Dissertation Proposal格式：Women Entrepreneurs: Challenges and Opportunities
Dissertation Proposal格式-女企业家：挑战与机遇。本文是一篇留学生研究计划书写作格式范文，本篇Proposal提出越来越多的具有前瞻性思维的组织，如ALEAP，正在认识到女性领导人为家庭、企业和社区做出的贡献的价值和影响。大多数组织都在正式制定方案和战略，以应对女性在工作场所面临的独特挑战，将其作为保留和获取战略的核心组成部分。几项研究表明，女性为组织带来了一种特殊的领导力品牌，这种品牌可以转化为卓越的长期可持续性和财务绩效。下面就一起来看一下这篇Dissertation Proposal的具体内容。
Introduction 引言
Increasingly forward thinking organizations, such as ALEAP are recognizing the value and impact that women leaders contribute to families, business and communities. Most of the organizations are formalizing programs and strategies to address the unique challenges that women face in the work place as core components of both retention dn acquisition strategies. Several studies have shown that women bring a special brand of leadership for organizations that translate into superior long term sustainability an financial performance (www.siliconindia.com).
The current study is about the entrepreneur competencies in Indian women and its purpose to analyze the status of women entrepreneurs in business with reference to India. The study first draws identities, profiles and addresses operational problems faced by women entrepreneurs in business, draws their inclination for future plans for expansion and growth and for the furtherance of research on women entrepreneurs in India.
目前的研究是关于印度妇女的企业家能力，其目的是参照印度分析女企业家在企业中的地位。这项研究首先描绘了女性企业家在商业中面临的身份、概况和经营问题，描绘了她们对未来扩张和增长计划的倾向，并促进了对印度女性企业家的研究。
Women owners of small business are known to be better informed about issues relating to starting their own business compared to their male counterparts. Women spend more time conducting market research and have historically spent more time accessing finance because of gender bias within the lending industry. Due to their previous employment history many women have better administrative skills over men which should translate to women having better basic business management knowledge and a higher level of basic business competencies. So This Research would like to conduct a survey on sample of 40 business owners from (ALEAP) Association of Lady Entrepreneurs of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad and Vijayawada. The present study “A Research on competencies of Women Entrepreneurs” main Objective is to reveal the exploratory information of women Entrepreneurs their competencies which impacted to become a Entrepreneur, number of issues, when first started their business, while facing competition, in decision-making and their business active operations etc and comparing these competencies between women entrepreneurs of two areas (Hyderabad and Vijayawada).
众所周知，与男性同行相比，女性小企业主更了解与创业相关的问题。由于借贷行业的性别偏见，女性花更多的时间进行市场调查，并且历史上花费更多的时间获得融资。由于以前的就业历史，许多妇女的行政管理技能优于男子，这意味着妇女具有更好的基本商业管理知识和更高水平的基本商业能力。因此，本研究希望对安得拉邦、海德拉巴和维贾亚瓦达的（ALEAP）女企业家协会的40名企业主进行抽样调查。本研究“女企业家能力研究”的主要目的是揭示女企业家的探索性信息，她们的能力对成为企业家产生了影响，在刚开始创业时，面临竞争，并比较了两个地区（海得拉巴和维贾亚瓦达）女企业家的这些能力。
Entrepreneurs have become the key figure of the economies around the globe as they are essential for the development and foundation of companies and process of job creation as the result. Entrepreneur is the innovator who brings and implements changes within markets through carrying out new combinations of several forms. This can be an introduction to a new product or quality, an introduction to new production technique, opening of a new market, and new source of supply of new parts or material or carrying out a new organization of an industry (Schummpter, 1935 cited in Anderson, 2008). The entrepreneur model of Schummpter (1935) has been increasingly investigated as being the instigator of innovation. In fact, other types of entrepreneur can be mentioned, which are influenced by cultural peculiarities. Many researchers, such as Atamer and Torres wondered whether the mentioned model of Schummpter should be applied to all the countries of the world. Although, entrepreneurship is a world phenomenon, it is not possible to describe as homogeneous (Atamer and Torres, 2007 cited in Anderson, 2008).
企业家已经成为全球经济的关键人物，因为他们对公司的发展和基础以及由此产生的就业机会的过程至关重要。企业家是创新者，通过多种形式的新组合，在市场中带来并实施变革。这可以是对新产品或质量的介绍，对新生产技术的介绍，打开新市场，以及新零件或材料的新供应来源，或开展新的行业组织。Schummpter的企业家模式被越来越多地研究为创新的推动者。事实上，还可以提到其他类型的企业家，这些企业家受到文化特性的影响。许多研究人员，如Atamer和Torres，都想知道所提到的Schummpter模型是否应该适用于世界所有国家。尽管创业是一种世界现象，但不可能将其描述为同质化。
According to Casson, M. (1982), most of the studies on entrepreneur are relying on a stereotype, which is the swashbuckling adventure of business. The analysis of Casson (1982) tended to explain that the self made entrepreneurs were the figures from the past and now it is possible to define an entrepreneur as a person, specialized in decisions about the scarce resource coordination.
根据Casson，M.的说法，大多数关于企业家的研究都依赖于一种刻板印象，这就是商业的虚张声势的冒险。Casson的分析倾向于解释，自主创业者是过去的人物，现在可以将企业家定义为一个专门从事稀缺资源协调决策的人。
Entrepreneur Development 企业家发展
Entrepreneurship has been considered to be specific for the great individuals, both in academic view and conventional wisdom. Several articles and books have been written to highlight the virtues of entrepreneurship. However, the story of entrepreneur as a great person missed the fundamental mechanism of economic growth and entrepreneurship. In fact, entrepreneurship is not just an economic process; rather it extends beyond the new business formation process. Entrepreneurship, therefore, is a social process which arises from a vast set of cultural and social conditions (Florida, 2002). In United States, the impulse of entrepreneurship has become part of the social ethos. Its creating forces have been building at least for five decades and longer perhaps. However, its rise at social level or at way of life has recently become apparent. Entrepreneurship is the part of a vast social movement, a change that residents of the country want out of social life. There is increase in interest for becoming entrepreneur. For instance, 60% of the young adults and teenagers want to become entrepreneurs, according to a survey (Florida, 2002).
无论是从学术角度还是从传统观点来看，企业家精神都被认为是伟大个人特有的。已经写了几篇文章和几本书来强调企业家精神的优点。然而，企业家作为一个伟人的故事错过了经济增长和企业家精神的基本机制。事实上，创业不仅仅是一个经济过程；相反，它超越了新的业务形成过程。因此，创业是一个社会过程，产生于大量的文化和社会条件。在美国，创业的冲动已经成为社会风气的一部分。它的创造力量已经建立了至少50年甚至更长的时间。然而，它在社会层面或生活方式上的崛起最近变得显而易见。企业家精神是一场巨大的社会运动的一部分，这是该国居民想要摆脱社会生活的一种变化。成为企业家的兴趣有所增加。例如，根据一项调查，60%的年轻人和青少年希望成为企业家。
The development of entrepreneurship is not obvious in US only; the need for employment development around the globe has given rise to entrepreneurship in other countries as well. Reduction in youth unemployment is the big challenge that most of the governments have to face in coming decades. According to a recent study by International Labour Office (ILO), youth is more likely to be unemployed than adults. This likelihood is three and half time more than that of adults. Approximately 660 million young people, in 2015, will be looking for work or working. This challenge has various dimensions and therefore requires a specific response. It is needed to look the entrepreneurship with the perspective of youth. Within the framework of basic efforts and strategies of boosting employment for young people, a valuable addition to job creation is the entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is an innovative approach for improvement of livelihood and job creation among young people. Although, entrepreneurship has derived job creation and economic development, there has been a very little effort to look at it with the perspective of young people.
创业精神的发展不仅在美国明显；全球各地对就业发展的需求也催生了其他国家的创业精神。减少青年失业是大多数政府在未来几十年必须面对的重大挑战。根据国际劳工局（ILO）最近的一项研究，年轻人比成年人更有可能失业。这种可能性是成年人的三倍半。2015年，约有6.6亿年轻人将寻找工作。这一挑战具有不同的层面，因此需要具体的应对措施。需要从青年的角度看待创业。在促进年轻人就业的基本努力和战略框架内，创业是创造就业机会的一个宝贵补充。创业是改善青年人生计和创造就业机会的一种创新方法。尽管创业创造了就业机会和经济发展，但从年轻人的角度来看待创业的努力很少。
Current theory of entrepreneurship that explains venture creation is organized generally around three core constructs: (a) market, (b) money and (c) management. These constructs are refereed as “3Ms”. An entrepreneur is required to have market access, money and management if he plans to launch a venture. These constructs are having been described as fundamental building blocks for business viability and they derive from the mainstream economy and management driven entrepreneurship view (Bates et al. cited in Brush, Bruinn, & Welter, 2009). These building blocks are basic for the development of any business.
当前解释风险创造的创业理论一般围绕三个核心结构：（a）市场、（b）资金和（c）管理。这些构造被称为“3Ms”。如果一个企业家计划创业，他需要有市场准入、资金和管理。这些结构已被描述为商业可行性的基本构建块，它们源自主流经济和管理驱动的创业观。这些构建块是任何业务发展的基础。
Women Entrepreneur Development 女企业家发展
Businesses owned by women are one of the fastest developing entrepreneurial populations of the world. They are making a significant contribution to employment, innovation and wealth creation in almost all economies (Brush et al., 2006). However, the growth in the importance of women entrepreneurship has not increased the number of studies on the subject. There is a gender gap in academic research, compared to a significant business ownership proportion (Brush, Bruinn, & Welter, 2009).
女性拥有的企业是世界上发展最快的企业家群体之一。它们对几乎所有经济体的就业、创新和财富创造都做出了重大贡献。然而，女性创业重要性的增长并没有增加这一主题的研究数量。与显著的企业所有权比例相比，学术研究中存在性别差距。
Women owners of small business are known to be better informed about issues relating to starting their own business compared to their male counterparts. Women spend more time conducting market research and have historically spent more time accessing finance because of gender bias within the lending industry. Due to their previous employment history many women have better administrative skills over men which should translate to women having better basic business management knowledge and a higher level of basic business competencies. So This Research would like to conduct a survey on sample of 40 business owners from (ALEAP) Association of Lady Entrepreneurs of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad and Vijayawada. The present study “A Research on competencies of Women Entrepreneurs” main Objective is to reveal the exploratory information of women Entrepreneurs their competencies which impacted to become a Entrepreneur, number of issues, when first started their business, while facing competition, in decision-making and their business active operations etc and comparing these competencies between women entrepreneurs of two areas (Hyderabad and Vijayawada).
众所周知，与男性同行相比，女性小企业主更了解与创业相关的问题。由于借贷行业的性别偏见，女性花更多的时间进行市场调查，并且历史上花费更多的时间获得融资。由于以前的就业历史，许多妇女的行政管理技能优于男子，这意味着妇女具有更好的基本商业管理知识和更高水平的基本商业能力。因此，本研究希望对安得拉邦、海德拉巴和维贾亚瓦达的（ALEAP）女企业家协会的40名企业主进行抽样调查。本研究“女企业家能力研究”的主要目的是揭示女企业家的探索性信息，她们的能力对成为企业家产生了影响，在刚开始创业时，面临竞争，并比较了两个地区（海得拉巴和维贾亚瓦达）女企业家的这些能力。
Small and Medium Enterprises in India 印度中小企业
India has a vibrant mall and micro enterprise sector which is playing a very important role to sustain the economic growth, with contribution of at least 39% to the manufacturing output and 39% to the exports in 2004-5. After agriculture, it is the largest employer of human jobs that provides employment to more than 29.5 million people, in the rural and urban areas of India. Their importance in terms of developing new entrepreneurship is recognized well. It is because most of the entrepreneurs are starting their business form a small unit that provides them an opportunity of harnessing their talents and skills, in order to innovate, experiment and transform their ideas into goods and services and nurture it into a greater unit .
印度拥有一个充满活力的小型和微型企业部门，在维持经济增长方面发挥着非常重要的作用，2004-5年，该部门对制造业产出的贡献率至少为39%，对出口的贡献率为39%。除农业外，印度是最大的人类就业雇主，为印度农村和城市地区超过2950万人提供就业机会。他们在发展新的企业家精神方面的重要性得到了很好的认可。这是因为大多数企业家都是从一个小单位开始创业的，这为他们提供了一个利用自己的才能和技能的机会，以便创新、试验和将他们的想法转化为商品和服务，并将其培育成一个更大的单位。
Over the years, Indian small scale sector has progressed from producing only simple consumer goods to the production of many precise and sophisticated products such as microwave components; electronics control systems and electro medical equipments etc. The economic liberalization and process along with market reforms have exposed further the enterprise for increasing global and domestic level of completion. The challenges generated for them have lead towards a novel approach of cluster development of the sector. Private and public sector institutions, as the result have increasingly undertaken initiatives for cluster development.
多年来，印度小规模部门已从仅生产简单消费品发展到生产许多精密精密产品，如微波组件；电子控制系统和电子医疗设备等。经济自由化和进程以及市场改革进一步暴露了企业提高全球和国内完成水平的可能性。为他们带来的挑战导致了该部门集群发展的新方法。因此，私营和公共部门机构越来越多地采取集群发展举措。
Clusters are defined as the geographical and sectoral concerns of enterprises, particularly small and medium which face common opportunities and threats that give rise o external economies favor the specialized administrative, technical and financial services, create a conducive development ground of inter-firm cooperation for the promotion of local production, collective learning and innovation. Networking and clustering has helped the small and medium entrepreneurs in boosting the competitiveness of their business. There are over 400 SME clusters and about 2000 artisan clusters in India. According to some estimates, these clusters are contributing 60% of the manufactured exports from India. Almost all the gems and jewelry exports are from Surat and Mumbai clusters. Some of Indian small scale enterprises clusters are so big that they export 90% of India’s total production output of selected products. For instance, the clusters of Agra, Chennai and Kolkata are very famous for leather and products of leather.
集群被定义为企业，特别是中小企业的地理和部门关切，它们面临着共同的机遇和威胁，这些机遇和威胁会导致外部经济体倾向于专门的行政、技术和金融服务，为促进当地生产创造公司间合作的有利发展基础，集体学习和创新。网络和集群帮助中小企业家提高了企业的竞争力。印度有400多个中小企业集群和约2000个工匠集群。据一些估计，这些集群占印度制造业出口的60%。几乎所有的宝石和珠宝出口都来自苏拉特和孟买集群。印度的一些小型企业集群规模巨大，它们出口了印度选定产品总产量的90%。例如，阿格拉、钦奈和加尔各答的集群以皮革和皮革制品而闻名。
Background to the study 研究背景
This research intended to provide analysis of the status of women entrepreneurs in Business with reference to India. It first draws the profiles, identifies and addresses operational problems faced by women entrepreneurs in business, draws their inclination for future plans for growth and Expansion and also for the furtherance of research on women entrepreneurs in India.
这项研究旨在参考印度，分析女企业家在商界的地位。它首先绘制概况，确定和解决女企业家在商业中面临的经营问题，并绘制她们对未来增长和扩张计划的倾向，以及对印度女企业家研究的进一步发展。
Purpose of the study 研究目的
The Scope of this research will focus on the “competencies” of these women. The listed competencies were researched by the professors of the IGNOU University, India and were stated as the key competencies to be considered. These competencies are as listed below. And the questionnaire is a standard questionnaire collected from the IGNOU material for MBA students “MS-93 Management of New and small Entrepreneurs – Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship block”
本研究的范围将侧重于这些妇女的“能力”。印度IGNOU大学的教授对列出的能力进行了研究，并将其列为需要考虑的关键能力。这些能力如下所示。该问卷是从IGNOU材料中为MBA学生收集的标准问卷，题为“MS-93中小企业家管理——企业家和创业板块”
Entrepreneurs in the following areas:以下领域的企业家
Initiative 积极
Acts on opportunities 抓住机会行动
persistence 坚持不懈
information seeking 信息搜寻
concern for High Quality of work 关注高质量的工作
commitment to work contract 工作合同承诺
Efficiency Orientation 效率导向
Systematic planning 系统规划
Problem solving 解决问题
Self-confident 自信
Assertiveness 自我肯定
Persuasion 说服力
Use of influence strategies 影响力策略的使用
Overview of the Dissertation 论文概述
Aims and Objectives of the Study 研究的目的和目标
a) To draw the ‘Entrepreneurial Competencies’ profile of women entrepreneurs at ALEAP located in Hyderabad and Vijayawada.
绘制位于海得拉巴和维贾亚瓦达的ALEAP女企业家的“创业能力”简介。
b) To know the level of competencies existing with women entrepreneurs in business.
了解女企业家在企业中的能力水平。
c) To analyze the key challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in business.
分析女企业家在商业中面临的主要挑战。
d) To analyze the future plans for expansion and growth of women entrepreneurs in business.
分析女企业家在商界的未来扩张和增长计划。
e) To compare the level of competencies of women entrepreneurs in ALEAP located at Hyderabad (Urban /Developed Area) and Vijayawada (Rural / Undeveloped Area).
比较位于海得拉巴（城市/发达地区）和维贾亚瓦达（农村/未开发地区）的ALEAP女企业家的能力水平。
Significance of the Study 研究的意义
This research is intended to assess multi-dimensional issues and challenges related to women entrepreneurs. Analysis of various variables like age, marital status, education of self, parents and spouse, number of children, self-esteem of women entrepreneurs have been assessed to understand the self concept of women entrepreneurs, the degree of commitment of women entrepreneurs towards their business (entrepreneurial intensity), entrepreneurial challenges in running the business and future plans of women entrepreneurs.
这项研究旨在评估与女企业家相关的多维度问题和挑战。对年龄、婚姻状况、自我教育程度、父母和配偶、子女数量、女企业家的自尊等各种变量进行了评估，以了解女企业家的自我概念、女企业家对企业的承诺程度（创业强度）、，女性企业家在经营企业方面的创业挑战和未来计划。
Affinity to Research Area 与研究领域的亲和力
The study is chosen majorly because; I would like to start up my own small scale enterprise in India under ALEAP, utilizing my proven abilities developed through my education and experience. And to start a better enterprise with a professional atmosphere, where I can contribute to my maximum ability to uphold the goals as a Lady Entrepreneur and improve my entrepreneurial skills so as to become a successful Small Scale Women Entrepreneur.
选择这项研究主要是因为：；我想在ALEAP的领导下在印度创办自己的小型企业，利用我的教育和经验培养出的成熟能力。并在职业氛围中创建一个更好的企业，在那里我可以最大限度地发挥我作为女性企业家的能力，实现目标，提高我的创业技能，从而成为一名成功的小型女性企业家。
Literature Review 文献综述
Entrepreneurship 创业
Although the “entrepreneurship” term has been used over 2 hundred years in a business context, there has been a considerable disagreement on its meanings. There have been hundreds of perspectives; the themes which are most prevalent are discussed by Morris, Lewis, & Sexton, (1994).
尽管“创业”一词在商业环境中已经使用了200多年，但在其含义上存在着相当大的分歧。有数百种观点；莫里斯、刘易斯和塞克斯顿讨论了最流行的主题。
The earlier definitions of entrepreneurship that were principally formulated by economists, have been observed for tending to emphasize assumptions of arbitrage, assumption of risk, coordination of factors of production and supply of financial capital. As the entrepreneur was involved clearly in business initiation, the earlier perspectives saw entrepreneurship as companies’ ongoing function and profit to be a return as the result of facing uncertainty and coordinating resources. Researchers have failed to differentiate the entrepreneurship and management, historically. Rhey failed to distinguish between large and small firms. Such difference had not been established until the 1930s. Even than the there had been tendency to associate it with management and small business start up. As such, an entrepreneur is considered to be a person who assumes psychological, social and financial risks which are crucial for starting and running a small scale business (Hisrich and Peters, 19992 cited in Morris, Lewis, & Sexton, 1994).
早期主要由经济学家制定的创业定义被认为倾向于强调套利假设、风险假设、生产要素协调和金融资本供应。由于创业者明确参与了创业，早期的观点认为创业是公司的持续职能，利润是面对不确定性和协调资源的结果。历史上，研究人员未能区分企业家精神和管理。Rhey未能区分大公司和小公司。这种差异直到20世纪30年代才确立。甚至有人倾向于将其与管理和小企业的创业联系起来。因此，企业家被认为是承担心理、社会和财务风险的人，这些风险对创办和经营小型企业至关重要。
Entrepreneurial competencies are related to managerial competencies, articulated in the works of Boyatzis (1982). The competency approach has become an increasingly popular means of studying entrepreneurial characteristics (For example, Baum, 1994; Bird, 1995; Baron and Markman, 2003; Chandler and Jansen, 1992; Lau, Chan and Man, 1999; Martin and Staines, 1994; McGregor et al, 2000; Schmitt-Rodermund, 2004). According to Bird (1995), competencies are seen as behavioral and observable, and therefore are more closely linked to performance than any other entrepreneurial characteristics such as personality traits, intensions or motivations (Herron and Robinson, 1993; Gartner and Starr, 1993). Moreover, as with attitudes (Robinson at al., 1991), competencies are changeable and so the development of entrepreneurial becomes more feasible. Man, Lau and Chan (2002), identified six major areas of entrepreneurial competencies, are categorized as relating to an SME context, including opportunity, relationship, conceptual, organizing, strategic, and commitment competencies.
创业能力与管理能力有关，Boyatzis的著作中阐述了这一点。胜任力方法已成为研究创业特征的一种越来越流行的方法。根据Bird的说法，能力被视为行为和可观察的，因此与绩效的联系比任何其他创业特征（如性格特征、内涵或动机）都更紧密。此外，与态度一样，能力是可变的，因此创业的发展变得更加可行。Man、Lau和Chan确定了创业能力的六个主要领域，并将其归类为与中小企业环境相关的领域，包括机会、关系、概念、组织、战略和承诺能力。
By making appropriate use of his or her competencies, an entrepreneur can perceive a widened competitive scope such as more opportunities for innovation, business growth, and the provision of new services or products. From available resources, he or she can also develop better organizational capabilities such as the firm’s innovative capability, cost-saving ability, quality and flexibility. Finally, he or she can plan and work towards a firm’s long-term performance, along with the available competitive scope and organizational capabilities.
通过适当利用自己的能力，企业家可以感知到更大的竞争范围，如更多的创新机会、业务增长机会以及提供新服务或产品。利用现有资源，他或她还可以发展更好的组织能力，如公司的创新能力、成本节约能力、质量和灵活性。最后，他或她可以计划并努力实现公司的长期绩效，以及现有的竞争范围和组织能力。
Chandler and Jansen (1992) included three distinctive categories of entrepreneurial, managerial, and technical competencies. Baum’s (1994) measurement of competencies covered a range of instruments measuring traits, skills, experience and knowledge.
Chandler和Jansen将创业、管理和技术能力分为三类。Baum的能力测量涵盖了一系列测量特质、技能、经验和知识的工具。
Man, Lau and Chan (2002) is founded upon a multi-dimensional conceptualization of the competitiveness of SMEs, including the performance dimension, potential dimension and process dimension, developed from earlier studies of competitiveness (Oral, 1986; Feurer and Chaharbaghi, 1994; Buckley, Pass and Prescott, 1998; World Competitiveness Report, 1993). In particular, the influence of the entrepreneur is considered as critical and this is addressed through the competency approach. A detailed coding of 192 competencies in 44 clusters in the six areas of opportunity, relationship, conceptual, organizing, strategic, and commitment competencies as in the original framework, as well as in two new competencies that do not fit into these six prescribed competency areas but seem to play supporting roles to other competencies. They are named as learning competencies and personal strength competencies. Altogether the entrepreneurial competencies are identified by Man, Lau and Chan as 15 they are as follows Competitive Scope, Organizational Capability, Opportunity Competencies, Relationship Competencies, Analytical Competencies, Innovative Competencies, Operational Competencies, Human Competencies, Strategic Competencies, Commitment Competencies, Learning Competencies, Personal Strength Competencies, Investment Efficiency, Business Growth and Relative performance.
Man、Lau和Chan基于对中小企业竞争力的多维度概念化，包括绩效维度、潜在维度和过程维度，这些维度是从早期的竞争力研究发展而来的。特别是，企业家的影响力被认为是至关重要的，这是通过能力方法来解决的。与原始框架一样，在机会、关系、概念、组织、战略和承诺六个领域，以及两个不符合这六个规定能力领域但似乎对其他能力起支持作用的新能力中，对44个集群中的192个能力进行了详细编码。它们被称为学习能力和个人力量能力。Man、Lau和Chan总共确定了15项创业能力，包括竞争范围、组织能力、机会能力、关系能力、分析能力、创新能力、运营能力、人力能力、战略能力、承诺能力、学习能力、，个人实力能力、投资效率、业务增长和相对绩效。
Holmquist (1997) points out that empirical studies of women entrepreneurs and the development of theories about women entrepreneurs is a neglected subject in descriptive & perspective research work. Baker et al. (1997) stated that surveys with focus on women entrepreneur still account for only 6-8 percent of international research into entrepreneurship.
Holmquist指出，对女性企业家的实证研究和女性企业家理论的发展是描述性和视角研究工作中被忽视的主题。Baker等人指出，以女性企业家为重点的调查仍然只占国际企业家研究的6-8%。
Brush (1992) concluded from the review of existing research that women’s business leadership cannot be understood using traditional (male oriented) framework of business analysis. She writes “significant difference have been found in skills, business goals, management styles, business characteristics and growth rates. These variations suggest that women perceive and approach business differently than men”. A major expansion of academic interest in women entrepreneurs has occurred since the late 70’s, prompted by the perception that businesses owned by women are having an increasing impact on society and the economy. A number of authors in the area of entrepreneurship theory have argued that there is a need to ‘feminize” the research on entrepreneurship. (Moore, 1990; Hurley, 1991; Stevenson, 1990; Fischer et al., 1993), since much is still not understood about the ways women contribute to entrepreneurship and the problems they face. The issue is of more than academic interest. As a result of lack of knowledge of women’s contribution to entrepreneurship, public policies and programs to assist women to own and run their own businesses are likely to be misdirected (Barret M.A. Mary, 2005). The present research is an attempt to address the dearth in gender studies on entrepreneurship and identify whether there is a difference between men and women entrepreneurs multi-dimensional variables. On one hand it compares the perceptual variable (self-esteem) and intensity of efforts to run business (entrepreneurial intensity) of women and men entrepreneurs and on the other hand it compares the operational problems and future plans of expansion and growth of women and men entrepreneurs in family business. To date there is paucity of research on comparative analysis of women and men entrepreneurs in family business in India.
Brush通过对现有研究的回顾得出结论，使用传统的（以男性为导向的）商业分析框架无法理解女性的商业领导力。她写道：“在技能、商业目标、管理风格、商业特征和增长率方面发现了显著差异。这些差异表明，女性对商业的认知和处理方式与男性不同”。自70年代末以来，学术界对女性企业家的兴趣大幅增加，这是因为人们认为女性拥有的企业对社会和经济的影响越来越大。创业理论领域的一些作者认为，有必要将创业研究“女性化”。，因为对于女性对创业的贡献以及她们所面临的问题，人们仍然不太了解。这个问题不仅仅是学术上的兴趣。由于对妇女对创业的贡献缺乏了解，帮助妇女拥有和经营自己企业的公共政策和计划很可能被误导。目前的研究试图解决创业性别研究的不足，并确定男性和女性创业者在多维度变量之间是否存在差异。一方面，它比较了女性和男性企业家的感知变量（自尊）和经营企业的努力强度（创业强度），另一方面，还比较了女性企业家和男性企业家在家族企业中的经营问题和未来扩张和增长计划。迄今为止，对印度家庭企业中的男女企业家进行比较分析的研究很少。
Sources of Small & Medium Entrepreneurship 中小企业的来源
Small, micro or medium sized entrepreneurships play a basic role in countries, particularly, European countries. They are the main source of innovation, entrepreneur skill and employment. For example, in enlarged European Union of 25 countries, about 23 million SMEs are providing around 75 million jobs and are representing 99% of all enterprises. However, they have to confront with market imperfection, most of times. SMEs have frequent difficulties to obtain capital and credit, particularly in the earlier phase of their development. Their restricted resources may also access to new innovation and technologies. Therefore, European Commission has priority for job creation, economic growth and social and economic cohesion.
中小企业在各国，特别是欧洲国家发挥着基本作用。它们是创新、企业家技能和就业的主要来源。例如，在由25个国家组成的扩大的欧盟中，约有2300万中小企业提供了约7500万个就业岗位，占所有企业的99%。然而，大多数时候，他们不得不面对市场的不完善。中小企业在获得资本和信贷方面经常遇到困难，特别是在其发展的早期阶段。他们有限的资源也可能获得新的创新和技术。因此，欧盟委员会优先考虑创造就业机会、经济增长以及社会和经济凝聚力。
Small and medium entrepreneurs (SME0 sector has been recognized as the engine of growth all over the world.SME sector has characteristics of low investment requirements, location wise mobility, operational flexibility and import substitution. The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises development (MSMED) Act, 2006 is the first single comprehensive legislation that covers the all three segments. In accordance with the Act, these enterprises can be classified into two categories:- (manufacturing enterprises which are engaged in the production and manufacture of the goods pertaining to an industry which is specified in the first schedule to the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act 1951, they are defined as the investment in machinery and plant; (ii) service enterprise engaged to provide or render the services and are defined in terms of equipment investment (www.business.org.in).
中小型企业家（SME0已被公认为世界各地的增长引擎。中小企业部门具有投资要求低、区位流动性、运营灵活性和进口替代性等特点。2006年的《微型、中小型企业发展（MSMED）法》是首个涵盖所有三个部门的单一综合立法。根据该法案，这些企业可分为两类：（生产和制造1951年《工业（发展和管理）法案》附表1中规定的工业相关产品的制造企业，其定义为机械和设备投资；（ii）从事提供或提供服务的服务企业，并根据设备投资进行定义。
Need for Small and Medium Enterprises to access new technology 中小企业获取新技术的需求
Small and medium enterprises in India with their flexibility, dynamism and innovative drive are focusing increasingly on improved methods of production, strategies of penetrative marketing and capabilities of modern scientific management for sustaining and strengthening their operations. They have been poised for global partnership and have absorbing potential for the latest technologies in the field of diverse industry. Small and medium enterprises in India are more beautiful and efficient and add value to social and economic sphere. As the countries are integrating into the global village, the small and medium sectors will have to respond accordingly. The small and medium enterprise needs special attention as they are playing a crucial role in the socio economic development of the country.
印度的中小企业凭借其灵活性、活力和创新精神，越来越注重改进生产方法、渗透营销战略和现代科学管理能力，以维持和加强其经营。他们已经做好了全球合作伙伴关系的准备，并在多种行业领域吸收最新技术的潜力。印度的中小型企业更加美丽和高效，为社会和经济领域增加了价值。随着各国融入地球村，中小型部门将不得不做出相应的反应。中小企业需要特别关注，因为它们在国家的社会经济发展中发挥着至关重要的作用。
The problems being faced by the small and medium enterprises, particularly access to modern technology and maintenance of competitiveness, have been formidable. In order to meet the challenges of modern times, there is need to enable SMEs to access to new technologies to increase their competiveness in international market. There is need to provide them a conducive environment that includes formulation of appropriate programs and policies, build up technological capacity, R&D and inter firm linkages and technology database and knowledge flow (Kharbanda, 2001).
中小型企业所面临的问题，特别是获得现代技术和保持竞争力的问题，是令人生畏的。为了应对现代挑战，需要使中小企业能够获得新技术，以提高其在国际市场上的竞争力。需要为他们提供一个有利的环境，包括制定适当的方案和政策、建立技术能力、研发和公司间联系以及技术数据库和知识流。
Proposed Research Methodology 拟议研究方法
The Research design chosen for this research is exploratory and descriptive research designs. After thoroughly considering the problem and the research objectives in this research I would like to select a two stage research design, in stage one exploratory research design, followed by stage two is descriptive research design.
本研究选择的研究设计为探索性和描述性研究设计。在彻底考虑了问题和本研究的研究目标之后，我想选择一个两阶段的研究设计，第一阶段是探索性研究设计，第二阶段是描述性研究设计。
There are two types of research, basic and applied. The purpose of basic research is the knowledge for the sake of knowledge. On the other hand, the scholar of knowledge is more concerned about the acquisition of knowledge that satisfy in its respective of the fact that weather is of any practical use or not. The basic purpose of research, in applied research is to put knowledge into practice. A researcher would be interested more, in applied knowledge, in trying to explore some utility from it and to bring improvement is practical human life. Different methods of research are used in research of social sciences as research and problems that are conducted in social sciences are having various natures (isbs.webs.com).
有两种类型的研究，基础研究和应用研究。基础研究的目的是为了知识而获得知识。另一方面，知识学者更关心的是获取知识，以满足天气是否有实际用途这一事实。在应用研究中，研究的基本目的是将知识付诸实践。研究者会对应用知识更感兴趣，试图从中探索一些实用性，并改善人类的实际生活。社会科学研究中使用了不同的研究方法，因为社会科学中的研究和问题具有不同的性质。
The mixed approach of research methodology is used in the current study. Most of researchers use this approach in the field of social sciences. The mixed approach is the combination of qualitative and quantitative research. Here is detailed introduction of both of the research methodologies:
本研究采用混合研究方法。大多数研究人员在社会科学领域使用这种方法。混合方法是定性和定量研究的结合。以下是两种研究方法的详细介绍：
Qualitative Research Design 定性研究设计
Qualitative research is the type of scientific research which seeks answer for a question and uses systematically the predefined set of procedures to answer that question. The evidence is collected in this method and findings are produced that had not been determined in advance. Finally, qualitative research produces findings which are applicable not only for the research in hand, but also beyond its immediate boundaries. In addition to these characteristics, qualitative research seeks to understand the given topic or research problem from the local population perspective that it involves. Qualitative research is particularly effective to obtain specific cultural information about the opinions, values, social context and behaviors of a particular population. The main strength of the qualitative research is the ability of providing complex contextual description about experience of people about that particular research issue. Qualitative research provides information of human side in particular research issues, which are the contradictory beliefs, behaviors, emotions, opinions and relationships among people. Qualitative method of research is also effective to identify the intangible factors, such as socioeconomic status, social norms, and ethnicity, religion and gender roles. The role of these intangible factors may not readily define in the research. Although the findings of qualitative research data can be extended often to people with have similar characteristics as that of study population, to gain a complex and rich complex understanding of a particular phenomenon or context takes precedence on eliciting data which can be generalized to other population or geographical areas. Qualitative research, in this sense is slightly different from general scientific research. There are three common methods of qualitative approach to collect data: in depth interviews, participant observation and focus groups.
定性研究是一种科学研究，它寻求问题的答案，并系统地使用预定义的程序来回答这个问题。通过这种方法收集证据，并产生事先未确定的结果。最后，定性研究产生的结果不仅适用于手头的研究，也适用于超出其直接边界的研究。除了这些特征之外，定性研究还试图从所涉及的当地人口角度来理解给定的主题或研究问题。定性研究对于获取特定人群的观点、价值观、社会背景和行为的特定文化信息尤为有效。定性研究的主要优势是能够提供关于人们对特定研究问题的经验的复杂上下文描述。定性研究提供了人类方面的信息，特别是研究问题，即人们之间矛盾的信念、行为、情绪、意见和关系。定性研究方法也可以有效地识别无形因素，如社会经济地位、社会规范、种族、宗教和性别角色。这些无形因素的作用在研究中可能不容易定义。尽管定性研究数据的发现通常可以扩展到具有与研究人群相似特征的人群，但要获得对特定现象或背景的复杂而丰富的理解，优先于获取可推广到其他人群或地理区域的数据。从这个意义上说，定性研究与一般科学研究略有不同。有三种常用的定性方法来收集数据：深度访谈、参与者观察和焦点小组。
In-depth interviews are the optimal approach of collecting data on personal histories of individuals, their experiences and perspectives, particularly if sensitive topics needed to be explored.
深入访谈是收集个人历史、个人经历和观点数据的最佳方法，特别是在需要探讨敏感话题时。
Participant observation approach is appropriate for data collection on behaviors that occur naturally, in their usual context.
参与者观察方法适用于在通常情况下自然发生的行为的数据收集。
Focus groups are very effective to elicit data on the groups’ cultural norms and in generating broad interviews of issues of concern of the cultural groups or represented subgroups.
焦点小组非常有效地获取有关群体文化规范的数据，并对文化群体或所代表的小组所关注的问题进行广泛采访。
The mentioned above approaches of qualitative data collection collect the data in the form of audio recordings, field notes and transcripts.
上述定性数据收集方法以录音、现场笔记和记录本的形式收集数据。
Quantitative Research Design 定量研究设计
These experiments sometimes are referred to be a true science as they use traditional statistical and mathematical means for measuring results collectively. Quantitative research design is most commonly used in physical sciences; however education, social science and economics also have been known to use qualitative research design. This approach is opposite to qualitative research design. All quantitative experiments use a standard format, however with some minor interdisciplinary differences of hypothesis generation to be approved or to be disapproved. The hypothesis must be approvable by statistical and mathematical means and must ne based around the whole design of experiment. It is essential in quantitative research design to have a randomized study group and a control group, whenever possible. In addition, a quantitative research design should manipulate one variable at a point of time; otherwise statistical analysis may become open for questioning and cumbersome.TEH quantities research should be conducted in a manner that may allow others to use and repeat the experiment to obtain similar findings.
这些实验有时被称为真正的科学，因为它们使用传统的统计和数学方法来集体测量结果。定量研究设计在物理科学中最常用；然而，众所周知，教育、社会科学和经济学也使用定性研究设计。这种方法与定性研究设计相反。所有的定量实验都使用标准格式，然而，假设生成的一些微小的跨学科差异需要批准或不批准。该假设必须能够通过统计和数学手段得到认可，并且必须以整个实验设计为基础。在定量研究设计中，只要可能，就必须有一个随机研究组和一个对照组。此外，定量研究设计应在某个时间点操纵一个变量；否则，统计分析可能会受到质疑和麻烦。应以允许其他人使用和重复实验以获得类似结果的方式进行数量研究。
Quantitative research is the excellent way you finalize results and prove or disprove a hypothesis. Quantitative research structure has not faced changes for centuries; therefore it is a standard across various scientific disciplines and fields.
定量研究是你最终确定结果并证明或反驳假设的最佳方式。几个世纪以来，定量研究结构没有发生变化；因此，它是各个科学学科和领域的标准。
A comprehensive answer to the questions is reached after statistical analysis of results. The results can be published and discussed legitimately. It is possible to filter out the external factors in the quantitative research, if properly designed. The results, therefore, can be seen as unbiased and real.
在对结果进行统计分析后，得出对问题的全面答案。结果可以合法地发表和讨论。如果设计得当，可以在定量研究中过滤掉外部因素。因此，结果可以被视为无偏见和真实的。
There are disadvantages too of using quantitative research design. Quantitative experiments are expensive and difficult sometimes and require a lot of effort and time to perform. There is need to plan quantitative research designs carefully, in order to ensure that there is a correct designing and compete randomization of control group. There is need for an extensive statistical analysis in quantitative studies that is a difficult task as most of the scientists are not statisticians. The statistical study field is a complete scientific discipline that can be very difficult for researchers who are non-mathematicians. In addition t this, the requirements of the successful statistical confirmation of results has been very stringent and very few experiments prove hypothesis comprehensively. There is always some ambiguity that requires refinement and retesting of the design. It means another investment of resources and time should be committed for fine tuning of the results. There is a very little place for uncertainty and grey areas in quantitative research design as it tends to generate results which are proved or unproved. In social sciences, psychology, education and anthropology, human nature is more complex than the simple responses of yes and no (Shuttleworth, 2008).
使用定量研究设计也有缺点。定量实验有时是昂贵和困难的，需要大量的努力和时间来进行。需要仔细规划定量研究设计，以确保对照组有正确的设计和竞争随机化。定量研究中需要进行广泛的统计分析，这是一项艰巨的任务，因为大多数科学家都不是统计学家。统计研究领域是一个完整的科学学科，对于非数学家的研究人员来说可能非常困难。除此之外，成功统计确认结果的要求非常严格，很少有实验全面证明假设。总有一些不明确之处，需要对设计进行改进和重新测试。这意味着应该投入更多的资源和时间来微调结果。定量研究设计中很少有不确定性和灰色区域，因为它往往会产生已证明或未证明的结果。在社会科学、心理学、教育和人类学中，人性比简单的“是”和“否”的回答更复杂。
Mixed method Research Design 混合方法研究设计
A mixed design for research is a general type research that is including qualitative and quantitative research techniques, data and methods. All of these characteristics are mixed whenever needed in a particular research study. The mixed method design uses the mixed data and additional means, such as text analysis and statistics. Inductive and deductive scientific research methods are used in a mixed approach. It has various forms for data collection and produce pragmatic and eclectic reports.
混合研究设计是一种包括定性和定量研究技术、数据和方法的通用型研究。在特定的研究中，只要需要，所有这些特征都是混合的。混合方法设计使用混合数据和其他手段，如文本分析和统计。归纳和演绎科学研究方法混合使用。它有各种形式的数据收集和制作实用和折衷的报告。
The basic types of mixed approach are mixed method and the mixed model research. In mixed research method, quantitative data is used for one stage of the research study and for the second stage the qualitative data is used. Both, quantitative and qualitative data I used in a mixed model design. This mixing of the two approaches happens at all the stages of research.
混合方法的基本类型是混合方法和混合模型研究。在混合研究方法中，研究的一个阶段使用定量数据，第二阶段使用定性数据。我在混合模型设计中使用了定量和定性数据。这两种方法的混合发生在研究的所有阶段。
It is important, in a research, to use the mixed research method to conduct the detailed research. Mixed research has various advantages, such as the research method is very strong, using multiple methods in the research helps in researching a problem or process from its all sides and using the different approaches helps to focus on a single process and helps to confirm the accuracy of data. The mixed research complements the results of one type of research with another type. The mixed approach does not miss any available data.
在研究中，使用混合研究方法进行详细研究是很重要的。混合研究具有多种优势，例如研究方法非常强大，在研究中使用多种方法有助于从各个方面研究问题或过程，使用不同的方法有利于集中于单个过程，并有助于确认数据的准确性。混合研究补充了一种类型与另一种类型的研究结果。混合方法不会遗漏任何可用数据。本站提供各国各专业留学生Proposal代写或指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。
