英文dissertation怎么写introduction？一篇优秀英语dissertation中学会introduction

www.ukthesis.org

03-17, 2014

英文dissertation的Introduction是dissertation的起始部分，怎么写英文的Introduction，本文用了一个实战的英国essay做了详尽的说明，请看：

Introduction开始于一个广阔的基础，然后逐渐细化到你所研究的特定领域，解释隐藏在每一步背后的合理性。把Introduction想象成一个倒立的金字塔，你从一个广泛的概述开始然后向下到Introduction的最后一个元素——文章的假设或者陈述。在Introduction部分，你试图告诉读者你所做的工作的合理性，并且证明你的工作是这个你研究的这个领域的重要组成部分。Introduction没有字数限制，不像摘要，但是它也需要尽可能的简洁。它可能是一个棘手的部分，所以很多学者喜欢最后来写它，以防遗漏要点。对于一个长篇研究报告，你可以列提纲，你可以围绕提纲来写Introduction，这里有一些提纲的例子：Introduction给予读者全文的总体认识，但是处理一些与摘要不同的问题。你应该假设读者在你所研究的领域有很好背景知识。

以下是引言的范例：

2.0 Introduction
2.0引言

In modern society, people are pursuing high quantity life, the good faith, understanding and harmony is very important (RDG, 2009). The pursuit of happiness needs the help from the unity and mutual aid and the progress of interpersonal relationships increasing. So the importance of the interpersonal skills becomes more and more obvious during the increasing communication between people in close (Croucher, 2008). But in daily lives, people are also committed a lot of errors in the communication progress, what is more important for the young is how to minimize the mistakes or even do not make mistakes and what will be the experience gained in the wrong.
在现代社会，人们追求高数量的生命，诚信，理解，和谐是非常重要的（RDG，2009）。追求幸福需要从团结互助的帮助和人际关系日益进步。这样的人际交往能力的重要性，成为人们密切（槎，2008）之间日益扩大的通信过程中越来越明显。但在日常生活中，人们也都在沟通的进展犯了很多错误，什么是对于年轻更重要的是如何尽量减少失误，甚至不犯错误，这将是获得了错误的经验。

Hospitality Organizational Behaviors and Interpersonal-旅游单位组织行为与人际关系问题研究

1.0 Excusive Summary
1.0总结摘要

The main purpose of this essay is to introduce the introducer of interpersonal communication skills from examples of errors. At first, the report will quote three mistakes in details which were made during working and studying, and analyze the cause and the reasons of these errors. In the second part, it will talk about three communication models (Shannon-Weaver, Berlo, Ivey), and introduce examples to show the problems identified in Part A could be avoided. Finally, it will introduce the importance of personal communication skills in working and studying and other aspects, and how to improve the skills for the individual.

这篇文章的主要目的是从错误的例子介绍的人际沟通能力。首先，该报告将引述其中被工作和学习期间所做的详细信息三个错误，并分析原因，这些错误的原因。在第二部分中，将讨论三种通信模式（香农 - 韦弗，Berlo，艾维），并引入例子，说明可避免在A部分中发现的问题。最后，将介绍个人的沟通技巧在工作和学习等各个方面，以及如何提高技能对个人的重要性。

2.0 Introduction
2.0引言

3.0 Situation Analysis
3.0形势分析

3.1 Section A
3.1A部分

In this section, identify and describe three examples where I have failed to communicate effectively in my daily life.
在本节中，识别和描述我在日常生活中有效沟通的三个例子。#p#分页标题#e#

A. I do part-time work in Esquires coffee near my university, as a service, it is frequently to communicate with the customers; however, there is one thing deeply impressed me. One evening, a tall man walked into the coffee house, I walked over to him and when I asked him what would he need, his mobile phone rang, he answered the call at the same time his finger was pointing to cappuccino on the menu, when I was bout to leave to get the coffee, he did a V-gesture to me with the smile on his face. I guess he should need two cups of cappuccino; his friend whom he was talking to on the phone was coming, so I left quietly. When I put the two cups of cappuccino on the table in front of him, he looked at me with full of puzzled expression on his excited face. I felt there should be something wrong with my understanding of his gesture. I went forward and tell him my understanding of gestures, he laughed, and some dumbfounding. He told me at last that the V-gesture and the smile on his face was for his wedding, because his fiancee agreed to his proposal, his V-gesture was for his proposal, and the smile was for the agreement. After said “I would like to congratulate you and wish you a happy future”, I left silently with a cup of cappuccino. In this matter, I learnt that I failed to seize the object of people concern. This is the cause of the misunderstanding.

B. At the self-introduction party after we just entered the Auckland University of Technology, a few students who had common language with each other sat in a circle and: I am also much honored to a member of them. When it was my turn to introduce myself, I talked from my name to my family, from my hobby to my country, I talked too much, when I mentioned the Chinese food, most of the audience are very interested. The atmosphere is rather intimate and harmony, but when I continued to say that most Chinese people loved to eat pork, some of my classmates walked away quietly with despondently. Later I was informed that they are Israelite and their ancestors were Jewish, they continued the habit of eating no pork and even taboo the “pig” word. Though we become good friends now, I learnt that I failed to seize the personality and characteristics of the individual in this matter. This is the cause of the misunderstanding.

C. Last summer, when I was going window-shopping far away from my school, I found a T-shirt which was my favorite type, but when I was about to pay for it, I found the cash in my wallet is not enough for the payment, I left crestfallen. The next week, I heard a fellow student was going there; I was very exciting to call him and requested him to buy it back for me. I told him that in the Wild Pair, there was a t-shirt which I liked very much, the obvious feature of it was there was a sun in the chest of the T-shirt, he promised to bought it back for me. When the phone was hanged off, I was very glad to waiting for Jason and brought the T-shirt back for me. But when he got back and showed me the T-shirt, I am very surprised to see a different style T-shirt with a sun logo in the chest. It is not the one which I wanted to own, the one with the spells S. U. N. was right. In this matter, I learnt that I used the wrong contact style and did not express exactly. This is the cause of the misunderstanding.#p#分页标题#e#

3.2 Section B
3.2 B部分

3.2.1 The Shannon-Weaver mathematical model
3.2.1香农 - 韦弗的数学模型

(Shkaminski, 2009)

This model is the most commonly used modes in the low-level communication. So it is widely used in the daily life, and it is similar with the human community. And it is also able to provide an influential definition communication which is counter-intuitive, in the first errors in section A, it is very similar with the counter-intuitive, the body language of the customer was not to express the same as what was seen. So if pay more attention to what the information sender really wants to express, this kind of error can be avoided.

3.2.2 The Berlo’s model of communication
3.2.2 Berlo模型的信息

(Shkaminski, 2009)

In this model of communication, flexible is the biggest advantage and the content of the message is the central part as well as the receiver is the central part of the communication progress (Shkaminski, 2009). In the third error of part A, the man who will buy the T-shirt for me is the central part, and the S. U. N is the central part of the message, so if expressing the central part clearly, this kind of errors can be avoided easily.

3.2.3 Ivey model of communication
3.2.3艾维模型的信息

In this model, the coverage of communication styles is broad and it consistently exceed the need of the requirements (Tanke, 2000). It is easy to get information from the print, the speeches, the media, if the cultural backgrounds and customs of the audiences could be known in advance, this kind of errors can be avoided as the second error in section A.

3.2.4 The six examples
3.2.46个例子

1. Seize the opportunity to speak; accurate attention to the concerns of information issued by the object of communication errors can be avoided, this can avoid the first error in the section A;

2. Correctly understanding the information of the Sender, such as the Cultural background, the habits and hobbies. This can avoid the second error in the section A;

3. Choosing the right is conducive to the communication. If the method was chosen properly, the third error can be avoided;

4. Do not believe the rumors can avoid unclear dispute;#p#分页标题#e#

5. Communication in writing can avoid the oral errors and uncertainties;

6. Singing is better able to express the meaning of welcome.

3.3 Section C
3.3 C部分

Communication is the necessary means of the message exchanging between people, no one is inseparable from social communication. If one is a sales staff, he need to sell his product, it is necessary to communicate effectively with customers (Smith, 2009). If one is a middle-level manager, in order to completed task, it is essential to use good communication. If one is the customer service staff in a company, good communication is the key to dealing with customer relationship with company. In the daily life (Wheeler, 2005), parents and children also need to communicate effectively; husband and wife also need good communication in order to enhance feelings of each other (Hayes, 2002).

With the development of the society and the diversification of forms of communication, the number of communication styles in daily life is increased with the communication diversity. So the communication skills also need to follow the communication development. That is a challenge especially for the young.

4.0 Conclusion
4.0结论

Of course, communication is a science and an art, good communication skills with each other allows people to have a good empathy so that people get the information they want, enhance mutual understanding, so that the two sides reached a consensus in the ease of mind. However, in the communication, if the two sides did not resonate, they said that they are always right, as the results the intended purpose will certainly be not to achieve. People also need to advance with the times to learn new ways to communicate and learn the new skills of communication.

References:
参考文献

Croucher, (2008) Employee Communication, retrieved on 18th May 2009, from:

http://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/9F2838E3-9760-43D1-AF87-C6E4F52B98C2/0/9781843981657sc.pdf

Hayes, J. (2002). Interpersonal Skills at Work, 2nd edition, UK: Routledge.

RDG (2009) Interpersonal skills, retrieved on 18th May 2009, from:

http://www.rdg.ac.uk/SOAR/Interpersonal_skills.htm

http://www.ukthesis.org/lvgl/3511.html

Shkaminski (2009) Communication Models, retrieved on 18th May 2009, from: http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#BerlosSMCR1960

Smith, M. (2009). The importance of interpersonal skills, retrieved on 18th May 2009, from:

#p#分页标题#e#

http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1366202/the_importance_of_interpersonal_skills.html

Tanke, M.L. (2005). Human resources management for the hospitality industry,2nd edition, Cengage Learning, U.K

Wheeler, P.A. (2005). The Importance of Interpersonal Skills, retrieved on 18th May 2009, from:

http://www.alexcelgroup.com/articles/The%20Importance%20of%20Interpersonal%20Skills.pdf

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