Economic essay格式范文：Economic Impact of Information Systems
Economic essay格式范文-信息系统的经济影响。本文是一篇留学生经济学essay写作范文，主要内容是讲述信息系统技术可以被视为一种生产要素，可以取代传统的资本和劳动力。随着计算机技术投资的增加，管理信息的劳动量也在减少。因此，Essay提出充分采用信息技术应该会减少中层管理人员和文职人员的数量，因为信息技术可以替代他们的劳动力。本篇essay指出业务流程被定义为一组逻辑相关的活动，这些活动决定了如何执行特定的业务任务。它是一个组织如何在提供信息的情况下协调工作活动，以生产有价值的产品或服务。向客户提供的产品或服务的好坏在很大程度上取决于组织内的级别或协调。精心设计的流程可以成为竞争优势的来源，为公司带来实力。通常，大多数公司在很大程度上依赖信息技术的优势来实现这些目标。以下内容就是这篇Economic essay格式范文，供参考。
Explain the economic impact of information system in the context of Gerbang Furniture. And critically discuss the core activities discussed by Laudon (2015) in the information system development process?在格邦家具的背景下解释信息系统的经济影响。并批判性地讨论Laudon在信息系统开发过程中讨论的核心活动？
Information system technology can be viewed as a factor of production that can be substituted for traditional capital and labor. As the investment on computer technology increases, the amount of labor works in managing the information decreases. Hence, fully adoption to information technology should results in the reduction in number of middle managers and clerical workers as information technology substitutes for their labor (Laudon, 2016) [1].
Business process was defined as logically related set of activities that determined how specific business tasks are performed. It is how an organization coordinate work activities with provided information to produce a valuable product or services. How well the product or services delivered to the customer is much depending on the level or coordination within the organization. Well-designed process can be a source of competitive advantages that gives strength to the company. Usually most companies relies heavily on the advantages of information technology to meet such objectives.
Business process usually can be classified into core process and the support process. The core process are the operational process of business or key activities that required to produce the product or services to the customer (Laudon, 2016) [1]. Example for Gerbang Furniture Sdn. Bhd. (GF) as furniture manufacturing company core activity is the work that involved in producing furniture. To be exact on specific activities are product design, fabrication, assembly, finishing and packaging. These activities must exist in order to meet customer requirement for the set of furniture sales order.
业务流程通常可以分为核心流程和支持流程。核心流程是为客户生产产品或服务所需的业务或关键活动的运营流程。格邦家具公司作为家具制造公司的核心业务是生产家具。确切地说，具体活动是产品设计、制造、组装、精加工和包装。这些活动必须存在，才能满足客户对家具销售订单的要求。
Another category of support process are those activities that enable the core process to exist. Some example of support activities are sales order processing, customer credit control check, production scheduling, materials requirement planning and material purchasing. These support processes are crucial in order the core process to exist and operate smoothly. Before information technology age, data’s were handle in manual way with a lot of human intervention.
另一类支持过程是那些使核心过程得以存在的活动。支持活动的示例包括销售订单处理、客户信用控制检查、生产计划、材料需求计划和材料采购。这些支持流程对于核心流程的存在和顺利运行至关重要。在信息技术时代之前，数据是以人工方式处理的，需要大量的人工干预。
According to transaction cost theory, firms and individuals seek to economize on transaction costs as much as they do on other aspect of production costs or operation costs. Information Technology affects the cost and quality of information and changes the economics of information. Traditionally, firms have tried to reduce transaction cost through vertical integration, by getting bigger, hiring more employees and buying their own suppliers and distributors (Laudon, 2016) [1].
本篇essay范文是根据交易成本理论，企业和个人在生产成本或运营成本的其他方面都寻求节约交易成本。信息技术影响信息的成本和质量，并改变信息的经济性。传统上，公司试图通过垂直整合来降低交易成本，通过做大、雇佣更多员工以及购买自己的供应商和分销商。
In the context of Gerbang Furniture Sdn. Bhd. (GF), Sales information system can helps in consolidating the customer sales orders in more efficient ways. For example, using statistical number, the amount of order based on design, quantity and purchased history can be collected within a fraction of time. The records of customer preference and special order request can be monitored closely thus improved the level of customer satisfaction. And as control check prior to delivery, customer service team can perform customer credit check to ensure no past overdue payment. This can avoid long overdue account receivable getting accumulated and impacting the company cash flows.
在格邦家具公司的背景下，销售信息系统可以帮助以更有效的方式整合客户的销售订单。例如，使用统计数字，可以在很短的时间内收集基于设计、数量和购买历史的订单金额。可以密切监控客户偏好和特殊订单请求的记录，从而提高客户满意度。作为交付前的控制检查，客户服务团队可以进行客户信用检查，以确保没有逾期付款。这样可以避免长期逾期的应收账款累积，影响公司现金流。
Another usage of sales data is the list of historical customer sales order records. By understanding the historical trend, future sales demand requirement can be plotted based on repeated pattern and trend. The information from future demand requirement can be used as a guideline for material requirement forecast. This can avoid the factory from over purchasing of raw materials and buying the not required materials. Over purchasing of raw materials is a sheer waste as it consume warehouse space and company working capital has been tied up with non-moving WIPs’. At the same time, under purchasing is equally bad as it exposed to the risks of material shortages if the demand fluctuates. Therefore a good level of stocks balancing is important for cost effectiveness as the stocks has to be at the lowest whilst keeping the level of supply consistent.
销售数据的另一个用法是历史客户销售订单记录的列表。通过了解历史趋势，可以根据重复的模式和趋势绘制未来的销售需求。来自未来需求的信息可以作为材料需求预测的指南。这样可以避免工厂过度采购原材料和购买不需要的材料。过度购买原材料是一种纯粹的浪费，因为它消耗了仓库空间，公司的营运资金与不流动的WIPs捆绑在一起。与此同时，采购不足同样糟糕，因为如果需求波动，它将面临材料短缺的风险。因此，良好的库存平衡水平对成本效益很重要，因为库存必须处于最低水平，同时保持供应水平的一致性。
Apart from demand management, MIS would be able to help in connecting sales information from upstream to downstream in order to give the businesses a complete and holistic view. Information from downstream is collated and combined with upstream information to give an understanding on business position and strength. As an example in Gerbang Furniture Sdn. Bhd. (GF), the information on historical customer orders can be projected to understand future expected business growth. It will then can be linked to factory production capacity where future investment decision shall be discussed. With a right information on hand, decision on investment tools, business expansion risk, returns on investment effectiveness can be calculated accurately.
本篇essay指出除了需求管理之外，MIS还可以帮助将销售信息从上游连接到下游，以便为企业提供完整和全面的视图。对来自下游的信息进行整理，并将其与上游信息相结合，以了解业务地位和实力。以Gerbang Furniture Sdn.Bhd为例，可以预测历史客户订单的信息，以了解未来的预期业务增长。然后可以将其与工厂生产能力联系起来，讨论未来的投资决策。掌握了正确的信息，就可以准确地计算投资工具的决策、业务扩张风险、投资效益回报。
And according to agency cost theory, information technology can reduce internal management costs. A principle also known as owner employs “agents” or employees to perform work to accomplish the company tasks and objectives. As the company grew in size and scope, the coordination costs or called as agency would also growing. The information technology makes the manager’s task easier to oversee and coordinate with a greater number of employee. The employee payroll, performance, duties, roles and responsibilities can be coordinated in much efficient manner with very few clerks and managers (Laudon, 2016) [1].
Essay范文是根据代理成本理论，信息技术可以降低内部管理成本。一种原则也被称为所有者雇佣“代理人”或员工来完成公司的任务和目标。随着公司规模和范围的扩大，协调成本或代理费用也将增加。信息技术使经理的任务更容易监督和协调更多的员工。员工的工资单、绩效、职责、角色和责任可以在极少数职员和经理的情况下以非常有效的方式进行协调。
As much as the company is growing bigger and more complex, human alone can’t handle the amount of manual information circulated in the company. The risks would be too big such as data integrity due to data entry error, information wouldn’t be able to be presented in an effective way and decision making will be slow and not flexible. For a large company, the amount of cost spent on MIS with an integrated information system would definitely a small fraction ratio with the benefit of economics of scales. The benefits obtained from an improved decisions making and risks elimination is definitely worth the ROI.
References 参考文献
[01] Kenneth C. Laudon Jane P. Laudon (2016),“Management Information Systems, Managing the Digital Firm”, Global Edition Text Book, Fourteenth Edition pg. 121 – 122
[02] Josh Bendickson Jeff Muldoon Eric W. Liguori Phillip E. Davis, (2016),“Agency theory: background and epistemology “, Journal of Management History, Vol. 22 Iss 4 pp. 437 – 449
[03] Mary S. Logan, (2000),“Using Agency Theory to Design Successful Outsourcing Relationships”, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 11 Iss 2 pp. 21 – 32
[04] Naomi Wangari Mwai Joseph Kiplang’at David Gichoya , (2014),“Application of resource dependency theory and transaction cost theory in analysing outsourcing information communication services decisions A case of selected public university libraries in Kenya “, The Electronic Library, Vol. 32 Iss 6 pp. 786 – 805
[05] Ogan M. Yigitbasioglu, (2010),”Information sharing with key suppliers: a transaction cost theory
Perspective”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 40 Iss. 7 pp. 550 – 578
本篇essay总结到：随着公司越来越大、越来越复杂，仅靠人类无法处理公司中流传的大量人工信息。风险太大，例如由于数据输入错误导致的数据完整性，信息无法以有效的方式呈现，决策过程缓慢且不灵活。对于一个大公司来说，在具有集成信息系统的MIS上花费的成本肯定是一个很小的比例，这有利于规模经济。从改进决策和消除风险中获得的好处绝对值得投资回报。本站提供各国各专业essay格式范文，essay代写以及essay写作指导，如有需要可咨询本平台。
