英国留学生管理类课程作业：行业协会如何起到监管作用Industry Association's role in monitoring the quality of

one industry associations in the quality of supervision in an important position

１ 行业协会在品质监视管理中的重要地位

Enterprises lack of self- restraint . Although the value of corporate existence is not just the pursuit of profit , but the business as an economic activity cell its essence is the pursuit of profit maximization, profit undoubtedly wins a prerequisite for survival . In a market economy conditions, the strength of the competitiveness of enterprises outstanding performance capabilities of its pursuit of profit . Profits, is the existence and development of the fundamental reasons for motivation . However, companies in this activity as an important social elements , necessity and society as a whole lot of other organizations and individuals interact occurred . In the course of these interactions , due to external issues and information asymmetry and monopoly market failure exists objectively , so that their profit-driven activities and society as a whole would be a contradiction , the result is a lack of the necessary corporate responsibility . Determine the nature of corporate benefits or reduce it to the detriment of the interests of society may be a way to achieve the enterprise's economic purposes. Enterprises in order to obtain profits, excessive reduce production costs, will inevitably lead to product quality issues. The product quality is related to the livelihood of the social problems. Lack of product quality control is poor awareness of their own responsibility performance. The nature of the enterprise's economic impact on its commitment to product quality responsibility , thus ensuring the quality of products rely on the enterprise performance can not unilaterally force.
公司匮缺自我约束。公司存在的价值固然不仅单是追赶利润，但公司作为商业的细胞实则质是寻求利润的最大化，博得利润毫没有疑问问是公司保存生命的前提条件。在市场经济条件下，公司竞争力的强弱冒尖的表达为其对利润的追赶有经验。利润，是公司存在的理由和进展的根本动力。

Government agencies responsible for product quality performance constraints limited. Britain's quality supervision agency primarily responsible for product quality testing , but the quality is also flawed oversight bodies , not all inspection agencies can be a good quality detection and control . There are some flaws quality inspection agencies , such as: organization of human, material and financial resources is limited, some places do not even have special funds for supervision , it is difficult to promptly organize product quality supervision and spot checks ; technical expertise can not meet the requirements of law enforcement , it is not just Some law enforcement officers in the performance of a lack of expertise , but also impedes professional features , law enforcement officers can not be proficient in everything ; quality single source of information , the majority of manufacturing and selling counterfeit and shoddy products information comes from the masses of complaints , a small part is controlled by the loss of business reports ; industry production enterprises of a lack of understanding of public demand , etc., will affect the quality of supervision ideal cut .
政府机构对产质量量责任履行的约束有限。英国的品质监督机构主要负责产品的品质检验测定，但品质监督机构也存在欠缺，并不是全部的品质问题质检机构都能美好的检验测定和扼制。质检机构存在着一点欠缺，譬如：机构的人的劳力、物力和资力有限，一点地方甚至于没有用于监督抽检的专项经费。

Grasp the product quality control to ensure product quality and stability is the national quality supervision and management departments at all levels of responsibility . In small government and big service , under the premise of the task facing the product quality control , product quality supervision department of the industry through the implementation of a comprehensive monitoring to ensure that there are no absolute problem is almost impossible . Xu Xiaolong that industry associations through the development of industry rules on the organization and personnel common code of conduct , punishment and exclusion violations advisory bodies , advisory bodies to improve industry risk . Only trade associations play a role in the regulation and supervision body relative to build bridges between people , be an effective solution in certain areas of product quality control , regulatory issues absence .

Industry associations is to ensure the quality of products important social force . Industry Association is a unified , close or similar market position of particular sectors of economic actors organize themselves , to define and promote the collective interests of the public sector organizations . Industry associations and government agencies as a business than a third participating subjects , in the promotion of corporate social responsibility to fulfill other forces has a irreplaceable role , its main industry associations through self governance in the economic sector plays its role .

Industry association focused on the same industry most of the business, its service functions, coordination functions and functions to play politics with the industry to represent the voice of the majority of enterprises , safeguarding the interests of the majority of enterprises , but also establish a trade association in business management the authority to make it through the development of industry associations , industry self- regulation to achieve real autonomy . Industry associations between self-regulation is government intervention and market a third way between freedom . Because through voluntary agreements between enterprises can produce competitive conditions within the industry to adapt to the competitive system , industry self-regulation has become an inevitable choice. Industry associations through the development of industry self- regulation to achieve the constraints of the association members and management, has the potential common interests between people , to form an effective collective action. While industry self-regulation does not have a similar law enforcement power, but has a strong validity fair competition is to promote corporate social responsibility to fulfill to ensure product quality irreplaceable social force.

Two industry associations in the quality control of the dominant position

Articles of Association to develop industry executive , as the industry 's fundamental framework. All members in the industry plays a " constitutional " role . All industry members must comply Association. National Association of the industry by the quality of products required to be absorbed as industry members must fulfill the obligations and violations by members of punishment prompted members of the strict adherence to industry charter to ensure product quality and safety. Association for the realization of the purpose of the establishment of the Association , in accordance with the constitution of the association and the component members of the Association for the organization and management activities . Association of autonomy can give full play to member associations conduct and regulatory role, but also help to reduce the cost of public goods spending , the absence of government regulation to solve problems , improve regulatory efficiency , serve multiple purposes of the policy.
The main functions of trade associations include: ① representational functions . On behalf of the industry, the common interests of the whole enterprise ; ② communications functions . As a bridge between government and enterprises , enterprises to the government to convey a common requirement , while assisting the government to develop and implement industry development planning, industrial policy, administrative regulations and relevant laws ; ③ coordination functions . Develop and implement rules about line and a variety of standards, coordination of operations between the industry behavior ; ④ oversight function. On product and service quality in the industry , competition means , operating style strict supervision , maintain industry credibility , encourage fair competition and fight against violations of laws ; ⑤ justice functions . Government to conduct eligibility review , the issue of licenses, such as market access certification , issuing certificate, quality inspection certificate, production licenses and export licenses , etc. ; ⑥ statistical functions . The basic situation of the industry statistics, analysis , and publish the results ; ⑦ research functions . At home and abroad to carry out the development of national industry based research into the problems faced by the industry , to make recommendations , publications, businesses and governments for reference ; ⑧ narrow service functions. Such as information services, education and training services , consulting services, exhibitions, organize meetings and so on.

Industry associations in helping businesses play their role to ensure product quality is determined by the nature of their industry associations characteristics and functions of the decision. With a non-profit trade association , economic CSC , autonomy characteristics. Industry associations in the pursuit of profit is not the main purpose , determine its establishment and operation aims to provide some public services to its members and to promote the industry as a whole within a certain range increase ; Industry Association is a peer companies in a competitive process to seek cooperation of win a result , industry associations in the formation, operation 's primary goal is to coordinate relations with the competition in the industry , promote mutual common interests or reduce individual costs, and promote the healthy development of the industry ; industry associations to achieve through the development of industry self-regulatory rules for members of the Association constraints and management, industry management autonomy . Industry associations also determines the nature of the functions of trade associations mainly for members of the co-ordination of services and benefits , and participation in relevant industry policies and regulations, standards development and monitor implementation.

Led by the quality supervision departments , according to the product characteristics, divided into different sectors , the formation of trade associations or groups. The role of industry associations or groups highlighted as follows: First, can effectively achieve quality and technology supervision department for enterprise service objectives , through industry associations or activities of the group , and organize enterprises to protect their legitimate rights and interests of enterprises to communicate simultaneously to the higher authorities of the industry the relevant requirements of enterprises through associations or groups that communicate information, promotion experience ; second, to take control and surveillance industry, product quality, the overall situation , companies should enter the industry association is the local production conditions , product quality is relatively stable informal enterprises , the quality of their products may represent a higher level of the industry side, through their participation, law enforcement inspection to determine the goals and direction , so that the right medicine , targeted ; Third, it helps IMPACT Fuyou work through industry associations , easy to Dajiazhilie and Fuyoufuqiang combine so that there is strength ; fourth is to promote solidarity between enterprises exchange activities through industry associations , strengthen their own constraints ; also asked to coordinate mutual relations , to avoid vicious competition.

Three industry associations to ensure product quality optimal path

( 1 ) strengthen the business liable for product quality propaganda. According to the quality and safety issues in recent years frequently, due to product quality and social problems caused by poor uncommon that some enterprises for product quality and social responsibility did not really understand , and not the product of poor quality as the adverse impact their own responsibilities . This shows that companies assume responsibility for product quality promotional push there is still much work to do , industry associations are available when this great responsibility .

Industry associations within the industry managed to run through publications , advocacy enterprises to actively assume responsibility for product quality , to the country first, to China for the first, the product quality as the lifeline of enterprise development , meanwhile, standardize enterprise honest law-abiding , fair and impartial accept quality inspection agency management and supervision. Association advocacy positions and take advantage of a variety of places , advocacy oversight member business law , standardize services, compliance with corporate ethics and promote professional ethics . So deep sense of responsibility for product quality to every business and enterprise managers , so that they recognize the existence of enterprise product quality exists .

( 2 ) the development of industry standards for product quality . As a huge difference in all walks of life products and technical constraints , quality inspection agency can not keep abreast of industry product quality testing different technologies and standards . This requires industry associations according to industry characteristics , the use of their own advantages to develop practical and timely quality testing standards and methods , the quality of the finished product quality inspection agencies assisted testing. Various industries according to industry characteristics and self-development needs, to learn from international product quality standards , based on the development of the industry standards for product quality , in order to constrain the behavior of enterprises .

( 3 ) requires companies to establish a perfect system to ensure product quality and safety . All in the quality and safety aspects of walking in front of domestic and foreign companies , they all have a common characteristic: the production of corporate social responsibility and quality monitoring system more complete , there is a dedicated department responsible for product quality affairs agencies . Ensure product quality and safety matters as a specialized agency , can be combined with their own reality and the international common practice , to develop quality and safety codes , and to coordinate activities in other sectors , so that in the corporate decision-making and implementation of all aspects to create synergy, community emerged for quality safety concerns . At the same time be able to do on a regular basis to the community to disclose information related to product quality .

( 4 ) commitment to environmental integrity of the building. Product quality and safety problems, as well as product quality and safety of concealment, more reflects the company 's bad faith . Integrity of the environment in construction, industry associations can also play through the development of industry self- regulation a relevant role . Such as the establishment of enterprise credit file information system ; issued to the whole industry "integrity self-discipline, to contribute to building a harmonious society " initiative ; drafting industry executives , practitioners observe practicing moral discipline , integrity and other codes of conduct ; conduct business credit rating and so on.
Now been established around the big Supervision Association , Association of the following can be set directly corresponding industry club or group , they are both a bridge between government and business contacts , but also to build relationships between enterprises ties , but also regulate and maintain the market economic order force .