关于英国合同法的相关要领浅析

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Introduction
The goal of the essay is to discuss the essentials for legally enforceable contracts and the legal principles on “Offer and Acceptance” in the UK contract laws. Most the views come from Study Guide. As I preparing for this essay I found some views make sense or their explanations are clearer, so I write here.
Main Body
Essentials of legally enforceable contracts
The legally enforceable contracts mainly have 4 essentials, and they are agreement, parties, obligations and objects. In the follows I will introduce them one by one.
Agreement
Agreement is essential to any contract and it can be found in the simplest of words or conduct. There must be a meeting of the minds, and must agree on the fundamental terms of contract. “For a contract to be binding there must be agreement between the parties to it on all material aspects. This means that if an offer is made then the acceptance must meet the offer.”  However, there are no particular words that must be used by the parties.
Whether the parties have reached an agreement can be determined by an objective standard. A bystander, acting reasonably, looking at all of the facts relevant to the questions conclude that the parties had come to an agreement on the essential terms of the contract with the intent to form a legally binding relationship.
The judicial precedent Wolf & Wolf v Forfar Potato Co Ltd (1984) is http://www.ukthesis.org/Thesis_Writing/Law/ about: A Scottish Co sent a telex to Dutch Co offering to sell potatoes, but the Dutch Co sent a counter offer (see at Acceptance). After that, the Scottish Co says no and Dutch Co agrees with the original offer. The point is the Scottish Co ignored this agreement, and the Dutch Co failed to get potatoes. The Dutch Co took the Scottish Co to court for breach the contract, and the court held that no contract was formed. Because the Scottish Co didn’t agree with the counter offer, so it was not accepted then… no contract.

Parties
“This one is fairly obvious---you need at least 2 parties as you can’t have a binding contract with just one person ”, and contracts always involve at least two parties.
“Fundamentally, two or more parties enter into a contract. A "party" may be an individual, a group of people, or even an "artificial person" such as a corporation. The parties to a contract must have the legal capacity to enter into that contract. Persons who are deemed incompetent due to physical or mental illness lack capacity to enter into contracts. Minors, who in most states refer to persons under the age of 18, may enter into contracts. However, any contract involving a minor is void able. When a contract involving a minor goes unfulfilled it may be affirmed or disaffirmed when the minor reaches maturity, or legally becomes an adult. Parties to a contract also must have the legal right to do what the contract promises; for example, one cannot sell what one does not own.  ” The parties must be competent parties. And in some contracts, at least parties should have limited capacity.#p#分页标题#e#

Obligation
“There must be some material loss or gain involved if the obligation is to be a legal obligation. A person or social obligation will not usually be classed as a Legal Obligation. Usually both or all of the parties will have obligations under the contract.”  )

Object
“When an agreement has an illegal object it is not a contract and is not enforceable at law. A contract must have a lawful purpose. Clearly, if a man should bind himself to another to kill a third party he could not be compelled to perform his agreement. Illegal agreements may be in violation of statutes or against public policy.  ”Public health and morals must be protected and agreements to do something which will interfere with them are unenforceable. In many states, contracts’ object are to aid a church or other charity would not been affect by law, but contracts for gambling or wagering are usually forbidden.

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