牛人整理的英文dissertation写作常用词汇和短语

 

这几年看文献和写dissertation的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上：

 

差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference

No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA.

Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance.

存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present

多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful

方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools

发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalence

In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs.

发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation

改变change, alteration, 

高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced

各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumors

关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated,

广泛的in an extensive survey

进行conducte， perform, carry out, 

降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous and weaker expression, completely negative, was not detectable or dramatically reduced, very faint, was undetectable or barely detectable, no expression was found, 

角色，起作用role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role），serve antiapoptotic functions

可能性feasibility

密切地intimately

难理解的，似谜的enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)

潜在假定的potential, candidate, putative,

缩写abbreviations

识别，辨别discernment 

事件

Metastasis to the liver is a common event in clinical oncology.

a putative tumor initiating event

a (more, extremely, highly, rather, fairly) common initial, 

a common event in the signal transduction mechanisms of, in the signal transduction processes

a common event associated with the mechanisms of#p#分页标题#e#

a common early event in responses of, after high-dose chemotherapy

a common event following gestational exposure to immunotoxicants

a common event （that occurs） during apoptosis is……

a common event during oncogenic transformation, in neoplastic transformation that directly or indirectly involves activation of specific tyrosine kinase signaling pathways

a common event through which

a common event in vivo

a rather common event of unknown biological significance

a common event resulting from heterogeneous aberrations

a common event regardless of histological subtyping, but does not bear any pejorative significance

a common event contributing to

a rare, common, prerequisite, central, major, transient, initiation, stressful, critical, crucial, secondary, independent, regulatory, early, earlier, late, later, subsequent, circumstantial, untoward, upstream, irreversible, very frequent event

提供，帮助provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in

调节（失调，上调，下调）dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression, down-expression, down-regulation, 

推测 presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction (推论)

无所不在地(表达，如MEN1)ubiquitously

显著,优先的prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong, striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably，significant, preferential, prevalence, prevalent,

相关性

related, more relevant with ，the relevance of

no intergroup difference，irrespective of

There was no significant correlation to gender, age, clinical symptoms, histology, T or N status, TNM stage, or tumor location.

Neither eNOS nor nNOS expression was associated with vascular density, tumor grade or the TNM status of the tumors.

No correlations were found between bFGF and age, menopausal status, TNM or pTNM, histology, SBR grading or steroid receptors.

we did not find any correlation between bax expression and any clinicopathologic parameters (sex, age, TNM status, tumor grade, histological type).

相同，同等并列

The coordinated induction of all three FOXO3a targets prompted us to examine the status of FOXO3a itself

with a similar pattern to

协同，加强

synergize with

研究analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial, observations, assessment, inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigation into, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine, test, assess, evaluate, explore,

一致

which is in accord with the results

which corroborated the results#p#分页标题#e#

which supported the results

优缺点merits and drawbacks，beneficial and detrimental

异常aberration, abnormality

重要crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance 

相反

On the contrary, 

In contrary,

but quite on the contrary

in sharp contrast,

contrary to what would be expected

Contrary to the expectation that

Contrary to previous beliefs,

Contrary to the hypothesis,

Contrary to current popular truisms

Contrary to current cognitive theories,

However, contrary to expectation,…….

Contrary to predictions,…

in contrast to previous observations…

Contrary to prediction,……

Contrary to most previous claims,

与一起in combination with, coupled with

由于、鉴于

In light of

In view that