留学硕士dissertation开题报告怎么写？如何撰写英语硕士dissertation？
硕士dissertation开题报告
Master thesis. Bernal
Net of paper of standard content the wide, secretary task, service features such as strong noise to the quality of the employees put forward the high requirements. Especially universities should pay attention to individual quality more secretary of ascension, because the university campus active thoughts, multicultural, colleges and universities as staff secretary leadership and the assistant, in political quality aspect should have high political sensitivity, higher theory, the policy level, strong legal consciousness and wholeheartedly the ideology which serves for the people. In addition, still should have good occupation moral accomplishment and skilled professional quality.
A university of professional ethics, secretary accomplishment.
1. Be loyal to their duties and work selflessly for public interests.
The work of colleges and universities, secretary to face all the teachers and students' staff, outside the school often and education means department or dealing with administrative organs, although to work hard, trivial, but it is an indispensable global work, irreplaceable. In the work, should work selflessly for public interests, not greed, devote yourself, to meet all in ordinary post job.
2. Seeking truth from facts, act impartially.
Most universities in schools secretary leading the work, the work is to respect the opinions of the leadership, at the same time, in the opinion of the leadership found is wrong or not, should also be bold to put forward their views and Suggestions, not too compliant, flattery, more can't forgery, engages in malpractices for personal gain, dare to insist the principle, according to the rules.
3. The drudgery and the burden of hard work.
University secretary do in the work is auxiliary, the daily repeat the upload issued, greet send, do will do article affairs, small trivial but cannot be neglected. Because any details appear on omissions are likely to global work brings negative effect. So, the secretary in the work must diligently, the thorough careful, more to have bears the burden of responsibility, the brave sacrifice's dedication.
4. Modest and prudent, equal to them.
University secretary to hold modest. Work should not only to be diligent modestly, insatiable, willing to listen to others; Should also have a high sense of responsibility and the spirit of conscientious and meticulous, when anything crops deliberation, think twice, and don't say no according to words, do not do things are not sure of. At the same time, but must have a common heart, to leadership and not flatter respect of others polite, avoid by all means is around, thrusting, DaGuanQiang, put on AIRS. So susceptible to adverse impact, beneath the school, leadership image. Master thesis
5. Keep a secret, take the whole situation into consideration.
The leadership of the university secretary contact more opportunities, reading files much, meeting of the many, to participate in various activities, natural understand things many, many of which are need to be kept secret, which requires the secretary worker has a high security concepts, strictly abide by the secret discipline, formed the good habit secret, do not say of the shouldn't say, shouldn't have asked the don't ask, confidential documents must be properly kept, and shall not be lost, the place. So you can avoid the mouth is lax, careless work to leak things happen, cause irreparable consequences. In addition, once by reckless leak happened phenomenon, must report immediately to the organization and leadership, to take remedial measures in time, can never take any chances, hide errors, a wrong again wrong, causing more damage.#p#分页标题#e#
6. Forgive, self-criticism.
University office department is the appearance of the school, the secretary say and do in a certain extent represents the image of the school. Therefore, the secretary workers should strengthen self-discipline consciousness, strengthen individual moral cultivation, words and deeds misconduct, possess, in the current complex social environment, keep a clear mind, love, not forget the duty, improve corrosion resistance ability, withstand all kinds of temptation, do a ZunZhangShouJi, be honest and upright good secretary. Of course, nobody's perfect, to err is human? But as long as found the problem, and courage to take responsibility, active do self-criticism, and to rectify.
Second, the secretary of the university professional quality.
1. To have the basic knowledge.
(1) the basic theory. Colleges and universities should have a higher secretary theoretical level, such as the marxism-leninism, the MAO zedong thought and deng xiaoping theory, the party's line, principles and policies, the scientific world outlook and methodology are compulsory education of secretaries. The theoretical level raised, to work quickly and accurately to appreciate superior policy, written instructions and leadership intention, and many contradictions in the main contradiction through phenomenon take, solving practical problems.
(2) professional knowledge. University of knowledge to wide secretary, and based on this, still should according to the professional requirements have expertise. Such as document file system, word processing, file management, the organization, public relations language, research, should be proficient in accurate to work in practice.
(3) related business knowledge. College education secretary to know in the field of knowledge, such as education theory, education management, the education law, the law, our country education of the basic, especially to understand, familiar with the characteristics of college education, higher education development tendency, can analyze seriously study the situation and future development. At the same time, also want to understand basic education, secondary education, vocational education, adult education, foreign education, etc. So it can be complicated, targeted the ground begins the work.
How to write English master's degree paper
Will: this paper to write English graduation thesis of the methods, steps, determine the subject scope, write the, the main body of the launch, and so on. The purpose is to help our English, and department of tourism (English guide professional) and other department of the students could finish the graduation thesis of the design and writing the work.
Keywords: paper; Subject; Title; Outline; The; text
Writing the graduation paper is every college students leave the campus, toward the work must be finished before a mission. The task was completed, good or bad, well or not directly related to the graduates to graduation. Graduation thesis is also to the students comprehensive practice training, training students' scientific research ability and the innovation ability, and improve the students' comprehensive quality important segment. Therefore, the authors think that it is necessary to introduce students to write some of the graduation thesis skills so that they can successfully completed the task. This paper mainly introduced how to write English though paper, but from writing a paper step, methods of other professional students see also has certain can be used for reference. Write the essay mainly points the following stage: prepare, writing, the first draft outline, a second draft, and on the third draft, finalized and rejoin the:#p#分页标题#e#
1. Prepare students may, according to the professional teaching outline selected research area (English education, literature and translation and foreign trade, etc.), topic should meet the following requirements:
1. Combined with professional characteristics, in line with the requirements of the professional training objectives.
2. As far as possible and the social practice combined with the reality.
3. The difficulty of the questions and weight should be appropriate.
In this stage, the students meet of the main question is how to limit subject range. Had better be subject has set up a file in mind the brewing students for a long time, and he is now eager to his ideas to resort to paper, share with others; The worst is subject to him by mentor layout. He should keep in mind he will speak useful words, not just words fill the blank sheet of paper. Limited subject range of skills is narrow class mention range. Limited subject can make him a more in-depth talk about problems, YanZhiYouWu, not because of too broad scope, lead to generalized, empty, a waste of the reader's time. This stage includes collection of data and sorting, read literature.
2. Write outline in teacher's students under the guidance of the institute of information collection and analysis, on the basis of graduation thesis writing outline. Graduation thesis should try to make comprehensive careful outline, straighten out the discussion content, avoid repeated after modification. Outline the author clearly see that can make his article is consistent. An outline of the subject is key, because it simply stated purpose of the author. Formal outline (harvard compendium), is in the format of materia medica at all levels: I, A, l, A, (1), (A). Any such as not carefully keep the program is useless. In determining the subject, to write the outline, students deal with the quality of the thesis standards have some knowledge. Graduation thesis quality standard:
1) topic selection, and graduates of the right knowledge level and cognitive ability quite;
2) rich content and accurate data, demonstration fully powerful;
3) view right, logical, no violation of concerning state policies viewpoints;
4) clearness, the hierarchy is clear and rich;
5) language to express the correct, no spelling mistakes, language error control in 20 a 25% oo (twenty over ten thousand to 25);
6) words, sentences, the entire, layout, etc have no obvious error, error rate of 2% in the control rhetoric. Paper content must be able to reflect the social and the features of The Times, has the theory value and practical significance, a novelty. This paper can be a theory of the paper discusses the problems, also can be practical solution of the problems. Papers should not only reflect the students' overall abilities, and to reflect their of related issues discussed more accurate, must have certain independent opinions.#p#分页标题#e#
Papers must be clear, argument is clear, theme specific content and full, avoid by all means is talking. Write the papers of translation, in addition to the example analysis, but also provides a version of the text, to find out the basis of translation studies. If the paper is practical, it must be put forward certain solutions, scheme.
3. The first draft must be in strict accordance with the required students to teachers after examination outline of graduation thesis writing, do not go its own way, change at will theme. Text: with little 4 words, points with 4 words title bold, text content must be made good order. Most of the use the Roman character, with a general digital symbol: introducing the introduction of business does not exceed 2 section, made up of the following sequence should follow the order:
I.I I.I II. Ⅳ. V.V I.V II. VIII. IX. X.I i. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5...
III. 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3/2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, / 3.1.1 track...
Know the quality standards of paper can write the first draft. First of all we want to make sure that title.
1. The title of the paper title is not an important part of the space. Title to make the reader to read this paper; It or testified or suggest the article content, but also to determine the fundamental key. No title of the article is not complete articles. Sure the title, we will write the....... For many students don't know how to write the. The author will be discussed in detail.
2. The English abstract each part of writing:
According to the ((EI "on the English abstract writing requirement, English abstract writing and not the destiny of the format, but generally speaking, English abstract of the original documents without comment or explanation of accurate and brief summary and ask it can reflect the major message of the original documents.
2.1. Purpose (what want to do?) Purpose. The main purpose of writing that the author, or this paper mainly to solve the problems. Generally speaking, a good English abstract, start with a should put the author the purpose of this article or the important problem to be solved very clearly explain clearly. When necessary, can use paper the latest listed in the literature, this paper briefly introduces the previous work, but this must be extremely concise introduction. In this respect, ((EI "proposes two requirements:
2.1.1) Eliminate or 111 inirnize bacl 【 ground infor_mtion (not to talk or talk less as far as possible the background information).
2.1.2) Avoid Hu 20 RLG the title or part of the 20 ei11 spit the f cylinder roar 9 entence of the abstract (Avoid in the first sentence of the repeated use the title or part of the subject.
2.2. The process and the method (How I d-d it?) Processes and methods. The author mainly shows the main work process and the method used in the abstract in English, the process and the method of plays the role of this link. Opening the account to solve the problem (What 1 want prearcing do) later, then to answer natural is How to solve the problem (How I did n), and the final result and conclusion also often and research process and methods are closely related.#p#分页标题#e#
Most authors described in the process and the method, the most common problem is generalized, empty things, only qualitative description, make the reader is hard to clearly understand paper the solution to the problem of the process and the method. Therefore, the description of the process and the method, should combine (pointing to) in the paper, such as an example the block diagram to elaborate, so can not only give readers a clear ideas. 2.5. The results and conclusions (what results delete I get and what concIusionscan I draw?) Results and conclusion the main part represents the achievement and contribution, paper have value, is worth reading, depending on what you get results and provided the conclusion. Therefore, in writing the results and conclusions parts, generally try to the experimental result of the simulated result diagram, or table, such as the curve to explained and, make a conclusion YanZhiYouWu, a root according to,; At the same time, to those who can't read Chinese English reader who, through these charts, combined with English abstract instructions can clear the results of the paper and a conclusion. And only then, the conclusions of the paper to convincing. Be like likely, in the end of paper can be the result of the latest research results and others compared to highlight the main contribution of paper and innovation, unique (answer What iS new and or Tiao mal in thispaper).
2.4. How to improve the efficiency of English words in order to improve efficiency of the text, should try to cut out all the words and the sentences redundant. In this respect, the (EI "put forward two principles:
Blood is against 2.4.1) L it the abStract to new comlatjon actions (only talk about new information).
2.4. A) try to use Short sentences (u ∞ Short sent chao).
2.4. B) describe the author's work general in the past tense (work is done in the past), but in the statement by the work provided the conclusion, should use the present tense.
2.4. C) generally should use verbs active tense, such as: in A eX-ceeds B written than B iS eXceeded by A better. The next step is to finish after introduction paragraph.
5. Introduction period may be the paper quotes section of the most important part of it. Need to spend the largest energy. It is this a, will decide whether to read the full text reader. A boring start, such as "in this article, I will discuss??????" , can make readers quickly turn to other articles go up. Introduction section of course should include the purport of the paper, paper and confirm the method on the fundamental key. From a purely writing skills's point of view, the preamble segment of the every sentence can be text a paragraph 4. Paragraph launched a paragraph through some interrelated sentences play a view. This view by a topic sentences drawn. The topic sentence is the main ideas of the pac. The main idea is composed of a series of theme that connected sentences and developed, finally by an end sentence ending. A powerful narrative of the paragraph, must be consistent and coherent.#p#分页标题#e#
5. The topic sentence the topic sentence must vividly, with a thought-provoking, because readers willing to continue to read this is depends on the topic sentence. The author must keep firmly in mind, he tried to cause and maintain the attention of readers and interest. The audience out of politeness to put the speech has been after hearing, and readers are different to the audience, he can stop at any time on reading, and once he did not intend to continue to read an article, the writer is no way to make the reader to pay attention to that article.
The development of the paragraph method the main part of the paragraph is the author used to prove the topic sentence. If a paragraph is unable or incomplete development, is the author can't clarify your question. So the development of the paragraph should be fully. Only two or three words paragraphs like a jerry sandwich that is not satisfying.
6. End each paragraph need a ten-day have an end, a let the reader know the author has the narrative of the sentence. End should be a logical end, and it essentially tell the reader: see, I have confirmed that my topic sentence. Consistency and continuity of the paragraph every sentence and subject to reach the aim of consistency, that is to say, every sentence is a topic sentence of further development and confirmed. Coherence between the sentences and words to logical connection.
7. On the subject of paper-once the reader's interest was introduction period after the cause, the author must strive to use each paragraph of the text to the reader's interest to keep going. The author must keep firmly in mind, the reader is changeful, he can be in any bored time to stop reading the author of the paper, and the author but have no way to make the reader to take up this paper. The author should sometimes go within, enquiring: my paper can make the reader what advantages in all similar works of Chinese I?
8. Consistency and continuity as a paragraph shall have the consistency, and as a whole paper also must have the consistency. The author must be made clear, a paragraph is introduction paragraph statement of the theme of the further development. The author also shall ensure that paragraph and the paragraphs should have appropriate transition, want to have a logical connection, to keep the consistent narrative Angle, to remove all of the content of the point and unrelated to 9. End section (conclusion) end period clear understanding to the readers, the argument has all paper the narrative. Paper is over. An organization is proper papers, will be very logically, natural DE end. If the author discovered that he had to use "jn condu business on" or "to S11IIl up" and so on the word, this is actually the end of the paper that is weak. Of course can also will introduction period as the end to the phrase, it is better than no end is strong. And the test of a period of the appropriateness of standard end is very simple: if an end period in a paper just the bottom of the page, the reader is still going to turn over the page, continue to find anything. If the reader without the plan, so, this ending is strong, because it gives the reader a end feeling. Students must remember, the end is to leave at the end of his readers the impression.#p#分页标题#e#
10. References (BlbI barely rapny) reference order:
Journals: a journal of the title-- one in the name published books: the title-- the publication ~ publisher-in the first draft published after completion, teachers main check whether students according to the established the outline and the thought in the writing, the timely discovery problems timely correcting.
LV. The second draft
Students should not only continue to supplement the shortage of the first draft, and the requirements in the expression is higher. In a second draft later, teachers should be pointed out that after reading the problems, so that students to rectify.
V third draft
Students in style, the article format, rhetorical features improved. Guide teachers to the third draft for a full review, and put forward modify opinions, to ensure that all finalized printing errors and omissions are corrected, the error rate control in the specified scope. At the same time, teachers must also remind students in print before the proofreading, as much as possible in order to ensure that the correct version will be printed out. VI. Molding design three draft after completion, students' coping graduation thesis of molding design. First design the cover of the graduation thesis. Cover should include paper title, departments, and department, grade, class, teacher and time. Below is A sample of THE cover: Hes_ter Prynne-Resurrec_tion (title) A THESIS SUBMITTED prearcing THE DEPARTMENT0F ENGLIsH-COLLEGE (department, department) BY-(who finish) CLASS: 3 GRADE: 2004 SUPERVISED BYJune 2007 design cover THE next should write after THE directory. Below is the sample of the directory. Directory is text should be back, the first page of text shall include the title, abstract and key words.
VlI. Graduation thesis reply of the graduation thesis defense is the final stage of the graduation thesis work, students are required to be well prepared and attention. Before the thesis, the students must fully familiar with paper, defense, first students report their graduation thesis of the main content, and the defense team questions and students answered questions, ask questions, the content is mainly related with the professional knowledge of the subject, test students' ability to work independently problems.
A good essay is not achieved overnight, nor can easily made. Even if the students understand the above methods and skills, they still need to spend a lot of time and energy to finish the task. Students should remember that paper content must be reflect the society and the features of The Times, has the theory value and practical significance, novelty and innovative, must have certain independent opinions. As the saying goes: "no pain no gain", if well written, also has the huge gains, because what better than exchange thoughts and feelings more exciting?
如何撰写英语硕士毕业dissertation
要：本文介绍了写英语毕业dissertation的方法、步骤、确定课题范围、写摘要、正文的展开，等等。目的是帮助我院英语系、旅游系(英导专业)及其他系的学生能顺利完成毕业dissertation的设计与撰写工作。#p#分页标题#e#
关键词：dissertation；课题；标题；大纲；摘要；正文
撰写毕业dissertation是每个大学生离开校园，走向工作岗位之前必须完成的一项任务。此项任务完成得好坏，顺利与否直接关系到毕业生的按期毕业问题。毕业dissertation也是对学生进行综合实践训练，培养学生科学研究能力和创新能力，提高学生综合素质的重要环节。因此，笔者认为有必要向学生介绍一些写毕业dissertation的技巧，以便他们能顺利完成此项任务。本文虽然主要介绍如何写英语dissertation，但从写dissertation的步骤、方法等方面来看对其他专业的学生也有一定的可借鉴之处。撰写dissertation主要分以下几个阶段：准备、撰写提纲、第一稿、第二稿、第三稿、定稿与答辩：
1．准备学生可以根据本专业教学大纲选定研究范围(英语教育、文学、翻译及外贸等)，选题应符合下列要求：
1．结合专业特点，符合专业培养目标的要求。
2．尽可能与社会实践实际相结合。
3．题目的难度和分量要适当。
在这个阶段学生们遇到的主要问题是如何限定课题范围。最好是课题已在学生脑子里酝酿了好长时间，并且他现在急于将他的思想观点诉诸纸上，与他人分享；最差的是课题由导师布置给他。他应该时刻牢记他要讲有用之词，而不仅仅是用字填满空白纸。限定课题范围的技巧就在于缩小课提范围。限定课题可以使他更深入地谈问题，言之有物，不至于由于范围过广，导致泛泛而谈，空洞，浪费读者的时间。此阶段包括资料的收集与整理、阅读文献。
2．撰写提纲学生在指导教师的指导下分析和研究所采集的资料的基础上，撰写毕业dissertation提纲。毕业dissertation提纲应尽量做到全面缜密，理顺所要论述内容，避免以后反复修改。纲要可以使作者一目了然地看出他的文章是否前后一致。主题是纲要的关键，因为它简明地陈述了作者的目的。正式纲要(哈佛纲要)中，各级纲目的格式依次为：I，A，l，a，(1)，(a)。任何纲要如不严加遵守则毫无用处。在确定了课题，撰写了提纲后，学生应对毕业dissertation的质量标准有一定的了解。毕业dissertation质量标准：
1)选题恰当、与毕业生的知识水平与认识能力相当；
2)内容丰富、资料翔实、论证充分有力；
3)观点正确、逻辑性强、无违反国家大政方针的观点；
4)叙述清楚、层次清晰而丰富；
5)语言表达正确，无拼写错误、语言错误控制在20一25％oo(万分之二十到二十五)；
6)用词、造句、谋篇、布局等方面无明显失误，修辞错误率控制在2％。dissertation内容要能反映社会和时代特征，具有理论价值或实践意义，有新颖性。dissertation可以对某个理论问题的探讨，也可以是实践问题的解决。dissertation不仅要反映学生的综合能力，而且要反映他们对相关问题的较为正确的论述，要有一定的独立见解。#p#分页标题#e#
dissertation必须做到主题明确、论据清晰、内容具体而充实，切忌空谈。写翻译的dissertation，除实例分析外，还要提供原文的译文，以便弄清译论的依据。如果dissertation是实践性的，它必须提出一定的解决途径、方案。
3．第一稿要求学生必须严格按照指导教师审定后的毕业dissertation提纲进行写作，不可自行其是，随意更换主题。正文：用小4号字，分标题用4号字黑体、正文内容需编序好．大部分用罗马字，小部分用一般数字符号：引入正题的引言不超过2段，编序应遵循下列顺序：
I．II．III．Ⅳ．V．VI．VII．VIII．IX．X．II．1．1，1．2，1．3，1．4，1．5...
III．1．1．1，1．1．2，1．1．3／2．1．1，2．1．2，2．1．3，／3．1．1．...
了解了dissertation的质量标准后就可以动手写第一稿了。首先我们要确定标题。
1．标题标题是dissertation的不可分隔的重要部分。标题要使读者愿意选读该dissertation；它或者明说或者暗示文章的内容，而且为文章确定基调。没有标题的文章是不完整的文章。确定了标题后，我们就要写摘要了。因有很多学生不知如何写摘要。对此笔者要较详细予以论述。
2．英文摘要各部分的写作：
根据((EI》对英文摘要的写作要求，英文摘要的写作并没有一成不变的格式，但一般来说，英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。
2．1．目的(what want to do?)目的。主要说明作者写作此文的目的，或本文主要解决的问题。一般来说，一篇好的英文摘要，一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。必要时，可利用dissertation中所列的最新文献，简要介绍前人的工作，但这种介绍一定要极其简练。在这方面，((EI》提出了两点具体要求：
2．1．1)Eliminate or 111inirnize bacl【ground infor_mtion(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息)．
2．1．2)Avoid瑚廿rlg the title or part of the廿吐ei11 the f缸吼9entence of the abstract(避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分。
2．2．过程与方法(How I d-d it?)过程及方法。主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法在英文摘要中，过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。开头交待了要解决的问题(What 1 want t0 do)之后，接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问题(How I did n)，而且，最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过程及方法是密切相关的。
大多数作者在阐述过程与方法时，最常见的问题是泛泛而谈、空洞无物，只有定性的描述，使读者很难清楚地了解dissertation中解决问题的过程和方法。因此，在说明过程与方法时，应结合(指向)dissertation中的实例、实验框图等来进行阐述，这样可以既给读者一个清晰的思路．2．5．结果和结论(what results删I get and what concIusionscan I draw?)结果和结论部分代表着文章的主要成就和贡献，dissertation有没有价值，值不值得读者阅读，主要取决于你所获得的结果和所得出的结论。因此，在写作结果和结论部分时，一般都要尽量结合实验结果或仿真结果的图、表、曲线等来加以说明，使结论部分言之有物，有根有据；同时，对那些看不懂中文的英文读者来说，通过这些图表，结合英文摘要的说明就可以比较清楚地了解dissertation的结果和结论。也只有这样，dissertation的结论才有说服力。如有可能，在结尾部分还可以将dissertation的结果和他人最新的研究结果进行比较，以突出dissertation的主要贡献和创新、独到之处(回答What iS new and or迢mal in thispaper)。#p#分页标题#e#
2．4．如何提高英文摘要的文字效能为了提高文字效能，应尽量删去所有多余的字、句。在这方面，《(EI》提出了两个原则：
2．4．1)L血it the abStract to new衄comlatjon(只谈新的信息)。
2．4．a)尽量用短句(u∞Short sent嘲)。
2．4．b)描述作者的工作一般用过去时态(工作是在过去做的)，但在陈述由这些工作所得出的结论时，应该用现在时态。
2．4．c)一般都应使用动词的主动语态，如：写成A eX—ceeds B比写成B iS eXceeded by A更好。写完摘要后接下来就是导言段。
5．引言段引言段也许是整个dissertation的最重要的一部分。需要花费最大的精力。正是这一段，将决定读者是否要将全文读完。一个枯燥乏味的开篇，如“在本文中我将讨论??”，会使读者很快就转向别的文章上去。引言段当然应包含dissertation的主旨，dissertation的展开方法并确定dissertation的基调。从纯写作技巧的角度看，导言段中的每一个句子都能够成为正文中每一个段落4．段落的展开一个段落通过一些互相关联的句子发挥一个观点。这一观点由一个主题句引出。主题句就是该段的主要思想。主要思想是由一系列证实主题的互相关联的句子而发展起来的，最后由一个结尾句收尾。一个叙述有力的段落，必须前后一致而连贯。
5．主题句主题句必须生动感人，发人深思，因为读者是否愿意继续读下去是取决于主题句的。作者必须时刻牢记，他要努力引起并保持读者的注意和兴趣。听众出于礼貌得把讲演一直听完，而读者则与听众不同，他在任何时候都可以停止读下去，而一旦他不打算继续读一篇文章，作者是毫无办法使读者重新注意那篇文章的。
段落的发展方法段落的主要部分都是作者用来证实主题句的。如果段落发展无力或不完整，就是作者没能把问题说清楚。因此段落的发展必须充分。只有两三句话的段落就像一份偷工减料的三明治那样不能令人满意。
6．结束句每个段落都需要有一个结束旬，一个让读者知道作者已经叙述完毕的句子。结尾应该是一个合乎逻辑的结束，它实质上告诉读者：看，我已经证实了我的主题句。一致性和连贯性段落中的每一个句子都与主题旬有关即可达到一致性，这就是说，每一个句子都是主题句的进一步的发展和证实。连贯性指句与句之间的逻辑联系。
7．展开——dissertation的主体一旦读者的兴趣被引言段引起之后，作者必须力求用正文中的每个段落使读者的兴趣保持下去。作者必须时刻牢记，读者是多变的，他可以在任何感到厌烦的时候停止阅读作者的dissertation，而作者却毫无办法使读者重新拿起该文。作者应不时反躬自问：我的dissertation有何优点能使读者在所有同类作品中选中我的?#p#分页标题#e#
8．一致性和连贯性正如每一个段落都应具有一致性，而作为一整篇dissertation也必须具有一致性。作者必须明确，每一个段落都是导言段中所陈述的主题之进一步发展。作者还应当保证，段落与段落之间要有恰当的过渡，要有逻辑联系，要保持一致的叙述角度，要去掉一切离题的和无关的内容9．结束段(结论)结束段使读者清楚地了解，dissertation的全部论据已经叙述完毕。dissertation结束了。一篇组织得当的dissertation，会很符合逻辑地、自然而然德告终。如果作者发现他不得不使用“jn condu商on”或者“to S11IIl up”之类的词语，这实际上说明dissertation的结尾是软弱无力的。当然也可以将导言段重新措辞作为结尾，这总比没有结尾强。而检验一个结束段是否恰当的标准是很简单的：假如一个结束段恰好就在一页纸的底部，读者是不是还打算翻过一页，继续往下找什么。若读者无此打算，那么，这个结尾就是强有力的，因为它给读者一种结束感。学生必须记住，结尾是他给读者留下的最后的印象。
10．参考文献(BlbI魄rapny)参考文献的顺序排列：
期刊：着者——题名——期刊名称一一出版年书籍：着者——书名——出版地～出版者——出版年第一稿完成以后，指导教师主要检查学生是否按照既定的提纲和思想在写作，及时发现问题及时纠正。
lV．第二稿
要求学生不仅要继续补充第一稿之不足，同时要求在表达上要有所提高。在接到第二稿以后，指导教师阅读后应指出存在的问题，以便学生及时改正。
V．第三稿
要求学生在文风、文章格式、修辞等方面有所提高。指导教师要对第三稿进行全面的审阅，并提出修改意见，以保证定稿打印时所有的错误和疏漏都得到更正，错误率控制在规定范围内。同时，教师还要提醒学生在打印前再校对，以保证尽可能地将正确的版本打印出来。VI． 成型设计三稿完成后，学生应对毕业dissertation进行成型设计。首先设计毕业dissertation的封面。封面应包括dissertation标题、系、部、年级、班级、指导教师和时间。下面是封面的样品：Hes_ter Prynne——Resurrec_tion(标题)A THESIS SUBMITTED T0 THE DEPARTMENT0F ENGLIsH——COLLEGE(系、部)BY——(由谁完成)CLASS：3 GRADE：2004SUPERVISED BYJune 2007设计完封面后接下来就应写出目录。下面就是目录的样品。目录后面应是正文，正文的第一页应含标题、摘要及关键字。
VlI．毕业dissertation答辩毕业dissertation的答辩是毕业dissertation工作的最后阶段，要求学生予以充分的准备和重视。dissertation答辩前，学生们必须充分熟悉dissertation，答辩时，要求学生先报告自己毕业dissertation的主要内容，然后由答辩小组提问和学生回答问题，提问内容主要是与题目有关的专业知识，考查学生独立工作能力的问题等。#p#分页标题#e#
一篇好的dissertation不是一蹴而就的，亦非轻而易举就可写成的。即使学生了解了上述方法及技巧，他们仍需花费大量的时间和精力来完成这项任务。学生应切记dissertation内容需反映社会和时代特征，具有理论价值或实践意义，有新颖性和创新性，要有一定的独立见解。俗话说：“一分耕耘一分收获”，如果写得好，也是有巨大收益的，因为还有什么比交流思想和感情更令人神往的呢?
