英国爱丁堡大学 (The University of Edinburgh)：学生dissertation指导项目规划和管理及最终dissertation要求

8. Planning and Managing Your Project
项目规划和管理

Your research project/dissertation is like any task or project you might undertake at work – it must be planned and managed. Good planning and management cannot guarantee  a  good  project,  but  poor  planning  and  management  will  make  a  good project very hard to achieve.
你的研究项目/博士dissertation - 它必须像任何你可能会在工作中承担的任务或项目规划和管理。良好的规划和管理不能保证一个好项目，但规划和管理不善会使一个好项目很难实现。
 
The  key  stages  of  planning  and  managing  a  research project/dissertation  are  as
follows:
规划和管理的一个研究项目/博士dissertation的关键阶段如下：

1. Defining your aims. From the very beginning you need to have a clear idea of what you are trying to achieve.  If you neglect this phase, you may find some truth in the saying ’if you don't know where you're going, you'll end up somewhere else’ (!).  At the end of this stage, you should have a clear statement of your terms of reference.
  规定目标。
 
2. Working out what needs to be done. Once you know what you are trying to achieve, you can work out what is involved in getting there. This will include what reading needs to be done, what contacts need to be made, what data must  be  collected,  what  analyses  must  be  carried  out  and  what  writing  up will be needed.
  做出需要做的事。

3. Planning. Once you know what needs to be done, you can draw up a plan for the completion of the project.  Start with an audit of your skills, knowledge, contacts and interests.  Your plan should include a detailed timetable for the project and a breakdown of tasks and dependencies within the detailed timetable.
  计划。
 
4. Carrying out the project.  Once you have devised your plan, you should be ready to go ahead with your research. When undertaking your project, you should review your progress regularly against the plan. Remember that you will  need  plenty  of  time  for  reading  around  the  topic  and  writing  up  the dissertation.  Also,  note  that  you  will  have  to  make  adjustments  to accommodate  unforeseen  events  (e.g.  illness,  computer  problems,  etc.).  If you start drifting hopelessly off-course, some tougher action may need to be taken.
   开展项目。
 
Beware of some of the traps into which others before you have fallen:
谨防一些在你堕落之前已经有人堕落的陷阱：#p#分页标题#e#

1. Rushing  into  action  without  thinking  what  your  project  is  really  about  and, therefore, ending up with bits and pieces of research all focused on different matters.
不以为你的项目真的是急于付诸行动，因此，最终只有零碎的研究都关注于不同的问题。
2. Failing  to  be  clear  with  regard  to  the  aims  of  the  dissertation  and  thus ultimately undertaking, say, three different projects.
对于dissertation的目标不明确，从而最终承担，也就是说，三个不同的项目。
3. Underestimating the time needed for writing up; the dissertation is the longest  and  most  demanding  individual  piece  of  work  during  the  Master’s degree,  and  you  should  make  sure  you  allocate  sufficient  time  for  the writing-up period.
低估所需的时间写dissertation是最长和最苛刻的个人一块硕士学位期间的工作，你应该确保你分配足够的时间写作期间。
4.  Failing  to  build  in  any  contingency  for  events  such  as  unexpected  travel,
illness,  delays  in  computing  or  printing,  or  unavailability  of  key  informants, including supervisors.
意想不到的旅游活动，如不建立在任何应急，生病，延迟计算或打印，或不可用的关键线人，包括监事。
5.  Forgetting that many supervisors will be away, possibly on holiday, over the summer.
忘记许多监事将要离开，可能是在假期，在夏季。

9. The Final Dissertation
  最终dissertation

Length
长度

12,000–15,000 words excluding footnotes, appendices and graphs, but including the project statement or executive summary and bibliography.  Projects which  are either  longer  or  shorter  than  the  stipulated  number  of  words  may  be  subject  to penalty.
12,000-15,000字，不包括脚注，附录和图表，但包括项目陈述或执行摘要和书目。长于或短于规定数目字的项目可能被处以罚款。
 
Number of copies
复印的份数

One bound hardcopy of the Dissertation must be handed in to the reception in the School  of  Management,  where  you  will  be  provided  with  a  Student  feedback assessment  form.  This  form  is  to  be  completed  and  attached  securely  to  the Dissertation.
结合印刷的dissertation必须交给的接收管理，在学校，在那里你将提供学生反馈评估表。此表格必须填妥，并牢固地附着在dissertation。#p#分页标题#e#
Please note that you also have to submit an electronic copy to the JISC-TurnitinUk software; http://ukthesis.org/Thesis_Tipssee the Appendix for more details. Additional help can also be sought at the School of Management Reception and/or the Postgraduate Office (Programme Support Office, MB07).  A declaration should be included specifying that the dissertation has been prepared on the basis of the candidate’s own work and that where other source materials have been used these have been acknowledged. A statement  should  be  included  confirming  the  number of  words  in  the  text  and footnotes. You should obtain a receipt confirming submission, and should write this number on the Student feedback assessment form when submitting your hardcopy.

 
Form
形式

The report must be typed.  Typing  should  be  on  one  side  of  the  page  double-spaced  and  on  A4  paper.  The margin on the left should be sufficient to accommodate the binding (e.g. at least 4 cm for left margin, 2 cm for right margin).
All pages are to be numbered.
该报告必须输入。打字应该是页双倍行距的一侧上，并在A4纸张上。在左侧的利润率应该是足以容纳绑定（如至少4厘米的左边界，右边距2厘米）。
所有的网页都被编号。

Title page
标题页

This must follow the standard layout. This includes the following information:
这必须遵循的标准布局。这包括以下信息：

a) the candidate's full name;
候选人的全名;
b) the title of the dissertation;
本dissertation称号;
c) a  statement  that  the  dissertation  is  submitted  as  part  of  the requirement for the award of the Master’s degree (MA/MSc/MBA);
一份提交dissertation作为授予硕士学位（MA/硕士/ MBA）的要求;
d) the month and year of submission; and
提交年月，及
e)  the name of the supervisor.
导师姓名
 
An Executive Summary must be included at the front. This should indicate the main points and conclusions in not more than 200 words.
执行摘要必须包括在前面。这应该表明在不超过200字的要点和结论。
 
Contents page
目录页

A  well  laid  out  and  reasonably  detailed  contents  page  is  needed.  This not only helps the reader navigate through your document but also acts as a summary and guide, thus reducing your need to incorporate these aspects in the main text.
良好的布局和合理的详细内容页面是必要的。这不仅有助于读者浏览您的文档，但也作为一个总结和引导，从而减少你需要把这些方面在正文中。

The main report#p#分页标题#e#
主报告

The  precise  structure  of  your  final  report  will  vary  according  to  the  subject  matter and  the  way  you  have  approached  the  topic.  Nevertheless, some basics issues remain the same for every project. These are as follows:
精确的最终报告的结构将根据不同的题材和方式，你曾向主题。尽管如此，一些基本的问题仍然是相同的每一个项目。这些如下：
1. The Problem/Opportunity to Be Addressed
需解决的问题/机会
Your  reader  needs  to  know  what  the  problem  or  opportunity  is  that  you  have investigated. Why did you choose it? Why is it important? What were the terms of reference you set for yourself?
 
2. The Theoretical Framework
理论框架
In  this  section,  you  need  to  discuss  the  aspects  of  theory  that  have  determined your approach to the project. Usually this part of the dissertation draws heavily on the existing literature.
 
3. The Research
调查研究
Most  of  your  dissertation  will  be  concerned  with  the  actual  research  you  have conducted. This part should divide into three sections:
a)  the methodology adopted;
b)  the evidence and information collected; and
c)  your analysis of the evidence and interpretation of its meaning.
 
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
结论和建议
Finally, you must bring together the conclusions you have drawn from the research and  make  a  number  of  practical  recommendations  for action  in  light  of  those conclusions.  Items  1,  2  and  4  will  probably  be  contained  in  single  chapters, whereas item 3 will probably require several chapters.
 
5. Practical Implementation (where appropriate)
实际执行期（在适当情况下）
Assuming acceptance of your proposal (recommendations), what are the costs and practical implications of making it all happen?

 
Bibliography and appendices
参考书目和附录

At  the  end  of  your  report  you  should  put  an alphabetical list  of  references  (this  is covered in the next section). Appendices containing technical information, such as questionnaires or statistics, should also be placed at the end.
在报告的末尾，你应该把一个按字母顺序排列的参考清单（这部分内容在下一节）。附录包含的技术信息，如问卷调查或统计数据，也应放在最后。#p#分页标题#e#

Style
风格

Try to adopt a lucid style; aim at clarity. Excessive numbering of paragraphs is best avoided as it makes reading less smooth.  Avoid using either an unnecessarily scholarly style or the opposite – a style that is too anecdotal and colloquial.
尝试采用明晰的风格，清晰的目的。过度编号段最好避免，因为它使阅读不那么顺畅。避免使用不必要的学术风格，或者相反 - 的风格，太轶事和口语。

Most reports read better if written in the third person. Unless you are dealing with a clearly historical subject, use the present sense for immediacy and liveliness.
如果以第三人称书写，大多数报告阅读更好。除非你正在处理一个明确的历史科目，使用目前的紧迫性和活力感。

Avoid lengthy introductions and background sections; write only about the essential points which the well-informed reader needs to know. Remember, though, that the reader may need an introduction – but an introduction only – to matters such as the industry,  subject  area  or  company  within  which  the  study  is  being  undertaken. Finally, it is important to remember that the assessment of the report will be done by academics. 
避免冗长的介绍和背景部分，只写消息灵通的读者需要知道的要点。请记住，虽然读者可能只需要介绍 - 介绍 - 作为业内人士，学科领域或公司内正进行研究等事宜。最后，重要的是要记住，专业学者将完成评估报告。