How to write an argumentative essay step by step「essay writing skills」

How to write an argumentative essay step by step？Argumentative essay assignments generally call for extensive research of literature or previously published material. Argumentative assignments may also require empirical research where the student collects data through interviews, surveys, observations, or experiments. Detailed research allows the student to learn about the topic and to understand different points of view regarding the topic so that she/he may choose a position and support it with the evidence collected during research. Regardless of the amount or type of research involved, argumentative essays must establish a clear thesis and follow sound reasoning.This article provides you with relevant writing argumentative essay tips, steps and examples for your reference.

一．what's an argumentative essay

The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.

Please note: Some confusion may occur between the argumentative essay and the expository essay. These two genres are similar, but the argumentative essay differs from the expository essay in the amount of pre-writing (invention) and research involved. The argumentative essay is commonly assigned as a capstone or final project in first year writing or advanced composition courses and involves lengthy, detailed research. Expository essays involve less research and are shorter in length. Expository essays are often used for in-class writing exercises or tests, such as the GED or GRE.

请注意:议论文和说明文之间可能会出现一些混淆。这两种体裁是相似的，但议论文不同于说明性论文在数量上的预先写作(发明)和涉及的研究。议论文通常被指定为第一年写作或高级写作课程的总结性或期末项目，涉及冗长、详细的研究。说明文涉及的研究较少，篇幅也较短。说明性论文常用于课堂写作练习或考试，如GED或GRE。

二．How to write an argumentative essay step by step

You will be happy to know that an argumentative essay outline does not differ from any other essay. Thus, there are some standard steps to writing an argumentative essay that need to be taken.

1. Introduction

In the welcoming paragraph, you are expected to set the tone of the entire paper. You should state the topic and mention some background information on it. In the very first sentence, you should write something to catch the reader’s attention, the so-called hook. You can use some statistical details, interesting facts, or personal experiences to help the reader understand the significance of the chosen problem. But instead of spilling the beans in the opening section, just give a general idea of what to expect from the rest of your work.

在欢迎段中，你需要为整篇文章定下基调。你应该陈述主题并提及一些背景信息。在第一句话，你应该写一些东西来抓住读者的注意力，所谓的吸引。你可以使用一些统计细节、有趣的事实或个人经历来帮助读者理解所选问题的重要性。但是，不要在开头部分就透露细节，而是要给出一个大概的想法，告诉你接下来的工作应该做些什么。

2.The body paragraphs

This section is nothing but flesh and blood of the entire essay. It covers different points of view by providing evidence for each one. In order to prove teach point of view, you can use the methods, such as statistical details, scientific research studies, quotes from reliable sources, and so on. You are not expected to convince your reader of something, but to introduce different sides of one issue. You should make sure that each paragraph addresses one single argument with sufficient evidence.

这一部分是整篇文章的精华。它通过为每个观点提供证据来涵盖不同的观点。为了证明教授的观点，你可以使用方法，如统计细节，科学研究研究，引用可靠的来源，等等。你不需要说服你的读者某事，但介绍一个问题的不同方面。你应该确保每一段都有一个单独的论点和足够的证据。

The body section usually consists of 4-5 paragraphs that need to be organized logically to make an essay look cohesive. When you write argumentative essays, make sure you don’t jump from one argument to another without any transition. With the use of transitional words, you can enable a smooth flow of sentences and paragraphs. Thus, your ideas will be interrelated in a chain reaction.

3.Conclusion

Now that you know how to start argumentative essay, you should learn how to finish it properly. In order to craft a strong final paragraph, you should restate the previously mentioned information without adding anything new. By briefly mentioning all the arguments from the body paragraphs, you can address them through the prism of the thesis statement. It doesn’t mean that you need to say the same information once again. But you need to say it in different words. Depending on your topic, you can give some recommendations for future research or possible solutions to the problem.

既然你知道了如何开始议论文，你就应该学会如何正确地完成它。为了写出一个强有力的结尾段落，你应该重述前面提到的信息，但不要添加任何新的内容。通过简要地提到主体段落中的所有论点，你可以通过主题陈述的棱镜来处理它们。这并不意味着你需要把同样的信息再说一遍。但你得换个说法。根据你的主题，你可以为未来的研究或问题的可能解决方案提出一些建议。

三. simple argumentative essay example

Prompt:The title of this essay is:Advantages And Disadvantages Of Human Organ Donation.This research essay provides insight into an argumentative factor of if a mandatory opt-in and opt-out system would be beneficial when it comes to human organ donation. Through in-depth research and academic source’s, it is clear that there are multiple aspects to consider when it comes to the organ donation system. These aspects will be discussed throughout this research paper which, include the increase in demand for organs, the next of kin and families role in the process of consent, viable organs going to waste due an unregistered donor, the possibility of taking in to consideration the positive factors of “assumed consent” and the major elements that are affecting multiple hospital’s . Overall the process, restrictions and the very high need of organ donation will be discussed through the duration of this paper.

Introduction

Through the current organ donation system individuals have the ability to gift their organs away after death to multiple individuals on the transplant list who are in need of them. This is a highly effective way to help a large amount of people whom have been waiting for an organ due to certain circumstances. However, this system is not being used to its full potential because of the lack of people who actually take the time to consider organ donation and sign a document stating whether or not they would or would not like to donate their organs after death. Therefore, multiple organs go to waste once an individual dies as a result of the hospital and family being unaware of the potential donors wishes for their organs and the organs becoming unviable over time. My research essay will argue how it is argumentative whether or not there should be a mandatory opt-in or opt-out system when it comes to organ donation as, there is a major organ shortage, unexpected deaths alone account for many healthy organs going to waste and family and next of kens should not have to make such an informed critical decision so quickly and many individuals may not sign the donation form for many reasons but, wouldn’t mind being an organ donor.

Unexpected Deaths of Non-Organ Donors

There is an increasing amount of unexpected deaths of people whom are not signed up to state whether of not they would prefer to donate their organs after death. These deaths could have saved countless amounts of people on the transplant list. Individuals die every day without being a registered organ donor and leave the hard decision of whether or not their organs should or should not be donated up to their families or relatives. Ultimately, leaving the decision up to family members during the crucial time of grief tends to work against organ donation as the family feels it is best to keep the body intact. This ends up leaving several viable organs going to waste. According to Clara a respondent (as cited in Nizza, Britton and Smith 2014), who was interviewed feels it is a choice to leave the decision of organ donation up to a family member. Clara states, “One of the reasons why perhaps I’ve been blasé about it, perhaps assuming, you know, if something like that did happen, my next of kin could […] give their consent or something.” (p. 14). This goes to show that an individual might expect their family to consent to go forth with organ donation, but the family decides against it hoping that they did the right thing.

Reasons to being Unregistered

There are multiple reasons as to why someone may not sign up to be an organ donor which can override the overall importance of making the decision of whether or not you decide to or not to donate your organs after death. Reasons may include having limited knowledge on the topic, personal emotions towards cadaver manipulation and prior experiences with organ donation. As well, mistrust towards particular hospitals, doctors or the health care system as a whole. (Shacham, Loux, Barnidge, Lew and Pappaterra, 2018). Some of the reasons listed like lack of knowledge can easily be fixed however, the more complex reasons such as mistrust in the system are much harder to address and change. Other factors that are seen as contributors to this issue are certain races and ethnicity’s such as Hispanic, Latinos and African Americans having a decreasing count of organ donation registration appose to Caucasians. (Shacham, Loux, Barnidge, Lew and Pappaterra, 2018). This is due to issues such as living in low income areas and not having the proper resources to seek information. According to Shacham, Loux, Barnidge, Lew and Pappaterra (2018). An explanation to this is “Caucasians have […] more knowledge about and positive attitude toward organ donation, whereas African Americans have documented a higher mistrust of the healthcare system and poor interactions within that system, as well […] concern about maintaining the body intact as part of beliefs around afterlife” (p.2). In time the hope is for individuals of all races to become more educated and slowly gain the trust of the health care system back.

Deaths due to no Donations

We all know that people die every day and that it is the sad reality of life however, some of those deaths could have possibly been prevented if individuals who had viable organs after death would have donated them. In some cases, prior to one’s death they choose not to donate their organs due to the fact they feel their death is hastened and dignity is being lost due to pressures from physicians. (Wojciech, 2009). This is a conflict of interest that affects the individual(s) counting on the donation after one has passed away. As stated by Wojciech, (2009) dignity is a huge component that is weighed in with any decisions made “respect for the donors’ dignity at the end-of-life should always prevail over the interest of society to increase the number of organ transplantation” (Wojciech, 2009). As I agree with this statement, I believe that physicians should be informed about this issue and to the best of their ability try and avoid any form of conflict that would jeopardize any future candidates whom want to donate their organs.

Family and Conflicts

Guilt can be an element in cases where a family or next of kin has to think deeply about what their family member or friend wanted to do with their organs once they are dead. Most people have never discussed their wishes to anyone making it very difficult on the family or next of kin to choose what feels right to them. Multiple states currently permit people to choose if they want their organs to be donated after their death however, a family member has the ability to overrule the decedents wishes and ultimately go against their choice. (Havekost 2019). This is extremely rare in most cases of organ donation, however, can be a conflict of interest within families of strong religious beliefs. On the other according to Havekost (2019), “Many eligible decedents never express their desire to become or not to become organ donors, and family members refuse to consent to donate or cannot be contacted in time”. (p.1). In situations like this it is very hard to change the minds of the family members within a certain time that the organs are still viable for the next individual waiting on the transplant list.

当家人或近亲不得不深入思考他们的家人或朋友在他们死后想要如何处理他们的器官时，内疚可能是一个因素。大多数人从来没有向任何人讨论过他们的愿望，这让家人或近亲很难选择他们认为正确的。目前，美国多个州允许人们选择死后是否愿意捐献自己的器官。然而，家庭成员有权否决死者的意愿，并最终违背他们的选择。(Havekost 2019)。这在大多数器官捐献案例中是极其罕见的，然而，在有强烈宗教信仰的家庭中可能会产生利益冲突。另一方面，Havekost(2019)表示，“许多符合条件的死者从未表达过成为或不成为器官捐赠者的愿望，家人拒绝同意捐赠或无法及时联系到他们。”(第1页)。在这种情况下，很难在一段时间内改变家庭成员的想法，因为这些器官对下一个等待移植的人来说仍然是可行的。

Hospital Crisis Regarding Organ Donation

The demand for organ donation is at its highest and with very low amounts of individuals actually being registered as a donor and receiving an organ is slim, so the demand for alternative medicine such as dialysis is also at a very high demand as it is helping to at least ease people’s problems and improve their quality of life a bit while waiting for an organ. This demand furthermore leads to the need for more health care professionals, scheduling problems and hospital working at full capacity and even extending themselves too far. According to Abouna (2007) “The organ shortage crisis has deprived thousands of patients of a new and better quality of life and has caused a substantial increase in the cost of alternative medical care” (p.1). This is impacting the health care system as a whole as the resources are being consumed in larger amounts and in a shorter period of time. If there were more programs that offered education based on organ donation then there would be a hope that organ donation would increase and the demand for alternative medicine would no longer be there. (Abouna, 2007). This is a big change that will take time and resources however will ultimately benefit a large amount of people from all forms of areas.

Conclusion

In conclusion the demand for organ donation is higher now than it has ever been and if there is any possible way for there to be an increase in the amount of living and dead donors on the registry then every possible action needs to be taken for it to happen. Furthermore, individuals need to make sure they start to talk to their families and next of kin in order to ensure their wishes of being a donor are able to be kept. The concept of “assumed consent” is a possibility and a positive one at that. If unexpected deaths occur and the person has not opted-out of donating their organs there is a chance they would have wanted to donate and even if one person could be designated as having “assumed consent” the organs from their one body could help to save many people’s lives. Organ donation is in the highest demand it has ever been and many people are losing their live to people not donating for the simplest of reasons including not being educated enough to know how important it is to donate their organs. The fact is the organ donation registry being able to grow and expand would lead to an enormous amount of lives being saved and many mores being forever changed by individuals simply being educated, then registering themselves as a donor and most importantly explaining their wishes to their medical proxy. So that their huge decision to help move the organ donation registry further along does not get dragged farther back because of emotions and grief resulting from a loved one’s unwillingness to say goodbye.

Perhaps it is helpful to think of an essay in terms of a conversation or debate with a classmate. If I were to discuss the cause of World War II and its current effect on those who lived through the tumultuous time, there would be a beginning, middle, and end to the conversation. In fact, if I were to end the argument in the middle of my second point, questions would arise concerning the current effects on those who lived through the conflict. Therefore, the argumentative essay must be complete, and logically so, leaving no doubt as to its intent or argument.

也许把一篇文章想象成与同学的对话或辩论是有帮助的。如果我要讨论第二次世界大战的起因，以及它对那些经历过动荡时期的人目前的影响，对话将会有一个开始、中间和结束。事实上，如果我在第二点的中间部分结束这一论点，问题就会出现在那些经历过这场冲突的人身上。因此，议论文必须是完整的，在逻辑上是这样的，对其意图或论点留下毫无疑问。

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