经济学Essay代写要求：How Globalization has Effected the Indian Economy

本文是经济学专业的Essay范例，题目是“How Globalization has Effected the Indian Economy（全球化如何影响印度经济）”，由于全球化，在印度经济中，它不仅影响到农业生产，还影响到农村地区的就业机会，城乡之间的不平等。

全球化被认为是一种强大的变革力量，对国家、经济、国际机构和整个世界秩序造成了巨大的冲击。因此，我们可以说，国际公司/交易的水平越高，经济增长、收入水平和生活水平就会越高，全球化进程将带来。全球化给印度带来了很多工作和大量投资。过去几年，印度经济一直在以惊人的速度增长，许多新的机遇为印度打开了大门。然而，印度仍然相当贫穷。在印度，大多数从全球化中获益的人是上层阶级，许多下层阶级被取代，忍受着悲惨的劳动条件。全球化为印度创造了巨大的经济繁荣，并产生了很大的积极影响。现在，我们也可以说两个印第安人的故事。我们拥有最好的时光;我们有最糟糕的时代。金融市场全球化的速度远远超过产品市场一体化的速度。这里有熠熠生辉的繁荣，也有臭烘烘的贫穷。我们有令人眼花缭乱的五星级酒店和昏暗的倒霉小屋。全球化让我们拥有一切，全球化让我们一无所有。

Due to globalization, in Indian economy it affect not only to agricultural production but also employment opportunities in the rural parts, inequality between urban & rural areas. Globalisation is conceived as a powerful transformative force responsible for a massive shake-out of nations, economies, international institutions & the whole world order. Thus, we can say that the higher the level of international corporations/transactions, the higher will be economic growth, income level & living standards the globalization process would bring. Globalisation has brought many jobs & large sums of investment to India. India’s economy has been growing at exceptional rates for the past several years & many new opportunities have opened up for India. Yet, India does remain quite poor. Most of those who profit from globalization in India are the upper classes, with many in the lower classes being displaced & suffering from miserable labor conditions. Globalization has created a large economic boom for India with largely positive effects. At the present, we can also say about the tale of two Indians. We have the best of times; we have the worst of times. Globalization of financial markets has far outpaced the integration of product markets. There is sparkling prosperity, there is stinking poverty. We have dazzling five star hotels side by side with darkened ill-starred hovels. We have everything by globalization, we have noting by globalization.

Heymath, a firm in Chennai, provide mathematics homework help to students & lesson plans to teachers, over the net. Its initial target market was schools in Singapore, but after successfully developing & selling its product there, it is now expanding elsewhere, including India. Despite these examples, however, as an economy we are still not still as open to foreign goods and services, labor, or knowledge as we should be. The five major areas where the co-operative global efforts on reform are to be concentrated are:

金奈的一家公司Heymath通过网络为学生提供数学作业帮助，并为教师提供课程计划。它最初的目标市场是新加坡的学校，但在成功地在那里开发和销售产品后，它现在正在其他地方扩张，包括印度。然而，尽管有这些例子，作为一个经济体，我们对外国商品、服务、劳动力或知识的开放程度仍未达到应有的水平。将集中进行全球合作的改革努力的五个主要领域是:

1. Transparency: The goal is to make timely, reliable data, plus information about economic and financial policies, practices, and decision making, readily available to financial markets and the public.

2. Internationally Accepted Standards: Adherence to international standards and codes of good practices helps ensure that economies function properly at the national level, which is a key prerequisite for a well-functioning international system.

3. Financial Sector Strengthening: Banks and other financial institutions need to improve internal practices, including risk assessment and management, and the official sector needs to upgrade supervision and regulation of the financial sector to keep pace with the modern global economy.

3.加强金融部门:银行和其他金融机构需要改进内部实践，包括风险评估和管理，官方部门需要升级对金融部门的监督和监管，以跟上现代全球经济的步伐。

4. Involving the Private Sector: Better involvement of the private sector in crisis prevention and resolution can limit moral hazard; strengthen market discipline by fostering better risk assessment; and improve the prospects for both debtors and creditors

5. Systemic Improvements: Contingent Credit Lines (CCL): The IMF has created a new instrument of crisis prevention with the CCL, after cautionary line of defense readily available to member countries with strong economic policies designed to prevent future balance of payments problems that might arise from international financial contagion.

Advantage of Globalization in Indian Economy:全球化在印度经济中的优势:

There are numerous advantages in the shift to a global economy including the possibility to increase benefits from economies of scale. The breaking down of global barriers allows companies to benefit from the largest & cheapest workforces, raw material, & technology. Due to globalization, in many areas of the country tomato growers, potato growers & fruit growers, farmers benefited from tie-up & collaborations with ketchup, potato chips, fruit juices etc. Fishermen in Kerala have increased their incomes using mobile phones to find out the best markets where the prices are highest on each day. Lock outs & strikes have declined to insignificantly low levels because industrial labor is happy. Due to Globalization the business market in the world has no boundaries; they can market their products in any part of the world. This has involved the chances of laying hands on global market & technologies, which would definitely increase our qualities of living standards. Globalization helps Indian Entrepreneur to know more about the competitors, recent trends, Quality of products. Helps in sourcing new technology for improving their Brand Quality. Hiring competent person irrespective of the nationality. Good exposure of Indian brands to overseas market. Due to increase in healthy competition with other brands, Indian brands will be forced to improve their quality and services to the customer. It aims at increasing the production of food and improvements of the economic and social condition of farmers. It would increase efficiency of the workers. Use of seeds and heavy machines has help to increase agricultural productivity. It would improve animal husbandries would be able to import good breed of animals from the other countries. Farmers will get the privilege of the international market through export agricultural products.

向全球经济的转变有许多好处，包括从规模经济中增加利益的可能性。全球壁垒的打破使公司从最大和最便宜的劳动力、原材料和技术中受益。由于全球化，在国家的许多领域，番茄种植者、土豆种植者和水果种植者，农民从与番茄酱、薯片、果汁等的合作和合作中受益。喀拉拉邦的渔民通过手机寻找每天价格最高的最佳市场，增加了他们的收入。停工和罢工已经下降到微不足道的低水平，因为工业工人很快乐。由于全球化，世界商业市场没有边界;他们可以在世界任何地方推销他们的产品。这涉及到接触全球市场和技术的机会，这肯定会提高我们的生活水平。全球化帮助印度企业家更多地了解竞争对手、最新趋势和产品质量。帮助寻找新技术以提高品牌质量。雇用有能力的人，不论国籍。印度品牌在海外市场的良好曝光。由于与其他品牌的良性竞争增加，印度品牌将被迫提高质量和服务。它的目的是增加粮食生产和改善农民的经济和社会状况。这将提高工人的工作效率。使用种子和重型机械有助于提高农业生产率。这将改善畜牧业，使其能够从其他国家进口优良品种的动物。农民将通过出口农产品获得国际市场的优惠。

Disadvantages:

Rise in demand for labor & the rise in wage rates leading to increase in costs. Too much competition in the market leading to continuous pressure on raising productivity enhancing consumer service, improving products quality in order to survive. Voluntary retirement for many public sector units. Too many sales person chasing customers. Too many cars on the road & traffic congestion. Growth of consumerism. Shortage power & infrastructure affecting industrial expansion. The farmer got the exposure to global links of markets, technology & investments, beneficial in terms of involving their yields, getting better prices & secured off take. This leads to a major dissatisfaction among under developed/developing countries where they are cut off from the rest of the world. This has also increased the chances of inferiority complex among these nations. There is a fundamental problem with globalization which will cause international tension & trade disputes without arresting the process. It may be difficult to survive for SSI and other industries which are unable to cope up with the changes due to insufficient funds. Indian Talent is being attracted towards other country due to higher salary and emoluments. Due to heavy taxation and levies in India, end products are being costly as compared to imported brands. All the multinational companies MNC’s are examples, such as pepsi , cocacola, ibm, general electric, vodafone, almost all have its business allover the world. for a MNC target market is whole world itself.

Globalization & Its Impact :全球化及其影响:

The various beneficial effects of globalization in Indian Industry are that it brought in huge amounts of foreign investments into the industry especially in the BPO, pharmaceutical, petroleum, and manufacturing industries. As huge amounts of foreign direct investments were coming to the Indian Industry, they boosted the Indian economy quite significantly. The benefits of the effects of globalization in the Indian Industry are that many foreign companies set up industries in India, especially in the pharmaceutical, BPO, petroleum, manufacturing, and chemical sectors and this helped to provide employment to many people in the country. This helped reduce the level of unemployment and poverty in the country. Also the benefit of the Effects of Globalization on Indian Industry are that the foreign companies brought in highly advanced technology with them and this helped to make the Indian Industry more technologically advanced. Since 1991, India has witnessed an explosion of new media. Between 1990 and 1999, access to television grew from 10% of the urban population to 75% of the urban population. Cable television and foreign movies became widely available for the first time.

全球化对印度工业的各种有利影响是，它带来了大量的外国投资进入该行业，特别是BPO、制药、石油和制造业。随着大量外国直接投资进入印度工业，它们极大地推动了印度经济。全球化对印度工业的影响的好处是，许多外国公司在印度建立了行业，特别是在制药、BPO、石油、制造和化学部门，这有助于为该国许多人提供就业机会。这有助于降低该国的失业和贫困水平。全球化对印度工业的影响的另一个好处是，外国公司带来了高度先进的技术，这有助于使印度工业在技术上更先进。自1991年以来，印度见证了新媒体的爆炸式发展。从1990年到1999年，收看电视的城市人口比例从10%增加到75%。有线电视和外国电影第一次被广泛使用。

1) Indian Agriculture: Indian farmers are offered no subsidiaries compared to the US Farmers. There has been no encouragement from the government to ensure foreign companies to set up technologies for the farmer’s assistance. The US Farmers has opened the market for textile & China has already set up factories & started production where in India hasn’t woken up. On the other side of the medal, there is along list of the worst of the time, the foremost casualty being the agriculture sector. Agriculture has been & still remains the backbone of the Indian economy. It plays a vital role not only in providing food & nutrition to the people, but also in the supply of raw materials to industries & to export trade. The financial capital of India & the political of India are set to become the topmost slum cities of the world.

2) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth rate: The Indian economy is passing through a difficult phase caused by several unfavorable domestic & external developments, Domestic O/P & DD conditions were adversely affected by poor performance in agriculture in the post two years. The rate of growth of GDP of India has been on the increase from 5.6% to 7% in the 1993-2001 periods. The sectors attracting highest FDI inflows are electrical equipments including Computer software & electronics (18 %), service sector (13%), telecommunication (10%), transportation industry (9%) etc.

2)国内生产总值(GDP)增长率:印度经济正在经历一个困难的阶段，这是由一些不利的国内和外部发展造成的。国内生产总值和产量状况受到两年后农业表现不佳的不利影响。在1993-2001年期间，印度的GDP增长率从5.6%上升到7%。吸引外资最多的行业是包括计算机软件和电子产品在内的电气设备(18%)、服务(13%)、电信(10%)、交通(9%)等。

3) Export & Import: India’s export & import is increasing many Indian companies have started becoming respectable players in international scenes. There are two alternative causes available. To sell its product in the export market. To produce those type of commodities that the rich in India could consume i.e. luxury consumption goods.

4) Technologies: IT is given special status. The reason for this is because the Indian government wants to promote it-s nation a as a technological advanced nation and in order to do this they must stimulate the IT sector. The “special status- means the sector and investors (willing to invest in the sector) will receive many benefits and incentives from the government to do so.

4)技术:IT被赋予特殊的地位。这是因为印度政府想要把印度提升为一个技术先进的国家，为了做到这一点，他们必须刺激IT行业。“特殊地位-意味着该部门和投资者(愿意投资该部门)将从政府获得许多利益和激励。

5) Poverty: The government of India has shown decline in people living in absolute poverty by manipulating statistics. The “decline” happened when large number of industrial units have been closed down, number of days of work available to workers has declined, downsizing of manpower had taken place in most of the industrial undertakings and non-availability of jobs to the new entrant in employment market is witnessed. Besides, there is an all round decline of prices of agricultural products, forcing farmers to suicide. In sectors like plantation and tea, workers are virtually starving. It is just not possible that people living in absolute poverty can decline in the country under these circumstances.

6) Education: The growth of higher education and the impact of the global economies have influenced the Indian education system over the last few years.

Conclusion:结论:

India has to concentrate on 5 important areas or things to follow to achieve this goal. The areas like technological entrepreneurship, new business opening for small & medium enterprises importance of quality management, now prospects in rural areas & privatization of financial institutions. There will be prospect growth of Indian economy very much depends upon rural participation in the global race. The rich and poor, rural and urban, service class and agriculturalists, men and women, the bi polar opposites started troubling the social development.

为了实现这一目标，印度必须专注于5个重要领域。如科技创业、中小企业创业质量管理的重要性、农村地区的现状前景和金融机构民营化。印度经济的发展前景很大程度上取决于农村参与全球竞争。富人与穷人、农村与城市、服务阶层与农学家、男人与女人的两极分化开始困扰着社会的发展。

Benefits of Globalization:

Economies of countries that engage well with the international economy have consistently grown much faster than those countries that try to protect themselves. Well managed open economies have grown at rates that are on average 2 ½ percentage points higher than the rate of growth in economies closed to the forces of globalisation. Countries which have had faster economic growth have then been able to improve living standards and reduce poverty. India has cut its poverty rate in half in the past two decades. China has reduced the number of rural poor from 250 million in 1978 to 34 million in 1999. Cheaper imports also make a wider range of products accessible to more people and, through competition, can help promote efficiency and productivity. Improved wealth through the economic gains of globlisation has led to improved access to health care and clean water which has increased life expectancy. More than 85 percent of the world’s population can expect to live for at least sixty years (that’s twice as long as the average life expectancy 100 years ago!) Improved environmental awareness and accountability has contributed to positive environmental outcomes by encouraging the use of more efficient, less-polluting technologies and facilitating economies’ imports of renewable substitutes for use in place of scarce domestic natural resources.Improved technology has dramatically reduced costs and prices changing the way the world communicates, learns, does business and treats illnesses. Between 1990 and 1999, adult illiteracy rates in developing countries fell from 35 per cent to 29 per cent. Modern communications and the global spread of information have contributed to the toppling of undemocratic regimes and a growth in liberal democracies around the world. International migration has led to greater recognition of diversity and respect for cultural identities which is improving democracy and access to human rights.

Problems of globalization:全球化的问题:

There are social and economic costs to globalisation… Trade liberalisation rewards competitive industries and penalises uncompetitive ones, and it requires participating countries to undertake economic restructuring and reform. While this will bring benefits in the long term, there are dislocation costs to grapple with in the immediate term, and the social costs for those affected are high. Increased trade and travel have facilitated the spread of human, animal and plant diseases, like HIV/AIDS, SARS and bird flu, across borders. Globalisation has also enabled the introduction of cigarettes and tobacco to developing countries, with major adverse health and financial costs associated with that. Trade liberalisation and technological improvements change the economy of a country, destroying traditional agricultural communities and allowing cheap imports of manufactured goods. This can lead to unemployment if not carefully managed, as work in the traditional sectors of the economy becomes scarce and people may not have the appropriate skills for the jobs which may be created. Modern communications have spread an awareness of the differences between countries, and increased the demand for migration to richer countries. Richer countries have tightened the barriers against migrant workers, xenophobic fears have increased and people smugglers have exploited vulnerable people. Globalised competition can force a ‘race to the bottom’ in wage rates and labour standards. It can also foster a ‘brain drain’ of skilled workers, where highly educated and qualified professionals, such as doctors, engineers and IT specialists, migrate to developed countries to benefit from the higher wages and greater career and lifestyle prospects. This creates severe skilled labour shortages in developing countries.

全球化有社会和经济代价……贸易自由化奖励有竞争力的产业，惩罚无竞争力的产业，这要求参与国进行经济重组和改革。虽然这在长期内会带来好处，但短期内也会有混乱的代价，而受影响者的社会代价很高。贸易和旅行的增加促进了人类、动物和植物疾病，如艾滋病毒/艾滋病、严重急性呼吸系统综合症和禽流感的跨境传播。全球化还使香烟和烟草进入发展中国家，带来了严重的健康不良和财务成本。贸易自由化和技术进步改变了一个国家的经济，摧毁了传统的农业社区，允许廉价的制成品进口。如果管理不当，这可能导致失业，因为传统经济部门的工作变得稀少，人们可能没有适当的技能来从事可能创造的工作。现代通信传播了国家之间差异的意识，增加了向富裕国家移民的需求。富裕国家加强了对移民工人的壁垒，仇外恐惧加剧，人口走私者剥削弱势群体。全球化的竞争可能会导致工资水平和劳动力标准的“逐底竞争”。它还可能导致技术工人的“人才流失”，即受过高等教育和合格的专业人员，如医生、工程师和信息技术专家，移民到发达国家，以享受更高的工资和更广阔的职业和生活前景。这在发展中国家造成了严重的熟练劳动力短缺。

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