Literature Review范文：Difficulties and Challenges in Entrepreneurship

Literature Review范文-创业的困难和挑战。本文是一篇留学生Literature Review文献综述写作范例。主要内容是根据证据表明，小企业比大企业失败的几率要高得多，但许多小企业存活下来，有些却没有。这些差距阻碍了小公司在创业、规模经济、人力资本实施、有限资源、地理位置和管理技能方面的成功。我们在一个日益全球化的经济中运营，这是一个高度竞争的经济。因此，应该设计出最高级管理技能的重要性。这对于确保小企业不仅能够生存，而且能够提高管理质量至关重要，因此，缺乏关键的管理服务可能会限制小企业的成功。下面就一起来看一下这篇留学生Literature Review文献综述写作范例的全部内容。

Evidence suggests that small business stands a significantly higher chance of failure than a large business yet many small businesses survive and some don’t. These gaps have been discovered that hinders the success of small firms in entrepreneurship, economies of scale, human capital implementation, limited resources, geographical location, and management skills. We operate in an increasingly global economy, which is highly competitive. Hence the importance of superlative management skill should be devised. It is highly crucial in ensuring that small businesses not only survive but grow in the quality of management, hence lacking key management services could limit the success of small business.
The purpose of this literature review is to explain and critically analyse the work that has been reported on problems and challenges faced in entrepreneurship. Having identified these gaps I have established my topic, identifying the problem small business face in entrepreneurship. Identifying the key terms of the literature terminology is crucial as it includes the dependent variable and independent variables.
本文献综述的目的是解释和批判性分析已报道的关于创业面临的问题和挑战的工作。确定了这些差距后，我确定了我的主题，确定了小企业在创业中面临的问题。识别文献术语的关键术语至关重要，因为它包括因变量和自变量。
RESEARCH QUESTIONS 研究问题
Why do small businesses encounter so many difficulties at start up point?为什么小企业在创业时会遇到这么多困难？
What are the major problems influencing small firms in entrepreneurship?影响小公司创业的主要问题是什么？
Is it relevant to acquire entrepreneurship skills before venturing into small business?在涉足小企业之前，获得创业技能是否相关？
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 研究目标
To collect a variety of entrepreneurial ideas related to entrepreneurial opportunities via various techniques.通过各种技术收集与创业机会相关的各种创业想法。
To distinguish the importance of planning and give examples of how planning can surmount problems.区分规划的重要性，并举例说明规划如何克服问题。
To analyze obstacles and explain how these obstacles may impede creative thinking and generation of new ideas.分析障碍并解释这些障碍如何阻碍创造性思维和产生新想法。
INTRODUCTION 引言
According to Paula McCoy Pinderhughes, an entrepreneur is a person who visualizes or possesses a burning desire to make a change through hard work, dedication and determination, knowing that it will satisfy their ultimate personal and business objectives.
To one businessman, an entrepreneur appears as a threat, an aggressive competitor, whereas to another businessman the same entrepreneur may be an ally, a source of supply, a customer, or someone who creates wealth for others, as well as finds better ways to utilize resources, reduce waste, and produce jobs others are glad to get” (Hisrich & Peters, 2002).
根据Paula McCoy Pinderhughes的说法，企业家是一个想象或拥有通过努力、奉献和决心做出改变的强烈愿望的人，知道这将满足他们的最终个人和商业目标。   对一个商人来说，企业家似乎是一个威胁，一个咄咄逼人的竞争者，而对另一个商人而言，同一个企业家可能是盟友、供应源、客户或为他人创造财富的人，并找到更好的方法来利用资源、减少浪费，创造他人乐于获得的工作”。
The word entrepreneur is defined as a person who has possession of a new enterprise, venture or idea and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome. The term is originally a loanword from French and was first defined by the Irish economist Richard Cantillon. (Bill Bolton and John Thompson (2004; 14) A literature search for a suitable meaning of an entrepreneur designates that it is rather easier to explain the worth of an entrepreneur. But it is hard to accurately identify who is an entrepreneur. A number of definitions are indicated in the literature.
企业家一词被定义为拥有新企业、风险或想法，并对固有风险和结果承担重大责任的人。这个词最初是来自法语的外来词，最早由爱尔兰经济学家理查德·坎蒂隆定义。对企业家合适含义的文献搜索表明，更容易解释企业家的价值。但很难准确确定谁是企业家。文献中给出了许多定义。    
According to an article by Mona Abdulla (2009) states that typically, entrepreneurship means a business is being created with the express goal of fetching larger through an aggressive growth schedule. Entrepreneurship is a corporate development. This is the major challenge to any new business. Consumers are cautious about trying new goods and services. Most items being purchased today is frequently based on identified brand names and using familiar purchasing patterns. Apparently, it is easier for customers to procure the items or brand that they have used. Considerably, a new business must ensure that its target market are pleased with the brand, proper marketing strategy has to be taken for consumers to embrace a new product. This problem is sensitive to the immense amount of marketing clutter that most organization encounters. Getting rid of clutter is most especially difficult for new firms with limited budgets set aside for marketing and promotion strategy. Traditional methods of advertising and consumer promotions may not be enough to get recognized. Company leaders must be sure to deliver on promises and provide a high quality experience especially on the customer’s first purchase, as bad experience often lead to fall in business.
根据Mona Abdulla的一篇文章，创业通常意味着一个企业的创建目标是通过积极的增长计划实现更大的增长。创业是一种企业发展。这是任何新业务的主要挑战。消费者对尝试新商品和服务持谨慎态度。今天购买的大多数商品通常基于已识别的品牌名称，并使用熟悉的购买模式。显然，顾客更容易购买他们使用过的物品或品牌。值得注意的是，新企业必须确保其目标市场对品牌感到满意，消费者必须采取适当的营销策略来接受新产品。这个问题对大多数组织遇到的大量营销混乱非常敏感。对于那些为营销和促销策略预留了有限预算的新公司来说，摆脱混乱尤其困难。传统的广告和消费者促销方法可能不足以获得认可。公司领导必须确保兑现承诺，提供高质量的体验，尤其是在客户第一次购买时，因为糟糕的体验往往会导致业务下滑。
THE PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES 问题和挑战
Entrepreneurs have become one of the most active forces in the market, which is itself driving much of the world’s economic growth. This makes entrepreneurs very important from a macro-economic perspective. As the globalism of business becomes even more extensive, this impact will be felt. Entrepreneurs are already becoming a major force in developing nations and the economy worldwide. The process of redefinition is an essential component of a company’s strategic renewal and therefore constitutes an important aspect of entrepreneurship (Guth and Ginsberg, 1990). It is through leadership strategies that the entrepreneur helps to facilitate the reflection of excellence (cornesky et al., 1990: 58-59; peter and Austin, 1985: 5-6) Today’s entrepreneurial leader requires new people who does not depend on organizational superiority and subordinate theses contemporary leaders helps to create enhanced capacity in their people, who in turn become the steward of all organizational stakeholders (Mclagan and Nel, 1995: 46-47) The scope of what entrepreneurship involves will continue to change and evolve, and yet there are some regular issues of how to start, finance and run a business. Companies that go internationally face the foremost challenge of integrating various types of acquaintance so that the organization as a whole can benefit (Zahra et al., 2000a). One ordinary factor for all entrepreneurs is the test of starting a business, searching for an innovative idea, passing the right prospect to venture into a business. Entirely entails organizing all the aspects so that the entrepreneur can maximise his or her goals. Most entrepreneurs also face problems financing their entrepreneurial project, as well hurdles within corporate rules. Except if one single handled the venture, getting money is a challenge that requires prepares funds proposals for loans and many more. We have so much in turn written on this phase of an entrepreneurial that implementing the very best would be more of an advantage well as challenging.
企业家已经成为市场上最活跃的力量之一，而市场本身正推动着世界经济的大部分增长。这使得企业家从宏观经济角度来看非常重要。随着商业全球化变得更加广泛，这种影响将被感受到。企业家已经成为发展中国家和世界经济的主要力量。重新定义的过程是公司战略更新的一个重要组成部分，因此是创业的一个很重要的方面。正是通过领导力战略，企业家有助于促进对卓越的反思。今天的企业家领导者需要不依赖组织优势的新人，而当代领导者有助于提高员工的能力，他们反过来成为所有组织利益相关者的管家。创业所涉及的范围将继续变化和发展，但如何创业、融资和经营企业仍有一些常规问题。走向国际的公司面临着最大的挑战，即整合各种类型的熟人，使组织整体受益。对所有企业家来说，一个普通的因素是创业的考验，寻找创新的想法，通过创业的正确前景。完全需要组织所有方面，以便企业家能够最大限度地实现其目标。大多数企业家还面临着为其创业项目融资的问题，以及公司规则中的障碍。除非有一个人处理了这项风险，否则获得资金是一项挑战，需要为贷款和其他许多项目准备资金提案。我们在创业的这一阶段写了很多文章，因此实施最佳实践将是一种优势，也是一种挑战。
IMPLEMENTATION STAGE 实施阶段
All said and done, passing this face ups and challenges, ordinarily one should expect to have smooth glide. Given the business has a good plan; the venture should carry on with less glitches, the execution process seems to be the real craft-or-crack point of an entrepreneurial venture. There are proposition that part of the problem is that ideal people for this process, Perhaps, there are wide varieties of skills needed at this stage, that an individual can not dwell on all of the skills. Alternatively, for entrepreneurs to be successful, identifying the key factors of their field would be very necessary, as they can easily get subcontractors who can fill the missing gaps. Perhaps looking at what different skills that can get a business started would be necessary. Such skills includes, marketing, workers, publicity, sales, communications, public relations, human resource, legal needs, government regulations, crisis management, risk management, natural disaster planning, insurance, technology, and the financial aspects of the organization accounts, bookkeeping, paying taxes, managing debt, and so on. One should take into consideration that without a strong technical foundation, the business can’t be successful, an above all, the conceptual aspect of organization, are leadership, growth philosophy, ethics, and most importantly the exit strategy of the any organization. These are issues that we tend to overlook, yet it set the whole subject and direction that any business will take.
所有说的和做的，通过这一面对面和挑战，通常人们应该期待顺利滑翔。鉴于企业有良好的计划；创业应该少出一些小毛病，执行过程似乎是创业的真正技巧或破解点。有人认为，部分问题在于，这个过程的理想人选，也许，在这个阶段需要各种各样的技能，一个人不能专注于所有技能。或者，对于成功的企业家来说，确定他们所在领域的关键因素是非常必要的，因为他们可以很容易地找到能够填补缺失空白的分包商。或许，有必要了解哪些不同的技能可以帮助创业。这些技能包括市场营销、工人、宣传、销售、沟通、公共关系、人力资源、法律需求、政府法规、危机管理、风险管理、自然灾害规划、保险、技术以及组织的财务方面
CRITICAL CHALLENGES 关键挑战
There are types of businesses that can be started on a small budget; one will need access to capital to fund the business, where the money comes from is less important, but the most important thing, is a need to be realistic about startup costs and being able to manage the funds well. Developing a, realistic, thorough and honest financial plan will help to avoid this mistake. New entrepreneurs often underestimate the length of time it takes for a business to become profitable and the amount of money they will need to invest in the business before it’s profitable. Employee’s responsibilities are limited to a narrow job description. According to Gupta and Govindarajan (1991), superior levels of awareness flows have serious implications for a company’s control systems. Knowledge that is vital to sustaining and promoting entrepreneurship includes both expertise and market-based knowledge (Gupta and Govindarajan, 1991). However, at the start of a business, the entrepreneur become’s responsible for everything from exploration to development process as well as to product delivery to detailed account. This implies that there are field that will be beyond the owner’s area of expertise. Reckon upon the range of the business, it is possible that the organization does not have the ability to handle different responsibilities due to incompetent staff. It is important to be honest about your own limitations for the success of the company, seek out expert advice in such fields and the support of achiever in entrepreneurship.
有几种类型的企业可以在小预算下启动；人们将需要获得资金来资助企业，资金来源并不那么重要，但最重要的是，需要对启动成本保持现实，并能够很好地管理资金。制定一个现实、彻底和诚实的财务计划将有助于避免这一错误。新创业者往往低估了企业盈利所需的时间，以及在企业盈利之前他们需要投资的资金。员工的职责仅限于狭义的工作描述。根据Gupta和Govindarajan的说法，高水平的意识流对公司的控制系统有着严重的影响。对维持和促进创业至关重要的知识包括专业知识和基于市场的知识。然而，在创业之初，企业家就要负责从勘探到开发过程以及产品交付到详细账目的所有工作。这意味着有些领域将超出业主的专业领域。根据业务范围，由于员工不称职，组织可能没有能力处理不同的职责。坦诚自己对公司成功的局限性，寻求这些领域的专家建议以及创业成功人士的支持是很重要的。
An entrepreneur does work harder for him/herself most precisely than you would ever work for any one. Building a successful business requires a large investment of your time. It will be important to schedule specific work hours. Setting goals can also help you to stay on track. To overcome these problems. It is important to remember that customers are interested in benefits as opposed to product or service features, and doing all you can do to stay on track would be the most to keep your business.
企业家确实比你为任何人工作都更努力。建立一个成功的企业需要大量的时间投资。安排具体的工作时间很重要。设定目标也可以帮助你保持正轨。克服这些问题。重要的是要记住，客户感兴趣的是利益，而不是产品或服务特性，尽你所能保持正轨将是最有助于保持业务的。       
JUSTIFICATION OF LITERATURE & CONCLUSION 文献论证与结论
How is an entrepreneur to deal with all this overload of challenges? To meet these challenges, subsidiary executives should also demonstrate higher levels of lenience for indistinctness (Gupta and Govindarajan, 1991). It is nice to know that there are resources one can count on such as, training programs, discussion groups, educational resources, professional associations, and publications to turn to for advice and support at all times.
一个企业家如何应对这些超负荷的挑战？为了应对这些挑战，子公司高管还应表现出更高程度的宽容态度。很高兴知道有一些资源可以依靠，如培训计划、讨论小组、教育资源、专业协会和出版物，随时寻求建议和支持。本站提供各国各专业文献综述Literature Review代写或指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。