Business Essay格式范文：Blockbuster Drugs In The Pharmaceutical Industry

Business Essay格式范文-制药行业的畅销药。本文是一篇留学生Business Essay写作参考，主要内容是讲述制药行业的增长速度比现有的许多其他行业都快。上述行业生产的创新药物享有约20年的专利保护。在这篇essay中，作者将解释创新者和仿制药行业之间的区别，从而比较和分析有史以来收入最高的五种药物。此外，作者会比较他们在专利期内和专利期满后的销售情况。下面就一起来看一下这篇Essay格式范文的具体内容，学习并掌握Essay怎么写。

Analysis Of Top Five Blockbuster Drugs In The Pharmaceutical Industry 制药行业五大畅销药分析

Abstract 摘要

The pharmaceutical industry is growing faster than many other industries in existence. Innovator drugs manufactured by the above industry enjoy a patent protection of around twenty years.

In my essay, I shall explain the difference between an innovator and generic pharmaceutical industries and thereby compare and analyze the five highest grossing drugs of all time. Further, I would compare their sale during their patent life and after the expiry of their patent life.

Introduction 引言

In this technology driven world, the awareness of various brands has become common knowledge. Majority of the people identify brands like Apple, Samsung, Honda, Toyota, Tata, Vodafone and Reliance and some even possess decent knowledge about them. The industry with most unpopular brands is the pharmaceutical industry.

在这个技术驱动的世界里，各种品牌的知名度已经成为常识。大多数人都认同苹果、三星、本田、丰田、塔塔、沃达丰和信实等品牌，有些人甚至对它们有相当的了解。最不受欢迎的品牌是制药行业。

This doesn’t change the fact that pharmaceutical industry is making huge profits. With the spread of epidemics and diseases, the pharmaceutical industry is blooming. Pharmaceutical drugs have a quite long patent life (around 20 years) than products of other industries. During the patent life of a certain drug, the respective company enjoys a monopoly. Awareness regarding pharmaceutical industry, their investment patterns, and their profit generation is of utmost importance.

这并不能改变制药行业赚取巨额利润的事实。随着流行病和疾病的蔓延，制药行业正在蓬勃发展。与其他行业的产品相比，制药的专利寿命相当长（约20年）。在某种药物的专利期内，各自的公司享有垄断地位。对制药行业、其投资模式和利润产生的认识至关重要。

Objectives of the Study 研究目标

To determine the difference between Generic and Innovator drugs.确定仿制药和创新药之间的区别。

Differentiate between drug, brand, and company.区分药品、品牌和公司。

To understand patent protection laws.了解专利保护法。

To analyze the profit made by five highest grossing drugs in the world.分析世界上收入最高的五种药物的利润。

To observe the sale patterns during patent life and post patent life.观察专利期和专利期后的销售模式。

To understand the role of FDA in regulating the pharmaceutical industry.了解美国食品药品监督管理局在监管制药行业中的作用。

Pharmaceutical Industry 制药工业

All the companies manufacturing medicines, injectable, inhalers, vaccines and core healthcare products come under the pharmaceutical industry.所有生产药品、注射剂、吸入器、疫苗和核心医疗保健产品的公司都属于制药行业。

Pharmaceutical Companies are broadly classified into two types.制药公司大致分为两类

Innovator Companies 创新型公司

Generic Companies 仿制药的公司

Innovator companies are those companies which do the tough job. They identify the disease, study the causing agent, develop a molecule, test the molecule, develop the drug, test it on animals, test it on humans, study the adverse effects, get the drug approved by FDA (Food and Drug Administration), manufacture it and finally sell it in the market.

创新型公司是那些做艰苦工作的公司。他们识别疾病，研究病原体，开发分子，测试分子，开发药物，在动物身上测试，在人体上测试，研究不良反应，获得美国食品药品监督管理局的批准，生产并最终在市场上销售。

The above process of developing a totally new drug requires an investment of 10 to 20 years of time and $1 billion to $10 billion of capital. Apart from the above labor, FDA takes more 2 to 5 years to approve the drug. In return, the company gets a patent protection on the above product for around 20 years, if applied.

开发一种全新药物的上述过程需要10至20年的时间和10亿至100亿美元的资本投资。除了上述工作外，美国食品药品监督管理局还需要2到5年的时间才能批准该药物。作为回报，如果申请，该公司将获得上述产品的专利保护约20年。

The company enjoys a monopoly in the market as long as the patent of the product lasts. Of all the molecules developed, only 10% make to the market. The investment required in an innovator company is humongous.

只要产品的专利有效，该公司就享有市场垄断权。在所有开发的分子中，只有10%进入市场。一家创新型公司所需的投资是巨大的。

Companies like Pfizer, Novartis, Amgen, AstraZeneca and Eli Lilly are Innovators.辉瑞、诺华、安进、阿斯利康和礼来等公司都是创新者。

Generic companies, on the other hand, play it safe. They don’t develop any molecule, instead, they develop the innovator’s drug at much lower cost. When the innovator drug’s patent expires, the generic companies flood the market with their drugs at a much lower price. Since generic companies don’t have a patent protection, they have to face competition from the other generic companies as well as the innovator itself.

另一方面，仿制药的公司则谨慎行事。他们不开发任何产品，相反，他们以更低的成本开发创新者的药物。当创新药物的专利到期时，仿制药公司会以更低的价格向市场推出大量药物。由于仿制药公司没有专利保护，他们必须面对来自其他仿制药公司以及创新者本身的竞争。

Almost all Indian pharmaceutical companies are generic in nature.几乎所有的印度制药公司本质上都是仿制药的公司。

Companies like Sandoz, Ranbaxy, Cipla, and Teva are Generic.像Sandoz、Ranbaxy、Cipla和Teva这样的公司都是仿制药的公司。

Products 产品

There are 3 terms used while talking about pharmaceutical products are drug also known as a molecule or generic name, the brand name, and the company. I’ll differentiate between the 3 using the example of a common medicine called Crocin.

在谈论医药产品时，有三个术语是药物，也称为分子或通用名称、品牌名称和公司。我将以一种名为Crocin的普通药物为例来区分这三种药物。

Drug/Molecule/Salt/Generic Name – It denotes the composition of the product, here medicine. Many medicines can have the same generic name but not the same brand name.

Example: Acetaminophen

药物/分子/盐/通用名称–表示产品的成分，此处为药物。许多药物可以有相同的通用名称，但不能有相同的品牌名称。

例如：对乙酰氨基酚

Brand/ Brand Name – It is the unique name given by the company to its product. No two brand name can be the same.

Example: Crocin

品牌/品牌名称–这是公司为其产品提供的唯一名称。没有两个品牌名称可以相同。

例如：Crocin

Company – It is the organization that manufactures the drug and sells it in the market.

Example: GlaxoSmithKline

公司——是生产药物并在市场上销售的组织。

例如：葛兰素史克

Patent and Intellectual Property 专利和知识产权

A Patent is a commitment by the Government and WTO (World Trade Organization), ensuring the owner monopoly of a certain entity for a particular period of time. Any person or organization must take permission from the patent owner to reproduce a part or whole of his patented entity, failing which the patent owner holds the power to sue the certain individual or the organization in the court of law.

专利是政府和世贸组织（世界贸易组织）的承诺，确保所有者在特定时期内垄断某一实体。任何个人或组织复制其专利实体的一部分或全部必须获得专利权人的许可，否则专利权人有权向法院起诉特定个人或组织。

The number of patents issued in the pharmaceutical industry far exceeds the number of patents issued in any other industry. There are 2 types of patents.制药行业的专利数量远远超过任何其他行业的专利。专利有两种类型。

Design Patents 外观设计专利

Utility Patents 实用新型专利

In the pharmaceutical industry even the process can be patented calling it a process a patent. All countries which have signed the charter with WTO are obliged to respect the charter. There are 3 ways to sell the patented entity within its patent life.

在制药行业，甚至这种工艺也可以获得专利，称之为专利。所有与世贸组织签署《宪章》的国家都有义务遵守《宪章》。在专利有效期内出售专利实体有三种方式。

Receive permission from the current patent owner.获得当前专利所有者的许可。

Purchase the patent rights from the owner.从所有者处购买专利权。

Bypass the patent, develop a different process to develop an entity from the one patented.绕过专利，开发不同于专利的实体开发过程。

Top 5 Highest Grossing Drugs 产量最高的前5种药物

Lipitor by Pfizer 辉瑞立普妥

Plavix by Sanofi and Bristol – Myers 赛诺菲和百时美的Plavix

Humira by AbbVie AbbVie的Humira

Seretide by GlaxoSmithKline 葛兰素史克Seretide

Enbrel by Amgen 安进Enbrel

Brand: Lipitor 品牌：立普妥

Drug: Atorvastatin 药物：阿托伐他汀

Company: Pfizer 公司：辉瑞

Lipitor was launched by Pfizer in 1997 and it has been the highest grossing drug of all time. It made sales of around $120 billion until its patent expired in 2011. Now Lipitor sales have declined due to facing competition by generic industries.

立普妥由辉瑞公司于1997年推出，一直是有史以来票房最高的药物。在2011年专利到期之前，该公司的销售额约为1200亿美元。由于面临仿制药行业的竞争，立普妥的销量已经下降。

The above graph shows that Lipitor sales were at its peak between 2006 and 2009. After the expiry of the patent in 2011, its sales have considerably declined.

上图显示立普妥的销售额在2006年至2009年期间达到峰值。2011年专利到期后，其销量大幅下降。

Lipitor was used to reduce cholesterol in the blood. Due to the birth of junk food in early 2000, the cholesterol level in the majority of the population increased, owing to high sales of Lipitor during that period.

立普妥被用来降低血液中的胆固醇。由于2000年初垃圾食品的诞生，由于立普妥在这段时间的高销量，大多数人的胆固醇水平都有所上升。

Pfizer had a golden time during the patent tenure of Lipitor. Even today, Pfizer is the largest innovator company in the world.

辉瑞在立普妥的专利期内度过了一段黄金时期。即使在今天，辉瑞仍然是世界上最大的创新公司。

Brand: Plavix 品牌：Plavix

Drug: Clopidogrel 药物：氯吡格雷

Company: Bristol – Myers & Sanofi 公司：百时美施贵宝和赛诺菲

The above graph depicts the annual sales of Plavix during its patent life. Plavix was launched in 1998 as a joint effort by Sanofi Aventis and Bristol Myers. Plavix patent will expire by 2016. It is the second bestselling drug in the world after Lipitor.

上图显示了Plavix在其专利期内的年销售额。Plavix于1998年由赛诺菲-安万特和百时美施贵宝联合推出。Plavix专利将于2016年到期。它是继立普妥之后世界上第二畅销的药物。

Plavix is used to prevent and avoid heart attacks in patients. Plavix has an all-time sale of $ 87 Billion.

Plavix用于预防和避免患者心脏病发作。Plavix的历史销售额为870亿美元。

Brand: Humira 品牌：Humira

Drug: Adalimumab 药物：阿达木单抗

Company: AbbVie 公司：AbbVie

Humira was launched by AbbVie in 2003. It is one of the most best-selling drugs of the 21st century. It was developed for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Its patent is still intact. The graph below denotes the sale of Humira.

Humira由AbbVie于2003年推出。它是21世纪最畅销的药物之一。它是为治疗类风湿性关节炎而开发的。它的专利仍然完好无损。下图表示Humira的销售情况。

From 2003, when Humira was launched, its sales have increased exponentially and it still has patent protection. If this trend continues, it might rival Lipitor.

自2003年推出Humira以来，其销售额呈指数级增长，至今仍有专利保护。如果这种趋势持续下去，它可能会与立普妥竞争。

Brand: Seretide 品牌：Seretide

Drug: Salmeterol and Fluticasone 药物：沙美特罗和氟替卡松

Company: GlaxoSmithKline 公司：葛兰素史克

Seretide was first launched in Europe in 1999. Seretide was sold along with an inhaler. It was developed to prevent people from dying from an asthma attack. The use an inhaler to absorb medicine was a revolutionary concept in the late 1990s.

Seretide于1999年首次在欧洲推出。Seretide与吸入器一起出售。它是为了防止人们死于哮喘发作而开发的。使用吸入器吸收药物在20世纪90年代末是一个革命性的概念。

Many generic alternatives of Seretide are available in the market today, due to the patent expiry of Seretide. Seretide was one of the highest grossing medicine of all time.

由于赛瑞德的专利到期，目前市场上有许多赛瑞德的通用替代品。Seretide是有史以来收入最高的药物之一。

The graph below depicts sale patterns of Seretide through different years.下图描绘了Seretide在不同年份的销售模式。

Brand: Enbrel 品牌：Enbrel

Drug: Etanercept 药物：依那西普

Company: Amgen 公司：安进

The graph below depicts the sales pattern of Enbrel.下图描绘了Enbrel的销售模式。

Enbrel was launched in 2005 by Amgen. It was a bio pharmaceutical, only one of its kind. It was developed as a cure for rheumatoid arthritis and became one of the most bestselling bio drugs in the world. The Enbrel sale is on the rise.

Enbrel由安进于2005年推出。这是一种生物药物，只是同类药物中的一种。它被开发用于治疗类风湿性关节炎，并成为世界上最畅销的生物药物之一。Enbrel的销售额正在上升。

Food and Drug Administration 美国食品药品监督管理局

Also known as FDA, it is a government body which is responsible for regulating the pharmaceutical industry. No company can sell a product as long as it is not approved by FDA.

它也被称为美国食品药品监督管理局，是一个负责监管制药行业的政府机构。只要产品未经美国食品药品监督管理局批准，任何公司都不能销售。

FDA spends billions of dollars on testing and approving a drug. The entry barrier for pharmaceutical industries is quite high due to which only quality companies can survive.

美国食品药品监督管理局在测试和批准一种药物上花费了数十亿美元。制药行业的进入壁垒相当高，因此只有高质量的公司才能生存。

FDA holds the right to make organization withdraw their product from the market. Even generic drugs need an FDA approval before they make to the market.

美国食品药品监督管理局有权要求该机构将其产品撤出市场。即使是仿制药在上市前也需要获得美国食品药品监督管理局的批准。

FDA discourages consumers to consume food supplements which are sold online, as selling a product online doesn’t require an FDA approval. FDA has the final word in the entire pharmaceutical industry.

美国食品药品监督管理局不鼓励消费者食用在线销售的食品补充剂，因为在线销售产品不需要美国食品药品管理局的批准。美国食品药品监督管理局对整个制药行业拥有最终决定权。

Results 结果

It is clear that the sales of a certain product rise and reach a peak point during the tenure of its patent life. The sales of the products sharply decline after the expiry of the patent. In other words, the sales of a certain product during its patent life form a rough parabola.

很明显，某一产品的销售额在其专利有效期内上升并达到峰值。专利期满后，这些产品的销售量急剧下降。换句话说，某一产品在其专利期内的销售额形成了一条粗略的抛物线。

The revenues earned by the brands in their patent life decrease in the following order.这些品牌在专利期内获得的收入按以下顺序减少。

Lipitor – $125 Billion 立普妥–1250亿美元

Plavix – $ 87 Billion Plavix–870亿美元

Humira – $ 11.8 Billion and Ongoing, Patent Intact Humira——118亿美元，正在进行中，专利完整

Seretide – $ 18 Billion Seretide–180亿美元

Enbrel – $ 8.7 Billion and Ongoing, Patent Intact Enbrel–87亿美元，正在进行中，专利完整

Conclusion 结论

Having compared the highest grossing products of the pharmaceutical industry, it is now evident that although the investment in pharmaceutical industry is enormous, the return on investment is even great. Patent and Intellectual property laws play a huge part in regulating the pharmaceutical; 

在比较了制药行业收入最高的产品后，现在很明显，尽管制药行业的投资巨大，但投资回报甚至很大。专利法和知识产权法在药品监管方面发挥着重要作用；

It is recommended that every country should sign the WTO charter and respect intellectual property laws as their own legal system. Many companies have started developing both innovator and generic drugs to survive the competition. With time as pathogens evolve, we’ll need stronger and better drugs to ensure the sustenance of the human race.

Essay作者建议每个国家都应签署世贸组织章程，并尊重知识产权法作为自己的法律体系。为了在竞争中生存下来，许多公司已经开始开发创新药物和仿制药。随着病原体的进化，我们需要更强更好的药物来确保人类的生存。本站提供各国各专业Essay范文，Essay代写以及Essay写作辅导，如有需要可咨询本平台。