留学生essay代写范例：Offshoring and outsourcing to developing countries
留学生essay代写范例-离岸外包和向发展中国家外包。本文是一篇由本站代写服务提供的essay代写参考，主要内容是讲述离岸外包被认为是一种机会，而不是风险。它将通过离岸外包过程创造赢家和输家，但众所周知，这取决于各国政府，以确保各国实现所有利益的净收益。工作岗位的离岸外包可能是澳大利亚和整个发达国家日益关注的问题。私营公司和政府机构也是如此，发展中国家将有大量机会从受过廉价教育的工人中受益。唯一能让这些机会变得更容易的是技术进步和发展。下面就一起来看一下这篇留学生essay代写范例。
Introduction 介绍
Offshoring refers to the achievement of intermediary inputs by companies or governments from locations outside the consuming country.
离岸外包是指公司或政府从消费国以外的地方获得中介投入。
Many of attentions has been focused on the risk that offshoring of services might have through the way of job movement to countries, such as India, where organizations can pay skilled workers much less than in their home countries. In general, this argument has focused on the negative effects of offshoring. However, offshoring has some benefits and is likely to bring these benefits to urban economies through lower costs of services, restructuring and increased interest.
许多注意力都集中在服务离岸外包可能通过工作转移到印度等国家的风险上，在印度，组织可以向技术工人支付远低于本国的工资。总的来说，这一论点侧重于离岸外包的负面影响。然而，离岸外包有一些好处，并可能通过降低服务成本、重组和增加兴趣，为城市经济带来这些好处。
Increase in employment in different services implies for these urban countries such as Australia, will not only have the benefits of increase in imports but also has an increase in exports and therefore Australia will benefited as a larger market where domestic firms can offer their services.
不同服务业就业人数的增加意味着，对澳大利亚等城市国家来说，不仅会有进口增加的好处，还会有出口增加，因此，澳大利亚将作为一个更大的市场受益，国内公司可以在这里提供服务。
Purpose of the Report 报告的目的
The offshoring of service sector jobs is likely to be an issue of growing concern in Australia and most other developed countries such as USA. For private companies and government agencies it acts the same, there will be a lot of opportunities to benefit from a cheap and increasingly educated workforce in the developing world. Technological advances will continue to ease these opportunities.
在澳大利亚和美国等大多数其他发达国家，服务业工作的离岸外包可能是一个越来越令人担忧的问题。对于私营公司和政府机构来说，这也是一个问题，发展中国家将有很多机会从廉价且受教育程度越来越高的劳动力中受益。技术进步将继续缓解这些机会。
This research has focused on the first important effect of offshoring which is the loss of jobs happening of the offshoring. It is important to be aware of, but, that increased efficiency from shedding labour could guide to higher manufacture and a growth of employment in other lines of work.
这项研究的重点是离岸外包的第一个重要影响，即离岸外包造成的工作岗位流失。重要的是要意识到，但是，通过减少劳动力提高效率可以引导更高的制造业和其他行业的就业增长。
In particular, this essay introduces some public procedure issues for both business and governments to think as they manage the effects of offshoring.
特别是，本文介绍了一些公共程序问题，供企业和政府在管理离岸外包的影响时思考。
Methodology 方法论
In my work I used clear, 6-step methodology that has been involved to gather, process and analysis the data.
在我的工作中，我使用了清晰的六步方法来收集、处理和分析数据。
Step1. Offshore Definition
步骤1。离岸定义
This part is taken to have a general idea about what is actually means by offshoring.
这一部分旨在大致了解离岸外包的实际含义。
Step 2. Gathering some information by looking at the different articles
步骤2。通过查看不同的文章来收集一些信息
The articles that I looked at helped me to get the main point of offshoring effects and benefits on the different organization in different countries.
我看的文章帮助我了解了离岸外包对不同国家不同组织的影响和好处。
Step 3. Onsite to Offshore Knowledge change.
步骤3。现场到离岸知识的转变。
The main goal for this phase is to understand the client requirements, business processes, and company standards.
此阶段的主要目标是了解客户需求、业务流程和公司标准。
Step 4. Offshore Process Definition.
步骤4。离岸过程定义。
Execute customization of the methodology for the client specific requirements.
根据客户的具体要求执行方法的定制。
Step 5. Offshore Research finishing.
步骤5。海洋研究完成。
Start executing the finding according to the research plan.
根据研究计划开始执行调查结果。
Step 6. Review the report and identify the weak areas of the performance.
步骤6。审查报告并确定绩效的薄弱环节。
To make sure that everything is done accurately regards the research I’ve done.
为了确保每件事都做得准确，我做了一些研究。
Research Finding and Analysis 研究发现与分析
One of the largest business decisions are offshoring decisions (L. Jean Camp, Seymour Goodman, Charles H. House, William B. Jack, RobRamer, Marie Stella, 2005). They are usually has a little long-term risks and social impacts. Many organization managers believes of that they would experience some of the long-term risks such as to reputations at the same time as they suppose to consider risks that directly can effect their business process.
最大的商业决策之一是离岸外包决策（L.Jean Camp，Seymour Goodman，Charles H.House，William B.Jack，RobRamer，Marie Stella，2005）。它们通常有一点长期风险和社会影响。许多组织经理认为，在考虑可能直接影响其业务流程的风险的同时，他们会经历一些长期风险，如声誉风险。
In current years, many of the companies have increased their use of outsourcing and offshoring. These arrangements present both benefits and risks to the organizations using them.
近年来，许多公司增加了外包和离岸外包的使用。这些安排对使用这些安排的组织既有好处，也有风险。
Deloitte (2008) stated that offshoring can take place in two forms one is when the companies moving part or whole of their operations overseas or using a greater share of imported materials in home manufactures. Both are seen as a major means of achieving cost reductions which is end up with a benefit. Offshoring benefits may also be included lower labor or operating costs (Deloitte, 2008, p.1). Furthermore, the particular benefits from offshoring will vary from company to company that so many companies see offshoring as significant for future profits, even with their initially poor savings. (Kirkegaard, cited in working paper, 2005, p.11)
Deloitte（2008）指出，离岸外包有两种形式，一种是公司将部分或全部业务转移到海外，或在国内生产中使用更大份额的进口材料。两者都被视为实现成本降低的主要手段，最终会带来效益。离岸福利也可能包括较低的劳动力或运营成本（Deloitte，2008，第1页）。此外，离岸外包的具体好处因公司而异，因此许多公司认为离岸外包对未来利润意义重大，即使他们最初的储蓄很低。（Kirkegaard，工作文件中引用，2005年，第11页）
On the other hand offshoring contains some risks as well. The risks come in three categories. There are risks for companies that engage in offshoring. There are risks to individuals who are often helpless victims of the kinds of such organization process and finally, there are risks to the economic of nations.
另一方面，离岸外包也存在一些风险。风险分为三类。从事离岸外包的公司存在风险。个人往往是这种组织过程的无助受害者，他们面临风险，最后，国家的经济也面临风险。
Procuring companies are primarily focused on obtaining the financial benefits of offshoring; most appear to be inexperienced about the risks, or they do not have the time or resources to care. (Kirkegaard, 2005, p.9)
采购公司主要侧重于获得离岸外包的财务利益；大多数人似乎对风险缺乏经验，或者他们没有时间或资源去关心。（Kirkegaard，2005年，第9页）
To illustrate the benefits and risks of the offshoring in long-term and short term lets have a look at the two pacific brands example which is Berlei and Hard Yakka.
为了说明离岸外包在长期和短期内的好处和风险，我们来看看Berlei和Hard Yakka这两个太平洋品牌的例子。
Much of Pacific Brand’s manufacture is carried out to China (Weller, 2007). That will reduce times and enable stock to be delivered directly to customers but most of the jobs lost will be relocated to cheap labor economies like Asia. The company will close down the best part of its clothing manufacturing services across the world and in its place rely on sourcing products from other suppliers (Sydney Morning Herald, 2009)
太平洋品牌的大部分生产都在中国进行（Weller，2007）。这将减少时间，使库存能够直接交付给客户，但大多数失去的工作岗位将转移到亚洲等廉价劳动力经济体。该公司将关闭其在世界各地的大部分服装制造服务，取而代之的是从其他供应商那里采购产品（悉尼先驱晨报，2009年）
Offshoring pacific brands from an organization itself have some winners and loser. It can show its risks and benefits in short or long-term for these two groups.
海外太平洋品牌从一个组织本身就有一些赢家和输家。它可以在短期或长期内显示出对这两个群体的风险和益处。
The winners of offshoring process are 离岸外包过程的赢家是
That company which is engaging in offshoring and offshore outsourcing.
从事离岸外包和离岸外包的公司。
The resultant of this is shown by the large cost saving, usually begin from the lower labor costs. Savings can be different from business to business and country to country, but most business skilled estimated range between 30 and 60 percent (Kirkegaard, 2005). In the longer term, these companies will also gain contact to highly skilled labor, by two ways. First is directly through their own offshored services and second is indirectly through offshore outsourcing from local suppliers. Also, offshore locations generally will allow a more flexible management of their employee’s levels. Offshoring and offshore outsourcing engage a large capital stock in a low wages labor setting as a resulting of this relationship, the usual close relationship between salary and output is loosen in the short and medium terms. So, a company that engages in offshoring and offshore outsourcing will have a good increase of the significant output improvements.
其结果是节省了大量的成本，通常是从较低的劳动力成本开始的。不同的企业和国家的储蓄可能不同，但大多数商业技能人员的储蓄率估计在30%到60%之间（Kirkegaard，2005）。从长远来看，这些公司还将通过两种方式接触到高技能劳动力。第一种是直接通过他们自己的离岸服务，第二种是间接通过当地供应商的离岸外包。此外，离岸地点通常允许对员工级别进行更灵活的管理。离岸外包和离岸外包在低工资的劳动力环境中占用了大量的资本存量。由于这种关系，工资和产出之间通常密切的关系在中短期内有所松动。所以，一家从事离岸外包和离岸外包的公司将有显著的产出提升。
Country which exchange the production and services 交换生产和服务的国家
As Australia is the supplying country of this pacific brands so it’s benefits are basic: the short term benefits are in terms of being a job generated and to be an investment attracted country, and those of the longer term are in terms of the skill transfers to local populations that come with offshore decisions by companies.
由于澳大利亚是这个太平洋品牌的供应国，因此它的好处是基本的：短期的好处是创造就业机会和吸引投资的国家，而长期的好处是公司在海外决策时向当地人口转移技能。
Consumers of offshored production and services 离岸生产和服务的消费者
Consumers – which is included the individuals, not just companies – of offshored services will benefit from lower prices of the items they use. Also they may benefit from the business hours increasing in many services industries. Price declines will, depending on the level of offshoring and offshore outsourcing and it is relative to the total, make price rises lower and therefore show the way to higher real income. (Kirkegaard, 2005, p.13) mentioned that “This serves furthermore as a “redistributive tool” between company profits and consumer benefits of the total “welfare gain” from offshoring and offshore outsourcing”.
离岸服务的消费者——包括个人，而不仅仅是公司——将从他们使用的商品的较低价格中受益。此外，他们还可能受益于许多服务业营业时间的增加。根据离岸外包和离岸外包的水平，价格下跌将使价格上涨幅度降低，从而显示出获得更高实际收入的途径。（Kirkegaard，2005年，第13页）提到，“这进一步成为离岸外包和离岸外包总“福利收益”中公司利润和消费者利益之间的“再分配工具”。
The offshoring processes also have some groups known as the losers of the benefits.
离岸外包过程中也有一些群体被称为利益的失败者。
This groups are included the workers who lose their jobs because of offshoring.
这些群体包括因离岸外包而失业的工人。
Workers who lose their jobs as a result of offshoring and offshore outsourcing are the direct losers. It is very significant to appreciate that those who lose their jobs are a small and concentrated group, relative to the much more numerous and special group of winners from offshoring, who will all benefit only fairly little individually.
由于离岸外包和离岸外包而失去工作的工人是直接的输家。值得一提的是，与离岸外包的众多特殊赢家群体相比，失业者是一个小而集中的群体，他们个人受益甚微。
This irregularity between winners and losers makes the political wealth market of offshoring and outsourcing equal to most other discussions of free deal and bring in competition (Lewis and Richardson 2001).
这种赢家和输家之间的不规则性使得离岸外包和外包的政治财富市场与大多数其他自由交易的讨论一样，并带来了竞争（Lewis和Richardson，2001年）。
According to parliament of Australia (2004-2005) one of the important reasons to offshore clerical works and high-paying qualified positions is the development of communications technologies over the past decade has provided opportunities for companies.
根据澳大利亚议会（2004-2005年）的说法，离岸文书工作和高薪合格职位的重要原因之一是过去十年通信技术的发展为公司提供了机会。
After discussing the winner and looser group of offshoring and offshore outsourcing process, in particle there are numerous benefits and risks that engage in offshoring.
在讨论离岸外包和离岸外包过程的赢家和松散群体后，离岸外包的好处和风险有很多。
Main benefits that a business can get through the offshoring are 企业通过离岸外包可以获得的主要好处是
Accessing to talent: For certain job positions there is a greater availability of highly skilled and experienced employees overseas.
获取人才：对于某些职位，海外有更多高技能和经验丰富的员工。
it can be highly cost savings
它可以大大节省成本
Quickly can fill the open positions – it can take a month or more to fill certain positions in some countries like USA (Green, 2007). However, given the accessibility of offshore employees, open positions can usually be filled more quickly.
快速填补空缺职位——在美国等一些国家，填补某些职位可能需要一个月或更长时间（Green，2007）。然而，考虑到离岸员工的可及性，空缺职位通常可以更快地填补。
Time savings – By using an offshore employee, you reduce the time you would normally spend on interviewing, orientation and managing employee motivation.
节省时间——通过使用离岸员工，您可以减少通常用于面试、指导和管理员工动机的时间。
Flexibility – offshoring allowing companies to quickly develop and contract their overseas staff in accorded with business needs.
灵活性——离岸外包使公司能够根据业务需求快速发展和签约海外员工。
While there many identifiable benefits of offshoring, it does not come without its risks and challenges, as well. The more important risks that can address for that are:
虽然离岸外包有许多可识别的好处，但它也有风险和挑战。可以解决的更重要的风险是：
Cultural issues – Different cultures have its own communication styles, different attitudes toward argument resolution and also they have their different ways of getting work done.
文化问题——不同的文化有自己的沟通方式，对解决争论的态度不同，他们完成工作的方式也不同。
Loss of worker jobs – Offshore outsourcing is a politically charged issue. Most economists believe that offshoring is good for the economy and in the end results in additional jobs (Green, 2007). The theory is that the lower level jobs get outsourced and the country that involved in offshoring will end up doing higher value work. Even assuming the economists’ view is correct; having their jobs displaced is painful to those workers impacted. It might take a lot of time to retrain and/or land one of these “higher value” jobs (Green, 2007).
工人失业——离岸外包是一个充满政治色彩的问题。大多数经济学家认为离岸外包对经济有利，最终会带来更多的就业机会（Green，2007）。理论上，低级别的工作被外包，而参与离岸外包的国家最终会做价值更高的工作。即使假设经济学家的观点是正确的；失业对那些受到影响的工人来说是痛苦的。重新培训和/或找到这些“更高价值”的工作可能需要很多时间（Green，2007）。
Quality of service – If not being more careful during the process, cost savings can be more than offset by service issues. Going through analysis of the function being studied for outstanding could help to defend your trade and corporation against the services losses. It is also important to make sure that the role is appropriate for the particular country where you are outsourcing. Finally, before moving any role and function overseas a careful performs should carry out on the offshore vendor.
服务质量——如果在这个过程中不更加小心，成本节约可能会被服务问题所抵消。通过对正在研究的未决函数的分析，可以帮助保护您的贸易和公司免受服务损失。同样重要的是要确保该角色适合您外包的特定国家。最后，在将任何角色和职能转移到海外之前，应谨慎对待离岸供应商。
After all, one way of reducing the risks can be done by the government (Windisch, 2009). The government could move to make Pacific Brands nationalize. And this is the only way that the jobs could be saved.
毕竟，降低风险的一种方法可以由政府来完成（Windisch，2009）。政府可能会采取行动，将太平洋品牌国有化。这是挽救就业机会的唯一途径。
If the government won’t act to save jobs, then the union group should build a movement which must be strong enough to give the government no choice but to act (Windisch, 2009).
如果政府不采取行动挽救就业机会，那么工会组织应该发起一场运动，这场运动必须足够强大，让政府别无选择，只能采取行动（Windisch，2009）。
In addition, understanding and dealing with cultural and language issues will ease the outsourcing and offshoring process (Knowledge @ Emory, 2008).
此外，理解和处理文化和语言问题将简化外包和离岸外包过程（Knowledge@Emory，2008）。
Recommendations 建议
Recommendations will help to concern the manufacture of better cost performance, improvements to measuring services employment, and other data needed to document any impacts of trade on the employment and income of the workers.
建议将有助于关注制造更好的性价比、改善服务业就业计量以及记录贸易对工人就业和收入的任何影响所需的其他数据。
There are many improvement achievements that could be done to improve the data on services which will need to be theatrically argued if our understanding of services offshoring and its effects is to improve.
如果我们要提高对服务离岸外包及其影响的理解，就需要对服务数据进行戏剧性的论证。
The three main recommendations are as follows 三项主要建议如下
1) The companies that involved in the offshoring process should collect more detail on services products that are traded internationally. Without a more detailed view of which services are traded internationally, it will remain impossible to agree on which parts of job experience has more pressure from import competition. As a result, with any accuracy we will be unable to know where in the economy to look for the effects of services offshoring.
1） 参与离岸外包过程的公司应该收集更多国际贸易服务产品的详细信息。如果不能更详细地了解哪些服务是国际贸易的，就不可能就工作经验的哪些部分受到进口竞争的更大压力达成一致。因此，无论准确与否，我们都无法知道在经济中的何处寻找服务离岸外包的影响。
2) Also they have to collect more detail on domestic trade in services. These detailed will help to give a better view of the role that services play in the economy of the country.
2） 此外，他们还必须收集更多关于国内服务贸易的细节。这些详细信息将有助于更好地了解服务业在国家经济中的作用。
3) Having enough data on service by employment is necessary to make a decision on the employment and income effects of services offshoring because service work plays an important role in all industries.
3） 有足够的就业服务数据对于决定服务离岸外包的就业和收入影响是必要的，因为服务工作在所有行业都发挥着重要作用。
Conclusion 结论
Offshoring is identified to be an opportunity, rather than a risk. As this working essay has presented, it will create both winners and losers through the process of offshoring, but it is known to be up to the individual governments to make sure countries realize a net gain of all the benefits.
离岸外包被认为是一种机会，而不是风险。正如本工作文件所述，它将通过离岸外包过程创造赢家和输家，但众所周知，这取决于各国政府，以确保各国实现所有利益的净收益。
The offshoring of jobs is likely to be an issue of growing concern in Australia and throughout the developed world. It is the same for private companies and government agencies, there will be plenty of opportunities to benefit from cheap educated workers in the developing world. The only thing that keeps on making these opportunities easier is the technological advances development.
工作岗位的离岸外包可能是澳大利亚和整个发达国家日益关注的问题。私营公司和政府机构也是如此，发展中国家将有大量机会从受过廉价教育的工人中受益。唯一能让这些机会变得更容易的是技术进步和发展。
It is right to assume that cheap labour costs will attract many more Australian overseas and it is also correct that governments will face more pressure to promote inner investment and allow workers to retrain and move into other fields, but, offshoring companies and offshore providers will also be challenged. Australia currently has highly skilled employees and a sound regulatory environment. These attractions may be more important than the savings from using cheap overseas labour, mainly if the quality and reliability of the offshore service is lacking.
假设廉价的劳动力成本将吸引更多的澳大利亚人到海外是正确的，政府将面临更大的压力来促进内部投资，允许工人接受再培训并进入其他领域也是正确的，但离岸外包公司和离岸供应商也将面临挑战。澳大利亚目前拥有高技能的员工和良好的监管环境。这些吸引力可能比使用廉价海外劳动力节省的成本更重要，主要是在缺乏离岸服务的质量和可靠性的情况下。
Finally, Australia needs to put its people over its land and focus on providing skills to people in stagnating regions, rather than build extra new places in the foreign country.
最后，澳大利亚需要把人民置于土地之上，专注于为停滞地区的人民提供技能，而不是在外国建造额外的新地方。
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