城市商品空间结构分析作业 Spatial Structure of Urban Business Review

1 Introduction
背景

Urban commercial establishment with the emergence of the city , is the city's main functions . Urban commercial space structure is composed of commercial activities of the carrier and the body formed by the interaction . Carrier namely commercial center, is the main bearer of commercial activities ; body that consumer and commercial business owners , is the city 's major players in commercial activities . However, due to the general commercial business owners are assumed to maximize profits , it is only concerned about consumer research . Urban commercial spatial structure is home to the city has been an important research topic commercial geography , the study of history for hundreds of years , theories , methods and research findings is more mature. Its broad research areas , mainly in the cities within the geographical scope of the commercial activities of the carrier - Business center space form, hierarchy , layout rules, as well as the main business activity - consumer spatial behavior , spatial distribution of consumers . Urban commercial spatial structure including the inner city and urban system spatial structure , the article refers specifically to the inner city commercial space structure .
城市经济活动随城市的树立而显露出来，是城市的主重要的职位能。城市经济活动空间结构是由贸易载体和主体互动而形成的。载体即经济活动核心，是贸易的主要承受者；主体即消费者和经济活动公司打理者，是城市贸易的主要参加者。

2 Overview of theories and methods of study abroad
2国外研究理论和方法概述

After the great geographical discoveries , the world trade flows strengthened, countries around the property resources , distribution center, a brief description of the trading market growing , to study the structure of commercial space to lay a good foundation. With quantitative geography , behavioral geography , time, geography, operations research and a series of scientific theories and methods introduced spatial structure of foreign urban commercial real scientific research level rising, and gradually form a unified theoretical system. From commercial activities of both carriers and summarized the main urban commercial spatial structure of foreign research progress .
地理大发如今这以后，世界各国商贸往来增强，各国各地物产资源、集散核心、买卖商品市场的简素描述一天比一天增多，给经济活动空间结构的研讨是稳定了令人满意基础。随着计量地理、行径地理、时间地理、筹划学等一系列科学理论和办法的引入，海外城市经济活动空间结构研讨真正科学化，研讨水准不断提高，渐渐形成一统的理论整体体系。

2.1 Urban Spatial Structure of commercial carriers
Business center as a commercial activity of the carrier, is that people place for commodity trading . Early research focused from the perspective of the supply of goods in the city 's commercial center position , business center hierarchy and the different functions of the spatial layout of commercial law , summed up in the following three kinds of research results.

2.1, rent theory . Thunen theory was first put forward the position differential rent commercial center layout explains the reason for the city center . In 1961 , Georgia reed Adams (Getis) reveals the total retail sales volume with the highest premium to leave urban centers decreases with increasing distance from the law , confirmed the land rent changes and their economic and commercial relations between the activities of the law. 1960s , Ghana study the internal structure of the business center , the bid rent curve established various commercial centers concise space . In 1970, Scott (P.Scott) rent a chart showing the relationship between gradient and the type of store that by analyzing the structure of urban land use and urban economic activity within the niche , you can determine the commercial center location .

2,1,2 Based on Central Place Theory. German geographer Chris Taylor (Chifstaller, 1933) proposed central place theory is based on the theory of modern commercial space , commercial space structure for the research provides a theoretical framework . German economist Liu Shi (Losch, 1940) in its " geographical economics" proposed " economic landscape model " , the creation of obedience to maximize profits , market- centered location theory and economic landscape as a market system , for urban areas of market economy system research , deepen the central place theory , constructed boundaries undifferentiated line model . Later, ink Su (R.E.Murphy) and Vance (J.E.Vance) in building height and commercial functions as the basis to define the geographical scope of the central business district .

2,1.3 spatial analysis school . After World War II , geologists set off a "quantitative revolution" , sophisticated measurement methods and computer technology makes use of mathematical models of urban interior space as possible, the resulting spatial analysis of school development . Late 1950s , Bailey and Garrison was first introduced in the regression method , derived P = ABn. Functions as the center of the number of facilities , P is the center of the population . The parameters A and B obtained using the regression method , when the P-value = I is the threshold population . In 1965, the American scholar Berry (Berry) to the Chicago metropolitan area business forms geographical distribution of empirical research , that " metropolitan area business asking structural model ." In 1981 , the British scholar Potter (Potter) introduction of multi- variable function equation (multivariatefunctionalordination), using statistical analysis and graphs to analyze the nature of the business district features , location, accessibility sex , shape, scale of development and its close relationship with the socio-economic a .

Spatial analysis of school through a number of assumptions to simplify the problem , from qualitative research methods into a quantitative description of the data processing , drawing on statistical , mathematical analysis and interpretation of the number of geographical approaches to promote the commercial space structure of scientific research methods . But excessive pursuit of technology, perfect logic theory and spatial analysis system abstraction to make their research out of the actual structure of urban commercial space .

2.2 Spatial Analysis of Urban Commercial body

2.2.1 Spatial analysis of consumer behavior . From the late 1950s , scholars have come to realize that the man-land relationship school space materialized , ignoring the role of people not practical , find commercial space structure on consumer behavior has an important influence . Studies have begun to pay attention to consumer behavior and socio-economic attributes approach to understanding urban commercial spatial structure formation and development , emphasizing the differences in consumer behavior on the commercial space structure.

Berry and Gary Johnson ( 1958 ) the first time into the theoretical framework of consumer behavior , the first commercial consumers go to the nearest shopping center to challenge assumptions . American scholars Reston (Rushton) start from the point of view of consumer behavior to study urban commercial spatial structure is proposed behavioral model of a space that no one 's center of diversity in both consumer behavior . In 1970, Dawes (Dows) proposed program of cognitive structure of commercial facilities , commercial facilities from the perspective of potential customers to determine the number of relevant attributes , views and tendencies , assessing the importance of such factors as variables ; 1972 , David (Davis) proposed a " shopping center hierarchy system development model ," the consumer behavior and socio-economic attributes into the shopping center hierarchy formation and change ; 1982 , the British scholar Potter (Potter) completely from the consumer perceptual and behavioral point of view to explore the distribution of retail location issue, using field information field with distinction .

2.2.2 Consumer Spatial Structure - Area Analysis . Circle refers to the specific business center to attract customers to the geographical area , also known as the business potential of laps , focusing from the perspective of the consumer business needs spatial distribution . In 1929, the American scholar William Riley (William J.Reilly) founded the first district determination rules - Riley rule, namely: two commercial supply , for the middle of a consumer to consumer appeal with two supply proportional to the local population , and inversely proportional to the distance of two supply . This gave rise to a series of discussions spatial distribution of consumer law studies , derived Kompass rule, Appleton Bohm rule, Gaza rule.

3 Overview of domestic research

Since opening , the British urban commercial spatial structure gradually rise , the mainstream is the central place theory of empirical research . 20 In the early 1980s , Professor Yang Wuyang put theory into the commercial center of study of spatial structure . Taking Beijing as an example, the urban commercial network is divided into three sequences : municipal, district , street level , with a central place theory Christaller analyze spatial structure of Beijing business services status quo , with the Fan Linong Theorem seeking "Copper Heart" successfully carried out on central place theory pilot study . Takamatsu who discusses the historical development of Beijing market changes, from the historical geography perspective , the use of central place theory since ancient Beijing Dadu market space since the structural characteristics and influencing factors of evolution .

Professor Yuemin field survey of the downtown commercial center of Shanghai , the first to establish a set of indicators defined commercial center . He selected a number of commercial centers shops , business center functions and number five indicators, 61 business centers in Shanghai conducted a cluster analysis is divided into three levels of five types , analyzes the impact of the central business district of Shanghai -bit factors and made recommendations accordingly . Wu Yuwen Xie Bin studying retail enterprises in Guangzhou City location layout application of this approach to increase the large-scale comprehensive shopping malls, large restaurants, hotels, business centers functional units accounted for a percentage of the total number of functional units of this indicator , with six indicators on the commercial center of Guangzhou, 30 types of cluster analysis and rating system .

20 In the early 1990s , Ann into seeking Lanzhou City , to build consumer shopping patterns : in a particular area of a commercial center, sales coverage and consumer spending is proportional to the total , and proportional to the size of the commercial center , with consumers spent time shopping on the way inversely associated with this center is inversely proportional to compete with other centers . He divided Lanzhou City 3 bit pattern of the central business district , the introduction of a weighted average model and the Hilbert off mode analysis of the Lanzhou municipal business center location advantage , which evaluate commercial center development potential.
Chen heating and other commercial industries as the starting point , in the field survey , based on the use of eco- factor analysis techniques, qualitative and quantitative research Kunming City Commercial regional structure status, problems , put forward in the future to adjust the direction _1 . Yan Xiaopei , Xu Xueqiang other in Guangzhou City respectively, of its commercial center of the regional patterns and trends, the central business district were analyzed. WU Zong Qing began in-depth internal spatial structure of urban commercial explore the formation mechanism and evolution process .

4 Research Analysis

4.1 Quantitative study of consumer behavior is relatively weak
Overall, domestic scholars of urban structure of commercial space , with a long stay in the center of theory, analysis of commercial outlets grading scale and spatial distribution . Long-term implementation of the planned economic system , from top to bottom for the circulation of commodities , coupled with lack of basic database , resulting in spatial analysis of consumer behavior on the majority of studies confined to qualitative description level, quantitative analysis less constrained domestic city commercial depth study of spatial structure . Currently, the UK commercial macroeconomic environment has changed dramatically , the domestic "buyer's market " the emergence of the traditional format of the commercial business very difficult, but after joining the WTO influx of foreign capital, the British people , will bring extreme on the retail market big impact will inevitably require research perspective and guiding ideology adjusted accordingly.

4.2 Application of new methods and new means fewer
From the published papers see : Zhu Feng , Song Xiaodong , Ma scholarship , who analyzed commercial geolocation elements , discusses the business based on geographic information systems technology roadmap siting . But on the whole domestic research and new methods and new means of combining small , GIS, GPS, RS and other technologies introduced , lack of spatial structure of urban commercial scientific simulations .

The research method based on static equilibrium analysis . Foreign research needs in order to build the model , simplifying commercial layout factors , to a certain extent , affected the domestic scholars research perspective . In fact, cross-impact business affected by many factors . With the business further complicated static equilibrium analysis will become increasingly irrational . We must pay attention to the dynamic , integrated perspective look at the problem , to better grasp the commercial layout interaction of many factors to understand the spatial structure of commercial law .

4.3 The impact of new commercial activities proposed a new topic
With personalized, flexible and diversified consumer concept of penetration, manufacturers meet consumer preferences under the driving force of the mode of production by volume , internal resource integration, competition in the market to gradually shift alone customized production , external resources integration , supply chain collaborative competition. This series of changes in distribution companies has led to a qualitative change . Commercial activities generally follow a department store a grocery supermarket a giant supermarket a convenience store a store a warehouse-style shopping mall a trajectory of an e-business evolution , indirectly influencing the spatial structure of the UK urban commercial .

1960s , ShoppingMall With the popularity of the first car in Europe and other developed countries the rise . 1970s , Shopping Mall gradually being introduced in Asia , Japan , Singapore, Taiwan and other developed regions. In recent years in Shanghai , Beijing , Shenzhen, the rapid rise of the urgent needs of commercial real estate expertise to guide domestic institutional investors and retail investors to make the right investment decisions site operators to promote the popularization of knowledge of commercial real estate .

In recent years, the emerging commercial and e-commerce is a virtual computer network , based on the way through the electronic network of commodity exchange and chief operating the entire process. Because it is the first time to achieve a non-store operations , creating a three-dimensional space market (marketspace), companies can break through the limitations of geographic location , to get rid of the shackles of spatial distance , dealing directly with consumers , truly low-cost, high-efficiency and inventory, thus virtual commercial and electronic commerce on the spatial structure of the city's commercial impact will be far-reaching and complex . This was seen as a revolution in commercial activities . Research Network virtual shopping on the traditional structure of commercial space mechanisms , the development process to predict future trends will have a major significance.

4.4 Centrifuge commercial distribution of research to be deepened
As income levels increase, the popularity of cars , more and more city people began to flee the city's crowded conditions , noise, and complex . In recent years , the British part of the metropolitan population suburbanization phenomenon has emerged , some factories , commercial enterprises have begun to migrate to the suburbs development, especially a larger area in the wholesale business . Some outskirts of large cities ,http:// www.ukthesis.org/yylw/ especially suburban commercial sales volume , sales growth rate were similar trends in indicators over the city ; commercial quantities , practitioners, such as the proportion of turnover increasing trend in the suburbs , a decrease in the urban areas trends ; while no fading downtown business district , this situation is different from suburbanization, we call centrifuge technology . But the British research in this area is still limited . The degree of urban commercial centrifugal and trends, compared with foreign countries , development issues and the corresponding measures to solve a series of problems that we are worthy of further study.

In addition, economic conditions in rural areas in recent years, the UK has undergone major changes , fair trade extremely active in increasing farmers' income and promote rural development has far-reaching significance. We should actively expand commercial space structure research , exploring the deep rural periodic market theory to guide specific operational practices .

Looking at the domestic urban commercial spatial structure , the early founding of the planned economic system , from top to bottom for realization of commodity circulation , greatly limits the commercial prosperity and development , which also led to commercial research trailed abroad. Since reform and opening , city commercial received due attention, eager to establish business all over the street, commercial city , urban commercial spatial structure research to flourish. Future focus should be placed on consumer behavior quantitative research , the introduction of new methods and new tools , new commercial activities of research, business research on centrifugal and further expand the area of ​​research, attention to rural and even urban system, and a wider range of business areas spatial structure .