新西兰essay作业：跨文化的智慧的研究

本文主要是关于跨文化的智慧。在一个段的第一句表明，人们用不同的文化有不同的标识和有关情报的想法。因此可以得出结论，该文本的目的，是通过使研究来比较具有不同文化的人们之间的差异。在本文中，认知风格，已经开发了东亚和西方文化介绍。The text belongs to research paper, and its title gives a brief introduction to the overall text, which is retrieved from Intelligence across cultures. It can be easily understood that the text is mainly about the intelligence across culture. The first sentence in Paragraph A shows that people with different culture have different identifications and ideas about intelligence. So it can be concluded that the purpose of the text is to compare the difference between the people with different culture by making research. In this text, that cognitive styles have been developed in East Asian and Western cultures is introduced. 

The style of the text is written in formal format as academic text. The text is in a scientific way of thinking and draws scientific conclusions in the end. And there are a few pronouns in the whole text. In addition, respecting the structure of the text, it is very clear and well-organized. Also, the language of text is concise in general.

 

(ii) What are some key language elements of the text?（二）什么是文本中的一些关键语言元素？

该文本是旨在让跨文化的不同观点情报的精确描述。研究对现象的分析做出。由密歇根（B段）的大学的理查德·内斯比特所做的研究和斯腾伯格和Grogorenko做了另一个研究中，所有坚决支持文件中提到的观点。而在文字中的使用情态动词的是小瓶的流畅性。在文本的段落D，可用于建议（学术智力可以开发...）。此外，被动的往往经常出现在学术dissertation。在学术文章，大部分句子被称为被动句，因为作者要客观地看待，而不是把重点放在该行为的主体问题。

 

The text is aimed at giving an exact description of the different views of intelligence across culture. Studies are made to analysis of the phenomenon. The study made by Richard Nesbitt of the University of Michigan (paragraph B) and another study made by Sternberg and Grogorenko all strongly support the view mentioned in the paper. And the use of modals in the text is vial for the fluency. In the paragraph D of text, can is used for recommendations (academic intelligence can develop…). In addition, passive tend often occurs in academic papers. In the academic articles, most of the sentences are called passive sentences, because the author wants to treat issues objectively, instead of putting emphasis on the body of the behaviors.

 

（三）组织，你可以在文本见（如上市，顺序，比较/对比，原因/效果，问题/解决方案，扩展的定义）的模式是什么（S）？你能找到什么信号词？#p#分页标题#e#

准确的说，组织的主要模式是比较作为一个整体。通常情况下，比较文本将根据主题的需要选择不同的目标。然后，一个详细的研究范围将作出并施加到目标。然后所有的资源和数据将被收集到分析的情况。最后，结论可以到达。的过程主要是如上述。在文本方面，鉴于文化的智慧，他们选择不同的社区作为从亚洲到非洲的目标。很明显，不同的人有关于情报不同观点，特别是在不同的区域。

有很多信号词，如，认知，智力等。智能的观点对认知能力产生重要影响。测试可以采用制定缺乏文化偏见。(iii) What pattern(s) of organization can you see in the text (eg listing, sequence, comparison/contrast, cause/effect, problem/solution, extended definition)? What signal words can you find?

To be exact, the main pattern of organization is comparison as a whole. Usually, the comparison text would choose different targets according to the demands of topic. And then, a detailed research scope will be made and applied to the targets. Then all the resources and data will be collected to analysis situation. Finally, a conclusion can be reached. The process is mainly as above. In terms of the text, view of intelligence of culture, they choose different communities as targets from Asia to Africa. It is obvious that different people have different opinions about the intelligence, especially in different areas. 

There are many signal words, such as, cognitive, intelligence and so on. The view of intelligence has an important impact on the cognitive ability. A test can be adopted to develop the absence of cultural bias.
 

(iv) What makes the text cohesive and coherent?（四）是什么让文字连贯一致的？

衔接和连贯持续十年的争论。但是现在，还有谁过分强调非结构衔接手段的功能，许多语言学家。

凝聚最初出现在语篇分析基本术语，这被看作是一个至关重要的问题。作为事实上，凝聚部分由词汇和语法表示。因此，它可以分为两部分：词汇衔接和语法衔接。该文本与引进A段段落的话题开始集中在人们在西方文化把情报作为个人的一种手段。从款C到D段，该研究是科学地讨论。最后一段主要是关于解决困境会谈。

在协调方面，文本是在两个方面相干：它是相干相对于该情况上下文，并因此在文本一致。弗里斯（1983年）和丹麦（1974年）抽象可能被采用来解释文本是否一致与否主位推进的几种模式。此外，凝聚力结合句子的想法。

在一般情况下，一个文本通常具有寄存器的一致性，并且它应该适合给定的情况的功能。文本包含在不仅在内容，而且在从语言的语义资源总选择的实际意义某种程度的一致性。例如，价值观念被认知代替（A段）。

总体

总之，文字写入跨文化引进智力的观点研究dissertation，这是围绕一个中心论点组织使用基于研究的见解的合理正规的例子。在文中，有描述性的充分性和解释性充足分析问题。此外，作者充分利用模态的，被动的文本趋向等。当人们写一些类型的纸张下一次，他们应该明白的纸张类型和适用技术的纸张。

The debate of cohesion and coherence last for decade. But now, there are still many linguists who overemphasize the function of nonstructural cohesion devices.

Cohesion originally appeared in discourse analysis a basic term, which is regarded as a vital issue. As a matter of fact, cohesion is expressed partly by vocabulary and grammar. Therefore, it can be divided into 2 parts: lexical cohesion and grammatical cohesion. The text begins with a introduction of the topic in paragraph A. paragraph focus on that people in western cultures regard intelligence as a means for individuals. From paragraph C to Paragraph D, the studies are discussed in a scientific way. The last paragraph mainly talks about the solution to the dilemma. 

In terms of coherence, a text is coherent in two aspects: it is coherent with respect to the situation context and therefore consistent in text. Fries (1983) &Danes (1974) abstracted several patterns of Thematic Progression which could be adopted to explain whether a text is coherent or not. In addition, cohesion combines ideas with sentences. 

In general, a text normally has register consistency, and it should fit a given set of features of situation. The text contains some degree of coherence in the actual meaning not only in the content but also in total selection from the semantic resources of the language. For example, the values and concepts are replaced (paragraph A) by cognition.   

Overall

In all, the text is a reasonably formal example of research paper written to introduce the views of intelligence across culture, which is organized around a central thesis and uses insights based on the research. In the text, there are descriptive adequacy and explanatory adequacy to analysis the issues. In addition, author makes full use of modals, passive tend and so on in the text. When people write some kind of paper next time, they should understand the type of paper and apply techniques to the paper.