO多边商业活动会谈阻力增大和一点地区范围性大自由商业活动区规划的受阻，双方自由商业活动以一种新的姿势又一次饰演全世界自由商业活动的主角，并已变成新百年之初世界经济领域内显露出来的最引人注目的现象之一。
A new round of bilateral free trade worldwide prevalence is accelerating process of economic globalization in the context expanded , mainly due to the direct impact of a number of practical factors .
全世界新一轮双方自由商业活动广泛流行，是在经济全世界化进程项不断加快的大环境下展开的，主要受一点事实因素的直接影响。
1, WTO multilateral trading system is facing new challenges.
1、WTO多边贸易体制面临新的挑战。
From the beginning of the 1990s , as the world economy gradually into a full recession, new trade protectionism rampant , such as the emergence of the United States this year to enforce on steel imports increased 201 and U.S. agricultural subsidies is a typical example . Also, because the negative impact of globalization increasingly apparent , anti- globalization spread rapidly around the world , especially in developed countries . 1999 , WTO trade ministers meeting in Seattle trying to launch a new round of global multilateral trade negotiations planned , on account of the strong anti-globalization organizations obstruction died. This is a direct result of WTO multilateral trade negotiations, greatly increased the difficulty . While in December 2001 , WTO trade ministers meeting in Doha last minute decided to start global trade negotiations , but in reality, the result will not be smooth . Undoubtedly , WTO multilateral trade negotiations blocked, bilateral free trade has become popular once again the main reason .
WTO multilateral trading system are also some cramped nature of many countries keen on bilateral free trade one of the reasons . WTO 's authority in the face of strong sovereign national interests often pale . And bilateral free trade agreements are mostly issued by sovereign or supranational nature with regional groupings ( such as the EU ) to conclude , with protracted WTO multilateral trade negotiations , it has a short time, quick features ; with the complexity of the procedure and the lack of national coercive power of the WTO multilateral trading system compared to bilateral free trade regime only two parties , which are easy to operate , binding strong features. In addition, bilateral free trade agreements the parties in promoting free trade , economic and technical cooperation , macroeconomic policy coordination as well as for development of the bilateral political relations the role of WTO multilateral trade system than the more direct and more effective. Therefore, many countries and regions tend to bilateral free trade agreements as well as leading to higher levels of economic and political cooperation in the first step .
2, part of the conduct of regional multilateral free trade encountered new difficulties .
Regional multilateral free trade is usually defined by two or more countries, regions or regional economic groupings established by the signing of free trade agreements FTA carried out by free trade. At present, has started a regional multilateral free trade area or as a basis for economic organization has been all over the world, one of the most important by the European Union , NAFTA , EFTA , MERCOSUR , the Andean Community, ASEAN free Trade , Community of West African States .
However, in the context of the world economic recession emergence of new trade protectionism and anti- globalization under the influence of these regional multilateral free trade zone planned for the specific implementation process facing more and more difficult. Currently, these regional multilateral free trade plans , some frustrated because negotiations stalled , such as " EU - Latin American Free Trade Area" ; some because no substantive progress in the negotiations bickering , such as " American Free Trade area " ; some plans could not be implemented due to the theme from the original , such as the " APEC free trade area ", but some remained at the concept stage difficult for new breakthroughs , such as" transatlantic common market . "
Even though they have initiated regional multilateral FTA members Fangli Yi also due to conflicts rift , as is currently the world's largest free trade zone - NAFTA . May 21 this year , because the breakdown of negotiations , the United States began to lumber imports from Canada of up to 27.2% levy anti-dumping duties , resulting in a sharp escalation North American timber trade war . Mexico also began to complain after joining NAFTA agricultural losses. See that these regional multilateral free trade zones are facing difficulties , bilateral free trade has become an important reason prevailed again .
3 , re-adjust the countries under the new situation of free trade policies .
The new situation, the development of the world economy have adjusted their policy of free trade , that is from the original focus on " multilateral " Adjust for focusing " bilateral " or " multilateral " and " bilateral " simultaneously . Most prominent in recent years, bilateral free trade significantly behind other countries in the United States , Japan, Britain and the ASEAN countries.
The U.S. government believes that bilateral free trade agreements with the global rapid increase , such as being excluded from the many bilateral free trade agreements , the U.S. companies would have very adverse effects , and to conclude bilateral free trade agreement will help the United States established security system , strengthening economic integration with other countries . To this end , the United States began to attach importance to bilateral free trade agreements , and proceeded to conclude a free trade agreement negotiations. In August, the U.S. Congress passed the long-term constraints this process of negotiations of the U.S. president " fast-track " trade negotiating authority . President Bush get this power , said: "We will be faster with individual countries such as Chile , Singapore and Mexico to establish a free trade relationship and we will work with other countries such as Australia, explore the establishment of free trade relations ." Thus, in the next time, bilateral free trade agreements with the United States commuted process would be greatly accelerated.
In short, the national free trade policy adjustments have become a new round of bilateral free trade worldwide strong internal impetus.
Bilateral free trade would impact on the WTO multilateral trading system do ?
Bilateral free trade is a fundamental characteristic of " internal freedom and external protection" WTO multilateral trading system and thus its impact is twofold, namely a positive impact on both , there are negative effects can not be ignored . Here, we elaborate from three aspects of bilateral free trade and the WTO multilateral trading system allelopathy of this complex relationship . A bilateral free trade and the WTO multilateral trading system consistency.
This is mainly reflected in: First trade principles embodied in the two are basically the same . We know , WTO multilateral trading system embodied in the basic principles of the main principles of free trade , the principle of transparency and fair trade principles , and it is precisely these fundamental principles are pursuing bilateral free trade and followed , but the scope of these principles apply different sizes only ; former applies to all WTO members of the party .
Second, the economic effects arising from the two are basically the same . Bilateral free trade through mutual tariff and non-tariff measures, special preferential arrangements , contracting parties can promote their beneficial trade diversion , to enable Parties to enter each other's markets for goods and services the opportunity to greatly increase, thereby bringing the two sides to further trade and production scale expansion of bilateral free trade agreements or close to the common macroeconomic and trade policies as well as various preferential trade and investment facilitation measures can reduce investment barriers between each other , reduce investment costs , encourage fair competition, to attract increased investment Contracting Parties , improve both the industrialized and the level of market integration and thus play a scale.
4 , bilateral free trade and the WTO multilateral trading system contradiction .
This is mainly reflected in: First, bilateral free trade "differentiated " policy will impact the relevant WTO principles and rules . If bilateral free trade into WTO multilateral trading system within the larger framework considered an indisputable fact that bilateral free trade agreements objectively led WTO members inside and outside the unfair trade treatment , to a certain extent, the formation of trade protectionism. " barriers " to the multilateral trading system and the WTO goes against the principle of non-discrimination . More certain bilateral free trade agreements contain clear violation of the relevant WTO rules content. Such as the North American Free Trade Agreement Section 104 provides: "Except as otherwise stated in this Agreement other than under this Agreement, the rights and obligations take precedence over the rights and obligations under the GATT ." This is undoubtedly superior to the bilateral free trade agreement GATT / WTO multilateral trading system on top of the other members not parties to the WTO multilateral trading system under the WTO rights and obligations of a threat , but also a serious erosion of WTO multilateral trading system.
Two bilateral free trade " trade diversion " effect will give WTO multilateral trading system have a negative impact . Bilateral free trade " trade diversion " effect , a departure from the principle of comparative advantage , be agreed in countries and regions outside harm , often resulting in agreements outside the trade friction and conflict , often in the WTO "fire " state, thus affecting the multilateral WTO trade system for normal operation.
5 , bilateral free trade and the WTO multilateral trading system compatibility.
It is a bilateral free trade and the WTO multilateral trading system has the consistency , WTO multilateral trading system was able to accommodate bilateral free trade arrangements , which allows free trade and other WTO members have formed regional economic integration organizations. But GATT / WTO on the Free Trade Area and other regional economic integration have raised a number of binding provisions , and in 1996 set up a Committee on Regional Trade Agreements , as a WTO review of the regional trade agreements, specialized agencies . " GATT 1994 " on page 24 and the WTO " GATS " Article 5 of the Free Trade Area and other regional economic integration organization shall establish the conditions and obligations . It provides that any establishment of regional economic integration organization must help to promote trade between members , non-members should not increase trade barriers and its adverse effects . Free Trade Area of the WTO and other regional economic integration organization specific constraints are: establishment of these organizations should be promptly reported to the WTO Council for Trade in Goods , and to accept the WTO working group on inspection ; if not immediately set up , it should be within a reasonable time completed , generally should not exceed 10 years ; the organization to report regularly to the WTO Council for Trade in goods on its activities . " GATS " Article 5 " economic integration " admitted does not prevent its members to become bilateral or multilateral agreements liberalizing trade in services members , but must meet certain conditions must be established for the purpose of its members is to promote trade in services , but can not raise trade barriers against non- members as a whole .
Although bilateral free trade and the WTO multilateral trading system there is a certain contradiction , but both on one side and from the development trend of consistent decisions on a bilateral free trade will inevitably move towards WTO multilateral trading system. The reality show : Overall, the purpose of the bilateral free trade in the WTO multilateral trading system , based on a higher level , a wider range to promote trade and investment liberalization . Since WTO multilateral trading system has been basically covered the world , the vast majority of the implementation of bilateral and regional free trade countries are WTO members , which determines those bilateral free trade agreement to perform the essential requirements of WTO rules . Such as the European Union on a free trade agreement Mexico expressly provides that the parties " without prejudice to their rights within the WTO framework on the basis of ensuring the effective implementation of the provisions of the agreement ." In addition, bilateral free trade agreements tend to cover a wider range of transitional forms of regional economic integration , because it is a strong demonstration effect often attract more countries and regions to join in, which will push higher and wider free trade new stage.
Therefore , we believe that as long as the correct implementation of the principle of free trade , bilateral free trade WTO multilateral trading system as an important supplement to their integration into the WTO multilateral trading system is an irreversible trend.